My Years on the Stage

By JOHN DREW

OLIVER HERFORD writes in Life: "The glamour of the golden age of American Drama is happily reflected in the mirror of this narrative whose valuable records and commentaries together with the directness and the good style of its telling place it at the head of all the personal dramatic histories of late years." Fully illustrated, $5.00

Three Plays

By LUIGI PIRANDELLO

"Six Characters in Search of an Author," a recent success in London and a present sensation in New York, is to be produced this winter by Pitoeff in Paris and Reinhardt in Berlin and Munich. The publication of it, with two other plays also in his characteristically original and brilliant manner, has moved the critics to say that "the publication of Pirandello's Three Plays' seem to us now as important a work as the first publication of Shaw's plays." First Amer. ed. limited to 1500 copies. $3.50

By DELMAR GROSS COOKE BRANDER MATTHEWS writes in the International Book Review: "It is the kind of book which Howells himself would have been glad to read and perhaps even to review. . . . It is because Mr. Cooke is as keen-eyed as he is open-minded that this study of the work and of all the works of a great artist in letters is likely to hasten the day when the abiding value of Howells's contribution shall be more widely recognized and more solidly supported." $3.00

Our Unconscious Mind

By FREDERICK PIERCE

It should be read by every one interested in Autosuggestion. Very simply and clearly he describes the work of Coué and Baudouin; discusses some of the extreme claims for autosuggestion and offers a practical method for its application to everyday life.

Says President

W. H. P. Faunce

Pictures from an Outlook Reader

The Book Table:

Two Generations of American Authors...

724

By Brander Matthews

Mail Coupon to-day.

Foreign postage extra

725

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CHRISTIAN CENTURY

508 S. Dearborn St., Chicago

Dear Sirs: Please enter my name (a new subscriber) for a year's subscription to The Christian Century at your regular rate of $4.00 (ministers $3.00). I will remit upon receipt of bill and you will please send me without extra charge a copy of of Religion," by Ellwood, or Churches," by Leighton Parks, the Making," by Robinson, or Means to Me," by Lyman Abbott.

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Out. 12-20-22

T

HE United States Naval Mission to Brazil sailed December 9, on the Pan-American of the Munson Line. This mission is the first of its kind ever sent out by this country. It consists of sixteen naval officers and nineteen petty officers of our Navy. It is headed by Rear-Admiral Vogelgesang, Commandant of the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The sending of this mission to Brazil has considerable political significance and should help our relations with Brazil and PanAmericanism. The French Government sent a military mission of French army officers to Brazil some time ago. There has been considerable interest in naval circles throughout the world to see what country Brazil would invite to send a naval mission to assist in reorganizing the Brazilian navy.

It is significant that Brazil chose to invite America to send this mission. The officers in the mission are men who have specialized in naval strategy, the operation of submarines, destroyers, minelaying, naval engineering, the gunnery of battleships; with an experienced aviator, a doctor, and a paymaster. The nineteen enlisted men are all the very best mechanics of our Navy and include torpedo men, radio men, engineers, turret captains, gunners' mates, machinists, aviation mechanics-in fact, skilled men

DECEMBER 20, 1922

able to deal with any mechanical problem in the fleet. Our Secretary of State and the Brazilian Ambassador in Washington signed a formal agreement covering a period of four years as the life of the mission.

A Washington correspondent of The Outlook states that Brazil claims that her military expenditures to-day are fortyfive per cent less than they were in 1913; that she was not able during the war to do anything to strengthen her Navy and that costs during the first few years after the war were prohibitive; so that her Navy is not sufficient even for the proper defense of her long coast-line, large area, and population. She has but two modern battleships. Brazil's delegate at the meeting of the Disarmament Commission in Geneva several months ago opposed the plan proposed for international limitation, on the ground that it would never permit Brazil to build a navy yard (she has none at present) and that it would give her insufficient national defense.

NEWS MAHAN WOULD ENJOY

THE Navy Department has announced

that the Atlantic and the Pacific fleets are to be united under a single commander. This announcement should mean much to the American people.

It is essential that our fleet, now that the race in battleship construction has

THE NAVAL

COMMISSION APPOINTED

TO CONFER

WITH THE

BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT Front row, left to right: Captain L. M. Overstreet, Captain Thomas E. Kearney, Rear-Admiral Vogelgesang, head of the Commission; Captain J. J. Cheatham, Commander V. S. Rossiter, Commander A. W. Fitch. Back row, left to right: Commodore D. G.

Ellyson, Commodore A. T. Beauregard, Lieutenant J. D. Pennington, Commodore R. S. Holmes,

Lieutenant P. S. Carrol. An article by Captain Overstreet entitled "Naval Strategy as Affected by Aircraft and Battleships" will be published in an early issue of The Outlook

been practically eliminated, should even more than ever be maintained at the highest level of efficiency. With the fleet divided and under separate commands, this ideal was impossible of attainment. A fleet is something more than an aggregation of ships. It must function in peace time as a unit if it is to be effective in times of National crisis. Its leader must not only know the vessels under his command, but must also know the personalities and the mental attitudes of his captains. They, in turn, must be familiar with the method by which their chief approaches the problems before him.

Under Secretary Daniels all this advantage was thrown away by the adoption of a policy of division which the naval history of every nation has shown to be fallacious. The new order not only means increased naval efficiency, but it also assures the American people that politics will not govern the disposition of their first line of defense.

A FAMOUS COLLEGE OARSMAN NIFTY years ago next summer Robert

FJ. Cook, familiarly known to several

generations of college oarsmen as Bob Cook, set himself deliberately and almost stolidly a double task. One was to pull Yale out of the slough of defeat; the other was to better the style and form of American amateur rowing. As a

freshman he had literally forced himself into the 'varsity boat by strength and persistence a member of one of the crews he later trained, Mr. R. D. Paine, tells in a book of reminiscence a queer story of the efforts of the upper-class crew members to bluff off the freshman farm boy, and of his success through sheer might of muscle and readiness to fight at the drop of a hat. That year (1872) Yale, on the Connecticut River, came in last of a long string of boats with Amherst Agricultural College at their head. Cook, elected captain after that defeat, knew that the fault was largely in the stroke, for a stronger set: of men than that crew is rarely seen..

Inquiry led Cook to believe that Oxford was the best place to study rowing scientifically. He quietly said, "I am going to England," got President Porter's permission to drop back a class (from 1875 to 1876), and borrowed moderate funds (some $300, it is said) from those who had faith in his idea and some undergraduates had faith enough to pawn their overcoats to help "quixotic Cook," as others called him.

The next year Yale led in the race, the "English stroke" was acclaimed, and the fast "donkey-engine" short stroke that took the heart out of a heavy man, whereas the long sweeping stroke utilized his strength to the utmost, became a thing of the past. There have been, and are, varying theories about what the "English stroke" originally was and as to how far it furnished the model for present-day rowing science. Cook always said that he believed in a combination of English and American rowing ideas. At all events, as interpreted by Bob Cook, the new stroke was a surprising advance on former practice, and it is historically true that he started a new era of college rowing. The crews he coached did not always win, but his work as coach for twenty years or so was a big asset to his college. He was, we believe, the first amateur trainer and coach of a college crew.

Bob Cook's recent death has revived many stories of his early days. One is that when he got to Oxford he at first was accorded scant attention. However, the story goes, some one did invite him to a crew supper one evening, and while there he was asked if he could wrestle. "He replied that he could-a little and forthwith he threw every oarsman in the room. After that Oxford was his, and all its rowing secrets were revealed to him." As a matter of fact, much of his knowledge was gained from a long course of instruction from Saltus, the Oxford boatman and famous builder of shells.

Cook certainly will be remembered as a good oarsman, good coach, and good portsman.

TRYING FOR A COMPROMISE AT LAUSANNE

R

ECENT sessions of the Lausanne Conference have developed a more reasonable attitude than prevailed at first. The Turks have shown no disposition to insist on the extreme demands made nominally in their behalf, but really for selfish national motives, by the Russians. A great point was gained when it was essentially agreed by all the Powers except Russia that the Dardanelles Straits should be unfortified by Turkey and open to warships for passage under conditions and agreements to be reached after discussion. An international commission may supervise the operation of such a plan. It is obvious that the whole case rests upon these conditions yet to be agreed upon. Russia, for instance, as we write, is reported to say that she would never sign an agreement which should allow each nation as many warships east of the Dardanelles as are possessed by the greatest maritime Power of the Black Sea-that is, Russia. So, too, if Turkey, as is proposed, is at liberty to fortify the coast everywhere except on the Straits themselves, and to do this without reference to the extent of the fortification, it might be that the theoretical opening of the Straits would be a farce in case of war.

The inclination to compromise shown by the Turks followed, and very possibly was influenced by, the representations of the head of the American group of observers, Ambassador Child. His statement was not as clear as it might have been, but it opposed fortification of the Straits and was willing to admit of restriction as to the use of the Straits by war-vessels. It is quite probable that an agreement will be made that will limit the size and number of war-vessels in. such a way as to satisfy Russia's angry opposition to anything comparable to British control of the Black Sea, and at the same time to make it possible for the navies of the Great Powers to prevent serious trouble in the Near East.

The question of deportation of nonTurkish people in Asia Minor and Constantinople and that of the continuance or non-continuance of the extraterritorial privileges heretofore accorded to non-Turkish peoples have both been put aside during the important discussion on the Straits. Turkey probably will be open to reason on these subjects, although she has interjected an ill-timed intimation that she will not allow Christians or Jews to marry or be divorced in Turkey, or to own land there-all of which sounds as if she meant that she would have no courts in Turkey except her own, which are notoriously unfair to all outside interests or rights.

An interesting letter from Lausanne,

written by Mr. Elbert F. Baldwin, of The Outlook's staff, will be found elsewhere in this issue.

So

THE EVACUATION OF TSINGTAU s already reported in The Outlook (for example, in the article on "What Japan Is Leaving," in the issue for November 29), the date for Japan's evacuation of Tsingtau in the Chinese Province of Shantung was set for December 2. But December 2 came and went, and the Japanese remained. much suspicion has been aroused by the Japanese occupation of that former German leasehold in China that this apparent breach of a pledge might naturally have aroused an outcry if the explanation had not been at once forthcoming. This was, in brief, that the Chinese had requested the Japanese to postpone their departure.

The reason for this was the danger threatened by Chinese bandits. In anticipation of the removal of the Japanese authorities, these bandits appeared with the prospect of easy looting. In dread of what might happen, many inhabitants of the city made preparations for flight. It is reported that trains out of the city were crowded with refugees. The Chinese officials were unprepared to give the city proper protection, and asked the Japanese to remain on guard.

The Chinese Government at Peking thereupon acted in a characteristic Chinese fashion. Instead of assuring proper police protection to the city, it paid over one hundred thousand dollars to the handits to refrain from violence. Moreover, it is reported from Peking that a thousand of the bandits have been incorporated in the Tsingtau police force. So everything is arranged most happily.

According to a despatch from Tsingtau, the Chinese flag was raised over the Administration Building there on December 10 for the first time in twenty-four years. Japan has shown her good faith.

IRISH AGAINST IRISH

OTHING could be more deplorable

Nthan the hateful and tragic strug

gle that is going on between the Irish who uphold the Free State and the Irish who are permitting all sorts of lawless acts in the name of an ideal republic. So far as form is concerned, the Free State is now established. Its Constitution has been accepted by the Irish Provisional Parliament and by the British Parliament. Timothy M. Healy, a tried and true Irish patriot, has been appointed Governor-General, and this is said to be the first time that a GovernorGeneral for a Dominion has not been a titled Englishman. The Free State Government is organized and in most respects is working satisfactorily. Yet

International

there is an inter-Irish, irregular, bloody combat going on, with assassination on one side and retaliation on the other. No wonder that Ulster now refuses to join the Irish Free State.

The policy of retaliation was not successful when it was half recognized by the British Government in the "black and tan" troubles; it remains to be seen whether it will work as between two factions of Irish people. The argument for it is that nine-tenths, as some say, of Irish voters are in favor of the Free State; that the small remainder do not fight in the open as in war, but kill and destroy where there is no resistance; that the only way of dealing with them is through implacable measures. On the other hand, many deprecate the official announcement that whenever political assassinations occur the Free State authorities will execute prisoners who have been found guilty of carrying arms contrary to law, and that these executions will be through courts martial. The execution of four fairly well known rebel leaders which followed the execution of Childers was of this nature. It rtainly would be less repellent to nane sentiment if the men executed or the reprisal order were those who been found guilty of some definite

act, such as plotting assassination or committing specific outrages. The executions were followed by various acts of violence, and it is still doubtful whether the new policy will help or hinder the establishment of the Free State.

The Irish Senators are generally men of recognized ability and moderation. The names include those of Sir Horace Plunkett, William Butler Yeats, George Russell, Lord Mayo, and Lord Dunraven. These and others of their colleagues certainly fill the condition of the new Constitution that the Senators should be "citizens who have done honor to the nation by reason of useful public service, or who because of special qualifications or attainments represent important aspects of the nation's life." There are to be sixty Senators, with a term of twelve years.

prising one-third of the population, have labored under a serious disadvantage as compared with other groups of workers because of the disproportionate relationship of prices. Secretary Wallace says: Certainly no other industry could have taken the losses agriculture has taken and maintain production, and we have no evidence to show that any other group of workers would have taken the reduction in wages in the spirit in which the farmers have taken their reduction. Many thousands of farmers have not been able to weather the storm, notwithstanding their strenuous efforts. Thousands who purchased land during the period of high prices have been obliged to give up the struggle, let their land go back, lose all the money they paid for it, and start anew. Many thousands of renters who had substantial savings invested in farm equipment and live stock have gone through the same experience and have lost everything.

Apparently the Secretary believes that the turn in the road has been reached. He continues:

It is fair to say that in general the farmers of the United States are in a better position financially now than they were a year or eighteen months ago. Farm products are selling at considerably higher prices, and it is estimated the aggregate value of the crops in the country this year is about $1,250,000,000 more than last year.

Another reason for rejoicing he finds in the willingness of those engaged in industry, commerce, and finance to bring about a more favorable adjustment for the farmer:

Such people are coming to realize more and more the menace to themselves in conditions so unfavorable to agriculture as those of the past three years. Their attitude towards the farmer has changed from that of a benevolent paternalism such as was so much in evidence during the ten years preceding the war. They now understand more clearly that their own future is inseparably linked up with the farmer, and that in doing what they can to help him get on his feet again they are helping themselves as well.

Rightly the Secretary says that agriculture cannot be placed upon the exact basis of which manufacturing is capable, but he believes that much can be done to improve present conditions.

It will never be possible for the farmers to relate their production to profitable demand with the nicety of the manufacturer, both because they cannot control the elements which influence production and cannot estimate demand so closely. Neither will the farmers ever be able to organize, as have the labor unions, and by rules and regulations and disciplinary measures compel obedience to policies adopted. They can, however, bring about a better adjustment of production, and especially of marketing, to the needs and purchasing ability of