Ctates

Gift of The People Of States
Through the Vistory Doka pain

S

(A. L. A‚ —- A. R.: C.-U. To the Armed Forces and Merchant Marine

arine

WINSTON'S

CUMULATIVE

LOOSE-LEAF

ENCYCLOPEDIA

A COMPREHENSIVE

REFERENCE WORK

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

THOMAS E. FINEGAN, M.A., PD.D., LITT.D., LL.D.

Superintendent of Public Instruction
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

In Ten Volumes

ILLUSTRATED WITH PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS, DRAWINGS AND
COLOR PLATES; INCLUDING SEVEN COLOR PLATES FROM
THE J. L. G. FERRIS COLLECTION OF AMERICAN HISTORICAL
PAINTINGS, BY SPECIAL PERMISSION OF THE ARTIST

THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY

CHICAGO

PHILADELPHIA

TORONTO

P-10-22

KEY TO PRONUNCIATION

Three methods are used to indicate the pronunciation of the words forming the headings of the separate articles:

(1) By dividing the word into syllables, and indicating the syllable or syllables to be accented. This method is followed where the pronunciation is entirely obvious. Where accent marks are omitted, the omission indicates that all syllables are given substantially the same value.

(2) Where the pronunciation differs from the spelling, the word is re-spelled phonetically, in addition to the accentuation.

(3) Where the sound values of the vowels are not sufficiently indicated merely by an attempt at phonetic spelling, the following system of diacritical marks is additionally employed to approximate the proper sounds as closely as may be done:

The consonants, b, d, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, ng, p, sh, t, v, and z, when printed in Roman type, are always given their common English values in the transliteration of foreign words. The letter c is indicated by s or k, as the case may be. For the remaining consonant sounds the following symbols are employed:

ch is always as in rich.

d, nearly as th in this Sp. d in Madrid, etc.

g is always hard, as in go.

h represents the guttural in Scotch loch, Ger. nach, also other similar gutturals.

, Fr. nasal n as in bon.

r represents both English r, and rin foreign words, in which it is gen

erally much more strongly trilled.

s, always as in 80.
th, as th in thin.
th, as th in this.

w always consonantal, as in we.
x = ks, which are used instead.

y always consonantal, as in yea (Fr.
ligne would be re-written lény).
zh. as s in pleasure Fr. j.