at the top, and 14 feet 3 inches long, each weighing 263 pounds when wet. The needles are set in place by means of a derrick on a boat, and are lifted out by means of a chain passing through irons fastened to their top, operated by an engine. The frames are raised or lowered from one of the abutments to the pass by means of a chain crab. WICKET OF SHUTTER DAMS have been developed from simple gates or shutters working on a horizontal axis near their tops, which have been used in Holland for centuries. These simple shutters have been elaborated until they are now made of short lengths, which may be revolved on their horizontal axis, then lowered so as to rest flatwise on the sill of the dam. They are operated from a bridge placed above them, which can be lowered much the same as the frames of the needle dams just described. In 1880 two wicket dams were completed on the Great Kanawha River by the United States Government, and others have since been built on that stream. One, completed in 1892, has a pass 248 feet long, besides a weir 316 feet long and a lock 55 feet wide. The pass is closed with 62 Chanoine wooden wickets 3 feet 9 inches long and 14 feet high, with a three-inch space between them, which may be closed by means of a timber, if desired. The first of a series of movable dams in the Ohio River, at Davis Island, near Pittsburg, was built in 1878-85, and also has Chanoine wickets. There is one pass 716 feet long, another 1223 feet long, besides a fixed dam 456 feet wide, several weirs, and a lock 110 feet wide and 600 feet long between the gates. In 1899 a second Chanoine wicket dam was being built across the Ohio River 25 miles below Pittsburg.

DRUM DAMS are modifications of the wicket or shutter dam. One of these, named after its inventor, Capt. H. M. Chittenden, may be described, roughly, as being shaped like one-sixth of a cylinder. When lowered by revolving on a horizontal axis at the centre of the cylinder, it drops into the chamber, leaving one radial side of the cylinder flush with the sill. The sections are raised by the force of the water acting from beneath.

BEAR-TRAP DAMS or GATES, in their simplest form, consist of two leaves extending across the pass or opening to be closed, and so hinged to the sill of the dam on their outer edge that they form a triangle when in use and lie flat on the sill of the dam when open; one leaf, when open, overlaps the others. The space within the triangle is filled with water. On drawing out this water through suitable openings, the dam fills, and on admitting water beneath the leaves, when the dam is open, the leaves are raised slowly into position. Thus the dam is operated by the force of the water. The first dam of this type was built on the Lehigh River, in 1818 or 1819, by Josiah White and Erskine Hazard, managers of the Lehigh Navigation Company, to secure slack water for shipping anthracite coal. Until 1880 or later this type seems to have been used but little outside of Pennsylvania; but in 1886 two bear-trap gates, each 60 feet long, were built by United States engineer officers in the Beattyville Dam, across the Kentucky River. Since 1886 a number of other dams of this type have been built in this country. A study of bear-trap dams was made for the United States Government by Capt. H. M. Chittenden and Major A. O. Pow

VOL. V.-49.

ell, beginning in 1892. (See Journal Association Engineering Societies, Philadelphia, for June, 1896; also an article by Captain Chittenden reviewing the whole subject, in Engineering News, New York, February 7, 1895.) Various modifications of the bear-trap dam have been made, including a hinge at the apex and another in the upper leaf, so in falling the dam falls over on itself, and there is no overlapping at the apex. The largest bear-trap dam yet built forms a part of the regulating works of the Chicago Drainage Canal (q.v.), where the canal discharges into the Des Plaines River. The pass closed by this dam is 160 feet long and 20 feet high, besides which there are 15 sluicegates, 30 feet wide and 20 feet high, working vertically between masonry piers. Eight of the gates were walled up, as the full capacity was not deemed necessary for some time. This beartrap dam is not for navigation, so it is mounted on a masonry structure of some height, permitting the upper gate to slide down the upper face of the masonry. This dam differs from others of the same type not only in being of steel instead of wood, but in having various mechanical devices to supplement its operation. A full illustrated description of this structure is given in Engineering News (New York) for March 24 and May 26, 1899. A general review of movable dams, by B. F. Thomas, is given in the Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers (New York, 1888); also see Reports Chief of Engineers, United States Army (Washington, 1860 et seq.), particularly those for 1884 and 1887.

COFFERDAMS (q.v.) are employed to exclude water from foundations and other classes of work while under construction. See FOUNDA

TIONS.

FAILURES OF DAMS.

The

The Bradford earth dam, Sheffield, England, failed in March, 1864. This dam, built to supply water and furnish power to the city of Sheffield, was about 90 feet in height, 13 feet wide, and 1250 feet long, with slopes of 2% to 1. dam, except for a puddle wall extending from end to end and 60 feet into the ground, was of Cast-iron earth loosely dumped from carts. outlet pipes about 500 feet in length, surrounded by clay puddle, extended through the base of the dam. While the reservoir was being filled for the first time, a leak suddenly appeared, and enlarged so rapidly that in 30 minutes the reservoir had emptied itself. The flood reached Sheffield at midnight, without warning, causing great destruction of property and the loss of 238 lives. In the official inquiry made as to the cause of the failure, it was claimed that in a work of such great magnitude the outlet pipes should not have been placed through the dam itself.

The failure of the Mill River Dam at Williamsburg, Mass., in 1874, was a conspicuous example of improper construction which resulted in complete saturation of the embankment. No engineer had been employed in constructing the work, and no proper means used for consolidating the embankment. One morning, when the water was 4 feet from the top of the dam, masses of earth were observed to slide from the outer slope of the embankment. In 20 minutes the reservoir was emptied of 100,000,000 cubic

The most disastrous reservoir failure of the nineteenth century was the destruction of the South Fork Dam, which caused the famous Johnstown flood on June 1, 1889. That this disaster was due to an insufficient wasteway has been abundantly proved. The South Fork Dam was built on the headwaters of the Conemaugh River, about 3 miles above Johnstown. It was of earth, 70 feet in extreme height. The dam was built as far back as 1852, and, after various changes in ownership, the reservoir, in 1880, came into the possession of the South Fork Hunting and Fishing Club of Pittsburg, Pa. The original specifications for the dam required a waterway 150 feet wide. The waterway existing at the time of the disaster was 130 feet wide at its upper end, but was obstructed by a bridge and by screens to prevent the escape of fish. It extended across a channel 176 feet long, and at its lower end only 69 feet wide. In other words, the waste was only half that originally contemplated, besides which a brick out let culvert had been abandoned. Unusually heavy rains had been falling for several days, and for 3% hours before the break occurred the water had been flowing over the entire length of the dam. When the dam was carried away, the reservoir emptied itself in about 45 minutes. Over 2000 lives were lost in this disaster, and between $3,000,000 and $4,000,000 worth of property.

The Walnut Grove Dam, in Arizona, failed on

February 22, 1890. It was one of the highest rock-fill dams ever built, having been 110 feet in height, about 10 feet thick at the top and 140 feet at the base, with a top length of some 400 feet and a bottom length of 100 feet. Both faces were composed of granite blocks, laid by hand and derrick, these dry-face walls being 20 feet thick at the base and 5 feet thick at the top. It is supposed that a very heavy rainfall and an altogether inadequate spillway caused the destruction of the dam, which was overtopped for a number of hours. Many deaths resulted from the failure.

The failure of the Puentes masonry dam, in Spain, in 1802, was due to defective foundation, the central part of the dam resting upon piles, instead of being carried down to bed rock. In the Habra masonry dam, in Algiers (see table), whose failure caused the drowning of 400 persons, the disaster was probably due to defective masonry work. The failure of the Bouzey masonry dam, near Epinal, France, in 1895, was caused by defective construction between the base and the foundation, although in its dimensions the dam was carried to the extreme of lightness. The failure of the dam on the Colorado River, at Austin, Tex., which occurred in April, 1900, was due to defective foundation, largely on account of the soft limestone rock on which the foundation was laid. The dam was 1090 feet long, 66 feet high above the foundation, and 60 feet above low water. The upstream face of the dam was vertical, and the down-stream face was curved, giving a thickness of 66 feet at the base and 20 feet near the top. On April 7, 1900, after a heavy rainfall of several days, when the water was flowing over the crest of the dam to a depth of 11.07 feet, a portion some 500 feet in length was detached from

RESERVOIRS.

Reservoirs may be classified broadly into impounding, settling, storage, and distributing reservoirs, all of which, except impounding, may be covered or open, the latter being the general form. Impounding reservoirs are formed by throwing a dam across some stream and flooding the country above. Storage reservoirs are often created in the same way; or they may be formed more or less completely by embankments or excavation, or a combination of the two. Both impounding and storage reservoirs are designed to conserve a supply of water above the normal consumption, for times when either the natural yield is below the average or the consumption is unusually great. Impounding reservoirs are always for storage purposes, whether the capacity be for a few hours' supply or for a much longer period. The larger and more regular the daily yield of the stream or other source of supply, as compared with the consumption, the smaller need be the storage capacity. In some cases storage is required for months, or even for a year. The new Croton Dam will provide a storage of about 32,000,000,000 gallons, or nearly enough to supply the whole of Greater New York (3,438,000 people in 1900) with 100 gallons each for 100 days. The Wachusett Dam. of the Metropolitan Water-Supply District (Boston and vicinity), will retain about 63,000,000.000 gallons of water. It is located at Clinton, Mass., and ranks next to the new Croton Dam in height (see table of dams above for dimensions), but has almost double the storage capac ity. The Periyar, or Periar, Dam in India (see table) forms a reservoir larger than either of the last two, having, as it does, a total capacity of about 100,000,000,000 gallons; but the outlet tunnel is at so high a level that only about onehalf of this capacity can be utilized. Still greater will be the capacity afforded by the great Assuan Dam, now being built (see table) across the Nile, some 500 miles above Cairo. The stor age here will be about 280,000,000,000 gallons, or sufficient to cover 6,400,000 acres of land to a depth of one foot. The Periyar and Assuan dams are for irrigation purposes.

An important sanitary question involved in the construction of impounding and storage reservoirs for public water-supplies is the stripping of the sites, or flooded areas, of all heavy accumulations of organic matter which, either through their decay or through serving as a foodsupply to low forms of life, would impart unpleasant tastes and odors to the stored water. It is a common practice to remove stumps and timber and to burn over the site, where practicable, before filling such reservoirs; but outside of New England very little more than this has been done toward stripping the sites of storage reservoirs. The estimate for the Wachusett Reservoir, mentioned above, included $2,910,000, out of a total cost of $9,105,000, for stripping the reservoir site. Aside from stripping and clear

ing the sites, the construction of impounding reservoirs pertains mostly to the dam and its accessories. One additional element of importance in some cases is the excavation at the border of reservoirs to prevent shallow flowage and the growth and decay of vegetable matter which would occur when these slopes are alternately exposed and covered by the varying levels of water in the reservoir.

SETTLING RESERVOIRS, also known as subsiding and as sedimentation reservoirs, are shallow basins, with long weirs between the several compartments over which the water flows in thin sheets, thus drawing off only the upper and most clarified layer. (See WATER PURIFICATION.) It is desirable to make provision for removing the mud, to which end the paved bottoms may slope to a common point and then connect with a scour-pipe, through which the mud may be flushed with a stream of water

from a hose.

DISTRIBUTING RESERVOIRS are generally located within or near the city which they serve. They are often classified as high, low, and middle service, according to their elevation and the areas which they supply. They may afford storage for periods ranging from a day or two up to several weeks; but in the latter case they would perform the duty of a storage reservoir as well. Occasionally distributing reservoirs are formed by a dam across a stream; but as a rule they have masonry walls above or below the natural surface. The construction of embankments or

walls does not differ essentially from that of earth and masonry dams, except that when masonry is used the principles of design are more like those involved in the planning of earth retaining walls, subjected, of course, to water pressure on the other side at times; but also liable to be empty. It is common to line the inner slopes of reservoir embankments with stone, brick, concrete, or asphalt. The bottoms are frequently lined like the sides. concrete is used it is well to lay it in relatively small squares, with a good filling for the joints, to prevent cracking.

When

COVERED RESERVOIRS may have vaulted roofs of masonry, generally either brick or concrete, or else less expensive and more temporary roofs of timber. Much ingenuity has been exercised to find a cheap and permanent covering, since the work at best adds largely to the cost of the structure. In fact, the cost is so great that covering is rarely attempted in the United States, except for relatively small reservoirs receiving either filtered water or that from underground sources, either of which is liable to injury through the development of organisms giving rise, in their life processes, to bad tastes and odors.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Wegmann, Design and Construction of Dams (New York, 1899); Schuyler, Reservoirs for Irrigation, Water Power and Domestic Supply (New York, 1901): Frizzell, Water Power (New York, 1901); also general treatises on water-works by Fanning, Folwell, Goodell, and Turneaure, and Wilson, Manual of Irrigation Engineering (New York, 1897).

DAMSEL FLY (so called from the French name demoiselle). An insect of the family Agrionidæ, order Odonata, closely allied to the dragon-flies. They are, says Howard, the small, graceful species, with extremely slender bodies

and narrow, clear wings, held vertically in repose, which are very commonly found over large bodies of still, fresh water. "All of our North American species [about 75] are small, but in tropical regions they grow to a large size, and some South American forms are among the larg est species of the order Odonata. They do not fly high in the air, but frequent low-growing aquatic vegetation. The colors as a rule are rather dull, but the slender bodies of some are brilliantly blue, green, or even red." Many authors unite with these as a subfamily the dark-colored, prominent-eyed flies otherwise regarded as constituting the separate family Calopterygidæ. The life history of these flies is substantially that of the dragon-flies (q.v.). See Plate of DRAGON-FLIES.

DAMSEL OF BRITTANY. A title given to Eleanor of Brittany, sister of Arthur, Count of Brittany, and niece of King John of England, who confined her in the Castle of Bristol, where she died in 1241.

DAN (Heb., judge). A city on the northern boundary of Israel, called originally Laish (Judges xviii. 29), but renamed Dan by the Danite invaders. Owing to its northerly location (Gen. xiv. 14), it was often used in con nection with Beersheba (I. Sam. iii. 20; II. Sam. iii. 10) in the phrase "from Dan to Beersheba," to express the whole land of Israel. The Danites introduced an idolatrous worship (Judges xviii.), but this gave way to the calfworship introduced by Jeroboam (I. Kings xii. 29). At the solicitation of Asa, King of Judah, Ben Hadad, the Syrian King, invaded Israel, and, among other cities, Dan was destroyed (I. Kings xv. 20; II. Chron. xvi. 4). The ruins of the city are identified with modern Tel-el-Kadi.

DAN. The eponymous ancestor of the tribe of Dan, the son of Jacob and his concubine Bilhah (Gen. xxx. 5, 6). The tribe was one of the smallest and weakest of the Hebrew con

federacy. Belonging to the northern group, its territory lay southwest of Ephraim, occupying the valleys of Sorek and Ajalon (Joshua xix. 40-46). Owing, however, to difficulties with the Amorites (Judges i. 34), we find them later migrating to the far north, and conquering the city of Laish, which they rebuilt and called Dan (Joshua xix. 47; Judges xviii.). Samson (q.v.) was of the tribe of Dan (Judges xiii. 2, 24, 25). The earliest reference to the tribe is in the song of Deborah (Judges v.); the passage in which Dan is reproached for seeking protection in ships, instead of coming forward to help its brother tribe Bilhah, is obscure; but it seems certain that at this period already Dan's settlements were to the north and near the seacoast. Dan, though designated as a 'concubine' tribe, which generally indicates secondary rank, plays no unimportant part in the early traditions and legends. This is in part due to the fame and antiquity of the sanctuary at Dan, which as late as the days of Amos is put on a level with Bethel and Beersheba (Amos viii. 14). In this sanctuary the older rites and practices were preserved with great fidelity, and its priests traced their origin to Moses himself (Judges xviii. 30). The name Dan (judge') may originally have been the title of a deity.

DA'NA, CHARLES ANDERSON (1819-97). An American journalist, born at Hinsdale, N. H.,

August 8, 1819. He studied at Harvard, but, owing to defective eyesight, did not graduate. He joined the Brook Farm Association in 1841, edited in its interest The Harbinger, contributed to the Boston Chronotype, and, after the failure of Brook Farm, was, with its founder, Ripley (q.v.), connected with the New York Tribune (1847-62). Disagreement with Horace Greeley in war politics, proclaimed in a oncefamous editorial, "On to Richmond," forced his resignation. He was Assistant Secretary of War in 1863-64. After the war he edited the Chicago Republican, which failed. He then returned to New York and became part proprietor and editor-in-chief of the New York Sun-a position which he held from 1868 to his death. With George Ripley he planned and edited the New American Cyclopædia (1857-63), and its successor, the American Cyclopædia (1873-76). He compiled also the well-known Household Book of Poetry (1857), and collaborated in a Life of Grant (1868). Other works are: The Art of Newspaper Making (1895); Lincoln and His Cabinet (1896); and Recollections (1897). At the time of his death at Glen Cove, L. I., on October 17, 1897, Mr. Dana was in many ways the most noted journalist in the country. He had a brilliant intellect and understood every detail of the art of making a good newspaper, but he was generally believed to be so intense in his prejudices that he failed to acquire the authority to which his talents entitled him.

An

DANA, CHARLES LOOMIS (1852-). American neurologist. He was born at Woodstock, Vt., and was educated at Dartmouth College and the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons. He served as professor of physiology in the New York Woman's Medical College, of nervous and mental diseases at the New York Postgraduate Medical School, and of nervous diseases in Dartmouth Medical College, and for a time was president of the American Neurological Association. Besides numerous papers, his publications include a Text-book of Nervous Diseases (1904).

DANA, EDWARD SALISBURY (1849-). An American mineralogist, born at New Haven, Conn. He graduated at Yale University in 1870, and became tutor there in 1874. He received his doctor's degree at Yale in 1876, and also studied at Heidelberg and Vienna. In 1879 he was made assistant professor of natural philosophy and astronomy, and later professor of physics, at Yale. His publications include numerous papers on mineralogical topics; "Appendix I." and "Appendix II." of Dana's System of Mineralogy; a Text-Book of Mineralogy (1877); Minerals and How to Study Them, and a Text-book of Mechanics (1881).

DANA, FRANCIS (1743-1811). An American statesman and jurist. He was born in Charlestown, Mass.; graduated at Harvard in 1762; soon became prominent at the bar, and, as a Whig, in colonial politics; and from 1776 to 1780 was a member of the Executive Council of Massachusetts. He was elected to the Continental Congress in 1776, and from the first took a conspicuous part in the work of that body. In 1778 he was made chairman of a committee appointed to draw up plans for the reorganization of the army, and in the same year was a member of the committee of three to which the

conciliatory proposals of Lord North were referred. He went abroad in September, 1779, as the official secretary of John Adams, recently appointed to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain, and, after spending some time in Paris and Amsterdam, was sent in March, 1781, as United States Minister to the Court of Saint Petersburg. Catharine persistently refused to receive him as an accredited Minister, however, and in 1783 he returned to America. He was again elected to the Continental Congress (1784), and in January, 1785, was appointed Justice of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. In 1786 he was a delegate to the Annapolis Convention (q.v.), and in the following year was also elected as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia, but was prevented by illness from attending. In the State Convention of 1788 he coöperated with Theophilus Parsons and John Hancock in securing the ratification of the Federal Constitution by Massachusetts. He was Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court from 1791 to 1806, during which period he took no active part in State or national politics.

DANA, JAMES DWIGHT (1813-95). An American geologist and one of the eminent scientists of the last century. He was born in Utica, N. Y. His father was a successful business man of New England birth, and his mother was Harriet Dwight, daughter of Seth Dwight, of Williamsburg, Mass. Dana early became interested in scientific studies. In his school days at Utica he devoted much time to chemical investigations, and he frequently made excursions to distant points for the purpose of collecting minerals. Attracted by the reputation of Professor Silliman, he entered Yale College in 1830, where for three years he pursued the study of classics, mathematics, and natural sciences. In 1833 Dana received an appointment as instructor in the United States Navy, a position that afforded him an opportunity of European travel. Three years afterwards he returned to Yale and was appointed assistant to Professor Silliman. While at New Haven he published his first important scientific work (The System of Mineralogy), a book that subsequently passed through several editions and attained a reputation in both Europe and America as a standard of reference.

From 1838 to 1842 Dana was a member of the

Wilkes Exploring Expedition sent out by the United States Government. While on this expedition, which explored the little known parts of the Pacific Ocean, he had a wide field for scientific discovery and description. The opporhave received; so extensive was the material coltunities presented were such as few scientists lected that, upon his return to the United States, Dana devoted thirteen years of almost constant labor to its study. The results were published by the Government in three voluminous reports: "Zoophytes," in United States Exploring Expedition (Philadelphia, 1846); "Geology," in United States Exploring Expedition Under C. Wilkes, U. S. N. (Philadelphia, 1849); and "Crustacea," in United States Exploring Expedi tion Under C. Wilkes, U. S. N. (New York, 185254). In the work on "Zoöphytes,” 230 species were described by Dana for the first time, while the report on "Crustacea" contained descriptions of no less than 658 new species. The intense zeal with which Dana pursued this task seriously

He

impaired his health, and although he was able to accomplish much in after-years, his life henceforth was a continual struggle against disability. The value of Dana's services to science received prompt recognition from Yale College, which appointed him in 1850 to the professorship of natural history, a position he filled from 1855 to 1890. During this period his activities found expression in lectures to college students, in several text-books on geology and mineralogy, and in numerous contributions to scientific journals. His work was characterized by keenness of perception, great powers of analysis, and by vivid imagination. These qualities eminently fitted him for geological investigations, and his discussions of the grander features of the earth, such as the form and origin of continents, mountain-building, and volcanoes, are among the most valuable contributions to scientific literature. From 1846 until his death he served almost continuously as editor of the American Journal of Science, in which many of his papers were published. Dana received many marks of honor from American and foreign institutions. was elected president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1854, and at various times a member of the Royal Society of London, the Institute of France, and the Royal Academy of Berlin, the Royal Academy of Vienna, and of many other learned societies. In 1872 the Geological Society of London conferred upon him the Wollaston Medal "in acknowledgment of his services to mineralogy and geology," and in 1877 he received the Copley Medal "for his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published." The more important of his contributions to scientific literature, in book form, are the reports previously mentioned, and the following: A System of Mineralogy (1837; 4th ed. 1854); Manual of Mineralogy (1848; 4th ed. 1854); Manual of Geology (1862; 4th ed. 1865); Corals and Coral Islands (1872; 2d ed. 1890); Text-Book of Geology (1864; 4th ed. 1882); The Geological Story Briefly Told (1875). He died in New Haven, April 13, 1895.

DANA, NAPOLEON JACKSON TECUMSEH (18221905). An American soldier, born in Eastport, Maine. He graduated at West Point and was assigned as second lieutenant of infantry in 1842. During the Mexican War he served in both the northern and the southern campaigns, and in April, 1847, was brevetted captain for gallantry at Cerro Gordo, where he was severely wounded. In 1855 he resigned and thereafter until 1861 was engaged in the banking business in Saint Paul, Minn. On the outbreak of the Civil War he entered the service as colonel of a regiment of Minnesota volunteers, and in February, 1862, was appointed brigadier-general of United States volunteers. He served throughout the Peninsular and Maryland campaigns; was seriously wounded at Antietam; became a major-general of volunteers in November, 1862; was engaged in various operations in the Department of the Gulf, and then commanded successively the District of Vicksburg, the Sixteenth Army Corps, the Districts of West Virginia and Vicksburg, and the Department of the Mississippi. In May, 1865, he resigned from the service, and subsequently took an active interest in railway man

agement, becoming president of the Montana and Union Railway Company in 1885. He was appointed captain and assistant quartermaster U. S. A., by special act of Congress, and retired from active service in 1894.

DANA, RICHARD (1700-72). An American jurist. He was born in Cambridge, Mass., graduated at Harvard in 1718, and soon became one of the leaders of the Massachusetts bar. He was also prominent, as a Whig, in colonial politics; frequently presided over Boston townmeetings; was chosen to administer the oath to Andrew Oliver binding him not to carry out the provisions of the Stamp Act, and in 1770 was a member of the committee appointed to make a careful investigation of the Boston Massacre.

DANA, RICHARD HENRY (1787-1879). An American poet, essayist, and novelist, born in Cambridge, Mass., November 15, 1787. He entered Harvard College in 1804, but remained there only three years. Adopting law as a profession, he was admitted to the Boston bar in 1811, but after some activity in politics renounced the practice of law for literature. His first literary work of note was an oration delivered on July 4, 1814, before the Washington Benevolent Society in Cambridge. In 1815 he became associated with the North American Review, to which he contributed several essays, and of which he was for a time an editor. He then (1821) started a miscellany, The Idle Man, to which his friend Bryant contributed, but which came to an end after the sixth number had been issued. His published works are: Poems (1827); Thoughts on the Soul (1829), a poem delivered before the Porter Rhetorical Society of Andover, Mass.; Poems and Prose Writings (1833), the best of which were republished in The Buccaneer and Other Poems (London, 1844); and Poems and Prose Writings (2 vols., 1850). He did his best work as a critic, and had considerable influence in forming the taste of New England in the early part of the century. His poetry was good for the time, but is read little to-day. "The Buccaneer" is probably his. best poem; his prose tales, such as "Paul Felton," display imagination but are poorly constructed.

DANA, RICHARD HENRY (1815-82). An American author, born in Cambridge, Mass., a son of Richard Henry Dana, the poet. He developed in early life a passion for the sea, and was with difficulty restrained from entering the navy. He entered Harvard, but suffered from weak eyes, and, to cure them, undertook a Pacific Voyage as a common sailor, a record of which is given in his sea-classic Two Years Before the Mast (1840; augumented ed. 1869), a book often republished and translated. On his return Dana reëntered Harvard and graduated in 1837. He studied law and attained eminence in practice. On sea usages and laws, he wrote The Seaman's Friend (1841), reprinted in England as The Seaman's Manual. He contributed to legal journals and to the North American Review; wrote To Cuba and Back (1859); and edited Wheaton's International Law (1866). In 1876 he was appointed Minister to England, but was refused confirmation through a paltry political intrigue and unfounded accusations of plagiarism. He richly deserved the honor because of his patriotism, his high character, and his diplomatie