...historically, republican governments had led invariably to majority tyranny. In them, measures were decided "not according to the rules of justice, and...the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority."15 Minority rights were disregarded, as were "the permanent and aggregate interests of the...

...10 around the danger under popular governments, that "the public good is disregarded m the conflict of rival parties, and that measures are too often...the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority."20 Notice several aspects of Madison's formulation. First, he here sounds both the concern...

...the Federalist Papers that they are disturbed by the possibility that, in an unfettered democracy, "measures are too often decided, not according to...the superior force of an interested and over-bearing majority."*3 They therefore tried to design the Constitution so as to protect private rights against...

...of a constitutional tradition that James Madison described as preventing legal measures from being "decided, not according to the rules of justice and...the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority."8"' The existence of "rights beyond the reach of the majority," as Francis Lieber had argued...

...citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable, that the public good...conflicts of rival parties, and that measures are too 10 often decided, not according to the rules of justice and the rights of the minor party, but by the...

...that our governments are too unsrable, that the public good is distegarded in the conflicts of tival parties, and that measures are too often decided, not according to the rules of justice and the tights of the minor party, bur by the supetior force of an interested and overbeating majotity. . ....

...citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty; that our governments are too unstable; that the public good...of an interested and over-bearing majority. However anxiously we may wish that these complaints had no foundation, the evidence of known facts will not...

...citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable, that the public good...of an interested and overbearing majority. However anxiously we may wish that these complaints had no foundation, the evidence of known facts will not...

...Madison reported the widespread complaints "from our most considerate and virtuous citizens that the State governments are too unstable, that the public...the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority."38 One can readily see that these are almost the precise words used by contemporary critics...

...citizens, equally the friends of public and private faith, and of public and personal liberty, that our governments are too unstable, that the public good...the superior force of an interested and overbearing majority."4 By "party" Madison meant "faction," which for him was an interest group. These "factions,"...