...(White 1987). For example, Madison in the important essay "Number 1 0" of The Federalist says that "the existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time must be prevented"7 and that such a majority "must be rendered, by their number and local situation, unable...

...gravest threats to liberty comes from majoritarian tyranny. This is avoided by rendering the majority "by their number and local situation, unable to concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression." Extend the sphere and the impulse and opportunity to oppress is less likely to coincide.69 Wilson concurs....

...the form of popular government, is then the great object to which our inquiries are directed. . . . Either the existence of the same passion or interest...time, must be prevented; or the majority, having such co5 The Federalist, Philadelphia, 1892; pp. 104-112. In the NY Daily Advertiser, November 22, 1787....

..."by what means" can we control majority faction? "Evidently by one of two only..." Here is the first, Either the existence of the same passion or interest...same time must be prevented, or the majority, having coexistent passion or interest, must be rendered, by their number and local situation, unable to concert...

...power (Tocqueville, 1848), a hazard descried by Madison, who in Issue 10 of the Federalist writes that 'Either the existence of the same passion or interest...concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression'. Hence the checks and balances of the US Constitution. Thus, in a liberal constitution, the essence...

...esteem and adoption of mankind. By what means is this object attainable? Evidently by one of two only. earn,' into effect schemes of oppression. If the impulse and the opportunity be suffered to coincide,...

...its causes; the other, by controlling its effects" (ibid. p. 51). According to Madison, the majority "must be rendered, by their number and local situation,...concert and carry into effect schemes of oppression" (ibid. p. 54). This cannot be achieved within a direct democracy but through the principle of representation,...

...much more disposed to vex and oppress each other than to co-operate for the common good."9 Indeed, "if the impulse and the opportunity be suffered to coincide, we well know that neither moral or religious motives can be relied on as an adequate control" to prevent "schemes of oppression."10...

...republic be protected from such a faction? The first and most important part of Publius's answer is that "the existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time must be prevented. " In other words, far from seeking the greatest possible unty among the citizens, as the legislators...