...appellation [name], characterization, or graffiti, including, but not limited to, a burning cross or Nazi swastika, which one knows or has reasonable grounds...basis of race, color, creed, religion, or gender. Then in June 1992, the Supreme Court ruling in RAV v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota struck down the city's...

...graffiti, including, but not limited to, a burning cross or Nazi swas250 D Reapportionment Cases tika, which one knows or has reasonable grounds to know...the basis of race, color, creed, religion or gender. . . ." In the early morning hours of June 21, 1990, Robert A. Viktora (RAV), age seventeen, and Arthur...

...charged under the St, Paul Bias-Motivated Crime Ordinance which prohibited the display of any symbol "which one knows or has reasonable grounds to know...others on the basis of race, color, creed, religion or gender',6 Despite accepting the judgement of the Minnesota State Supreme Court that the ordinance applied...

...struck down a municipal ordinance that punished the display of a symbol that one knows or has reason to know "arouses anger, alarm or resentment in others...basis of race, color, creed, religion or gender."" ' Academic critics of the decision stress the value of regulating speech that has the effect, it is...

...face-to-face expression "including but not limited to, a burning cross or Nazi swastika, which ... arouses anger, alarm or resentment in others on the...basis of race, color, creed, religion or gender." Writing for a bare majority of the Court, Justice Antonin Scalia held that although the city could...

...object, appellation, characterization or graffiti, including, but not limited to, a burning cross or Nazi swastika, which one knows or has reasonable grounds...conduct and shall be guilty of a misdemeanor." RAV, 505 US at 380 (quoting St. Paul, Minnesota Legislative Code Section 292.02 [1990]). 37. 508 US 476...

...object, appellation, characterization or graffiti, including, but not limited to, a burning cross or Nazi swastika, which one knows or has reasonable grounds...commits disorderly conduct and shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.9 A white teenager was charged under this ordinance after burning a cross in front of a...

...including but not limited to a burning cross or Nazi swastika, which one knows or has reasonable ground to know arouses anger, alarm, or resentment in others...disorderly conduct and shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. The court agreed with the defendant and dismissed the complaint against him, saying that the St. Paul...

...ordinance that prohibited the display of a burning cross, a swastika, or other symbol that one has reason to know "arouses anger, alarm or resentment in others"...basis of race, color, creed, religion, or gender. Although the technical issue involved in the case was quite complicated, the Court unambiguously held...

...die die Verwendung von Symbolen wie Hakenkreuzen oder brennenden Kreuzen verbot, die geeignet sind, „anger, alarm or resentment in others on the basis of race, color, creed, religion or gender" hervorzurufen.31 Der Berichterstatter Antonin Scalia hielt die Verordnung fur „offensichtlich verfassungswidrig",...