from the other two, as he neither looks directly to nor from the face of the knight, but straight forward, probably representing the Crusader as having died in his passage from the wars. These, however, are mere conjectures. About ninety years ago the body of one of these knights was found enclosed in a leaden coffin. Mr. White, an eye-witness of its opening, says: "On raising the lid there was discovered an elm coffin, about one-fourth of an inch thick, very firm, and entire. On removing the lid of this coffin, it was found to enclose a shell, about three-quarters of an inch thick, which was covered over with a thick cement of a dark olive colour, and of a resinous nature. The lid of this shell being carefully taken off, we were presented with a view of the body lying in a liquor or pickle somewhat resembling mushroom catsup, but of a paler complexion, and somewhat thicker consistence. As I never possessed the sense of smelling, and was willing to ascertain the flavour of the liquor, I tasted, and found it to be aromatic, though not very pungent, partaking of the taste of catsup and of the pickle of Spanish olives. The body was tolerably perfect; no part appearing decayed but the throat and part of one arm. The body was covered with a kind of shirt of linen, not unlike Irish cloth. A narrow rude antique lace was affixed to the bosom of the shirt. The inside of the body appeared to be filled with some substance which rendered it very hard. When the jaws were opened they exhibited a set of teeth perfectly white, which was likewise the colour of the palate, and all the inside of the mouth. Whether the legs were crossed or not must for ever remain a doubt, though I am strongly of opinion that they were; for one of the gentlemen pushing a walking-stick rather briskly from the knees to the ancles, the left foot separated from the leg somewhere about the ancle." Mr. Strutt, in 1789, stated that he did not believe that the mode of burying in pickle was as old as the time of the Crusaders. Three very large wooden effigies, probably of the Horkesley family, remain in Little Horkesley church. Two are crossed-legged knights, and the third a female, all about the thirteenth century. JOHN PIGGOT, JUN., F.S.A. Though tolerably discursive in my reading, MR. IRVING'S article was the first to inform me that the crossed-legged position no longer marked a Crusader either in will or deed. For the Journal of the Archæological Association has, I believe, a circulation almost strictly confined to its members, as but few extra copies are printed. I cannot say, however, that the quotations from MR. PLANCHE'S or MR. IRVING's articles are at all sufficient to establish the "conjecture" (cautiously put forth by the former of these gentlemen, and confidently by the latter) started for the first time at the Rochester Congress in 1853. The isolated negative fact (if true) that Sir Robert Septvans, the original of the cross-legged brass in Chartham church, "is not known to have joined the Crusades" is but a slender warrant for MR. IRVING's broad generalisation, as stated in his History of Lanarkshire-viz. "The idea that this position (the cross-legged) has any reference to the Crusades is now entirely exploded." If the "many examples" of persons of distinction, who had no connection with the holy wars, and yet are represented in this attitude are taken from the west front of Wells Cathedral (as might be inferred from the reference to that splendid specimen of early English work), I humbly object to their being taken as evidence on one side or other. They are upright, not recumbent, figures, and they are not monumental, but historical or allegorical. Flaxman, however, thought that the general design of this grand work was brought to England by some of the Crusaders. (Lectures on Sculpture). The cross-legged example from the nave of Salisbury is a bad one for MR. IRVING. It is that of William Longespée, second Earl of Salisbury of that surname, who is known to have been a Crusader under Louis IX., and was killed at Cairo in 1250. There is another instance, one of the very few left in Scotland, in the cross-legged effigy of Walter Stewart, Earl of Menteith, on the Island of Inchmahome, in the Lake of Menteith, Perthshire. He is also known to have been a Crusader under St. Louis. Instances might be multiplied of undoubted Crusaders being thus represented. It will, therefore, be well for advocates of the view that the cross-legged attitude merely "indicates the possession of feudal rights, by which they were privileged to sit in judgment,' to account for the almost simultaneous disappearance of the custom with the decline of the Crusades, and the extinction of the Templars; and how it comes to pass that so few of such persons of distinction are thus commemorated (in sculpture at least), except such as had taken the vow to go to Palestine though they did not actually fulfil it. As to the fact that ladies are so represented being any argument against the received belief, it is known that vows of pilgrimage, when taken by women, entitled them to the attitude. So, at least, says the learned Richard Gough, who gives an instance of a lady of the family of Mephan being so represented in the church of Howden, Yorkshire. Sepulchral Monuments, i. 95.) I have no copy of the Liber de Melros, and am somewhat diffident of impugning MR. IRVING'S authority in any matter relating to Lanarkshire. But has he not confounded the "Good" Sir James of Douglas with his less known contemporary, Sir James Douglas "de Laudonia," the head of the Dalkeith Douglases, and father of a more cele brated son, Sir William, the "Dark Knight of Liddesdale "? The Dalkeith Sir James was much more likely to have been "Justiciarius Laudonie" than "the Gude Douglas, that was sa worthi" (as old Barbour says), who lost his life against the Infidel in Spain, bearing the Bruce's heart to the Holy Land, thus earning all the honours of a Crusader, as his (once) "fair alabastre tumbe" yet testifies. ANGLO-SCOTUs. This may possibly solve itself in the same way as the dispute of the two knights about the shield of brass and of silver. Prior to the Norman Conquest the ceremonies of knighthood were conferred with great religious ceremony, and at the close were communicated the Holy Mysteries of Christ, as Stow informs us on the authority of Ingulphus. Thierry, in his Norman Conquest, comments on this, and there are some very ancient French romances in illustration elsewhere published. The cross-legged symbol of knighthood and effigy of our Lord would become singularly applicable to the Crusading knights, but would be also applied to others of knightly descent or authority. JOHN YARKER, JUN. Manchester. MODERN INVENTION OF THE SANSCRIT (4th S. ii. 475.) repetitions of the same edict on the láts or columns at Delhi, Muttiah, and Radhia. The translation of the whole has been satisfactorily completed, and contains not a syllable of the topics imposed on the credulity of the Jesuit missionary. I trust COL. ELLIS will pardon me for expressing my surprise that he should still see grounds for maintaining so untenable a hypothesis as the rediscussion of which I consider to be a mere waste cent invention of the Sanscrit alphabet, the further of time. Before taking leave of the Allahabad column, it may be interesting to add that the old, though not honoured, practice of idle visitors inscribing their names on remarkable places, enabled Prinsep ingeniously to deduce from those engraved on this remarkable monument the number of times it has been overthrown and restored since it was erected by Asoca in the third century B.C. It was probably first disturbed on the extinction of the Mauryan dynasty about the beginning of the Christian era, and was again set up by Samudra-gupta of the Kanauj line, the author of the second Sanscrit inscription. It continued in its place till exposed The point referred to by R. R. W. ELLIS reto the iconoclastic zeal of the Mussulmans in the garding the prior existence of the Sanscrit or thirteenth century. Jehangir, finding it prostrate, Persian inscriptions on the Allahabad column, replaced it, adding his own inscription early in has not only been "mooted," but set at rest long the seventeenth century, and thus it remained till ago. In 1833, Lieut. T. S. Burt, of the Bengal General Kyd threw it down in making some reEngineers, made careful measurements and draw-pairs to the fort between 1798 and 1804. Lastly, ings of the monument, together with copies of the inscriptions, for James Prinsep. In the description accompanying them he states that the Persian letters are cut in relief, on a belt or zone, which is excavated so deeply in the periphery of the columns that its depth is exactly equal to the letters themselves, the surface of the letters corresponding with the plane of the column in which the Sanscrit letters are sunk in intaglio. He adds, in corroboration, that the writer's name in Persian (Abdallah) is also cut in high relief in a separate compartment, also below the general surface of the stone, on a part where the original [Hindu] inscription had evidently peeled off before the Persian was carved. "This," continues Lieut. Burt, "establishes the prior existence of the [Sanscrit] engravings, of which however, and without this [farther] proof, there could be no doubt. The same remark applies to the whole of the Persian inscription.” ' A further careful survey of the column was made two years later by a very accomplished and experienced Indian archeologist, Lieut. Kittoe, who ascertained "that the number of lines effaced by Jehangir's pedigree are seven, by exact measurement." This hiatus in the middle of a long and very remarkable record Prinseps was able subsequently to supply from the complete * Jour. Asiut. Soc. Beng. iii, 107, 114. it was re-established by order of the Governor- BURNS QUERIES. (4th S. i. 553.) Though I have not succeeded in procuring a copy of the poem entitled "The Ordination," to which your correspondent refers, I have got some information respecting the Reverend Thomas Brisbane, which may be worth recording. I have looked over a series of old Edinburgh almanacs, and find Mr. Brisbane's name first appearing as minister of Dunlop, 1785, when he succeeded a Mr. Graham; from this date for fifty-two years his name is regularly recorded till 1837, when it disappears,† and a Mr. Matthew Dickie occupies his place. I got a friend to make inquiry in the parish of Dunlop among the oldest residenters, but from them I gleaned little information respecting him, though it is little more than thirty years since he died. My friend says: "I have not been able to obtain any definite or satisfactory information. One man thought he remembered hearing of such a poem, but as the contemporaries of Mr. Brisbane are all gone, he does not think * Jour. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vi. 968. [+ Mr. Brisbane died on May 9, 1837.-ED.] that it will be possible to find any one who can give a copy of it, if it ever had anything more than an oral existence." But I hear from another friend in the West of Scotland of a person who calls himself" an old and intimate friend of the Reverend Thomas Brisbane." The old gentleman, who is resident near Glasgow, gives the following information to my friend: "The first time Mr. Brisbane's rhyming propensity was brought under my notice was some forty years ago, by an old gentleman, a Mr. Smith, then schoolmaster to the Catrine Cotton Company, who had been long a teacher in Greenock-a man of note too in his day, and who knew Mr. Brisbane well. I was at Catrine on a visit, and called upon Mr. Smith. Among other things talked over, he asked for his old friend Mr. Brisbane, and if he was making any songs now. I said, I was not aware he was a poet. "Oh yes," he says, "he can rhyme as well as preach." "Ask him,” he says, "when you go home, to repeat or give you a copy of the Ordination,'-a piece," he added, "that caused a considerable stir in the presbyteries of the west at one time." The piece was anonymous, but it was well known by some, and generally believed by others who knew Mr. Brisbane, that he was the author. Mr. Smith repeated a verse, all of the "Ordination" that he recollected at the time. I did not take a note of it, but I recollect well it was very racy and sarcastic in the extreme. As soon as I returned home to Dunlop, I made inquiry, chiefly through the session clerk, who was most intimate with Mr. Brisbane, and who lost no time in sounding him on the matter, but he could make nothing out of him as to his poetical powers, only that he once, many years before, translated a sentence or two from a Latin writer, throwing it into English verse." This information may lead others to pursue the inquiry, and possibly the lost poem may be recovered. Mr. Brisbane must have died at a great age, having been more than fifty years minister of Dunlop. CRAUFURD TAIT RAMAGE. ST. WOOLLOS, NEWPORT. (4th S. ii. 298, 378.) The church of St. Woollos is a most interesting structure. As I some years ago made measured drawings of it, I am perfectly familiar with its peculiarities. At the extreme west is the tower, which opens into St. Mary's chapel, extending eastward, and this opens into the church proper by the original west doorway, and consists of nave, aisles, chancel, and south porch. The tower is of fifteenth century date, the chapel thirteenth century, as is evidenced by the corbel course under the eaves, and the main portion of the church Norman (so called) with later additions. That, however, which is styled Norman, I think is most probably older than the Conquest. The neighbouring Roman city of Caerleon was, even at the end of the twelfth century, as Giraldus writes, full of stately edifices, palaces, baths, temples, &c., and furnished such good teaching that the ingenious could scarcely but profit by it. This church of St. Woollos was, I think, a probable result. The west doorway has columns which in shaft, capital and base, are a positive though rude imitation of the Corinthian order, a much closer approximation to classical detail than any clearly recognisable Norman work I have met with in this country. The primary purpose of the chapel was, I consider, a place of sepulchre, shown by the arched recesses in the wall at the ground level, in which were effigies in low relief. There are no vestiges of altar, piscina, &c. (so commonly found in “early English" chapels), to prove its use as a chapel; but the name is, I think, sufficient evidence. It is notable that the earliest Lady-chapels were at the west end of the churches to which they belonged, as in this case, and at Glastonbury, Durbam, and the original cathedral of Canterbury. Subsequently its position shifted to the sides of the church, as at Waltham, Rochester, Bristol, and Ely, finally settling down at the extreme east end, as at Westminster, Norwich, and many other instances. This change of position from the least to the most sacred part of the building seemingly indicates the gradual exaltation of the saint in the estimation of her devotees. Of the pronaos or western porch (relict possibly of the Roman atrium) of which this chapel seems also an instance, examples occur at Ely, Snettisham, Clugny, Laach, Romain Motier, Pol St. Léon, Tours, Uulrichsk z. Sangerhausen, Moissac, Petersburg b. Halle, and other places. See Walcott on Church and Conventual Arrangement. After the thirteenth century they are scarce. A further singularity of this chapel at St. Woollos is that the floor slopes downwards towards the east, as does the ground outside-an illustration of the carelessness sometimes found in the work of the early builders, they not levelling the interior of the building, but leaving the inclination of the ground as they found it, probably not paving the floor. Such cases sometimes slope in one direction, sometimes in another, but are always coincident with the outside surface inclination. The south porch of this church is also noteworthy. It extends over the street pathway; arches east and west make it an open street thoroughfare; a room is over it. This porch reminds me of St. John's, Bristol, where the roadway passes under the tower. What is known of St. Woollos? There is not, 4th S. II. DEC. 5, '68.] NOTES AND QUERIES. I believe, any other known instance of a church P. E. MASEY. dedicated to him. [St. Woollos, whose Welsh name is Gwynllyw Filwr, was the son of Glywys ab Tegid ab Cadell, and chieftain of Gwynllwg or Gwentloog in Monmouthshire, which is supposed to take its name from him. He is called by the Latin writers of the middle ages St. Gundleus, and according to John of Teignmouth, he was the eldest of seven brothers, who, in compliance with the custom of gavelkind, divided the territories of their father between them. He married Gwladus, a grand-daughter of Brychan, and was the father of a large family of children, most of whom resigned their temporal possessions and embraced a life of religion. From the epithet attached to his name it may be judged that he was originally a warrior; but in course of time he surrendered his dominions to his son Cattwg, and built a church where he passed the remainder of his life in abstinence and devotion. The church alluded to is supposed to be that of Newport, Monmouthshire, situated in the hundred of Gwentloog, and dedicated to him under the name of St. Woollos. His festival was held on the twenty-ninth of March.-Rees's Essay on the Welsh Saints, ed. 1836, p. 170.-ED.] SHORTHAND FOR LITERARY PURPOSES. (4th S. i. 126, 180, 248; ii. 142.) Permit me to supplement the remarks of several correspondents on this subject. There can scarcely be two opinions as to the utility of shorthand to literary men and others who have much writing to do. If the business man finds it advantageous to write 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, &c., thus briefly, instead of one, three, five, seven, nine, &c., every time they occur, so would it be advantageous to the literary man to write all words in the language with like brevity as in in phonetic shorthand, and set up by the compositors A clergyman, the Rev. T. O. Price, formerly of "In answer to your inquiry respecting my use of pho- Another interesting fact. A reporter in connection with the Leigh Chronicle sends the following to the editor of the Phonetic Journal: in "About six months ago I began to write out my 'copy' phonography, to the extent of from two to three columns weekly, which I have continued up to the present time; 'matter' set up from my shorthand notes without there and I can assure you I have often seen a column of being more than six turned letters. On one occasion a the reader, there were only two marks in it. I have this column was set up, and when the 'proof' was returned by week put my son to the printing profession, so that I shall now have another added to my band of phonographic compositors." That the use of shorthand for literary purposes, will eventually be the rule, is well foreshadowed and indeed for all the ordinary purposes of writing, in the presidential address of Sir William Armat Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1863. He remarked:strong at the meeting of the British Association those words which denote numbers. The marvel is, that the use of shorthand by literary men should not long ago have become the rule, instead "It seems strange that while we actually possess a of being at the present time an exceptional practice. The explanation of this is, that until the invention of the modern system of phonography, system of shorthand by which words can be recorded as grown up persons who have acquired the present conno system of shorthand possessed a sufficient de- rapidly as they can be spoken, we should persist in writventional art of writing should be reluctant to incur the gree of legibility to entitle it to be used as a sub-ing a slow and laborious longhand. It is intelligible that labour of mastering a better system; but there can be no stitute for longhand writing. Manuscript written reason why the rising generation should not be instructed in stenography could seldom be read by more in a method of writing more in accordance with the actithan one or two persons besides the writer, and after a short time became a puzzle to the writer himself. The reporters, who by dint of constant vity of mind which now prevails." practice may make almost any system suit their requirements, have thus had a monopoly of shorthand: but this monopoly is now at an end, and everyone who has much writing to perform may safely avail himself of the facility of shorthand if only he have time and patience to master its details. I have before me a book comprising 180 octavo pages of letterpress, in which the author, Mr. Alexander John Ellis, B.A. (a name well known in literary circles), writes: "The manuscript of these pages was entirely composed Two things are especially necessary to the complete attainment of shorthand; namely, first, to begin, and next, to go on with its acquirement and G. W. practice. The learner must, as it were, grow into same way that he advances to perfection in any the use of shorthand writing, pretty much in the other everyday attainment. Liverpool. WILLIAM TANS'UR. I read DR. RIMBAULT'S note with some surprise-nay, almost fear; for I had always considered him careful in his assertions. I was almost indignant when I examined my article with his own and that of DR. RIX, and found that I mentioned nearly every work written by Tans'ur; and for that reason I have not replied to what I consider a very reckless assertion. Instead of saying that Choron is the only biographer who notices him, I should have said that there is no biography of him at all. As for the Musical Dictionaries, they are beneath notice. Dr. RIMBAULT mentions several works which prove this. Does any one call such stuff as is to be found under Tans'ur's name in Choron biography? At the conclusion of his note DR. RIMBAULT quotes a German work for that which is to be found in my list in the Musical Standard, the book itself being in the British Museum. I quite agree with the commendation bestowed upon DR. RIX's list, at the same time it has so many radical faults that it would be useless to a bibliographer. I will only mention one faultviz. interpolating his own words in the titlepages. I never professed that my list was either complete or perfect. I simply said I could not add to it; neither can I now: but I am exceedingly anxious to vindicate myself from what I consider a serious aspersion. I will conclude by endorsing the last sentence of DR. RIMBAULT'S second paragraph. RALPH THOMAS. The DR. RIMBAULT feels assured that Universal Harmony is incorrectly assigned to this writer. work indicated in the P.S. at p. 402 is— "A New Musical Grammar: or the Harmonical Specwith Philosophical Demonstrations on the Nature of Sound With variety of Cuts correctly engraved. By WILLIAM TANSUR: Musico Theorico. Author of The Universal Harmony, &c." Lond. 1746, 12mo. tator After the preface, contents, and errata is — "A Poetical Encomium, On the several Pieces published by Mr. William Tansur: But more especially on his two Last, viz. His Universal Harmony, and this, his New Musical Grammar." At p. 140 he writes: "You may have variety of Examples of several Compositions, either in Two, Three, or Four Musical Parts, in A Work of mine, lately Published, Intitled The Universal Harmony containing the Whole Book of Psalms Newly Sett in Four Parts, to the very Best Portions. With A New Jubilate Deo, and Magnificat; and variety of New Hymns, Anthems, and Canons: this being the most curious Book extant. (Price Bound 4s. 6d.) N.B. That I intend (if God permit,) Speedily to Publish A Work, Intitled The Excellency of Divine-Musick. Containing, The Original Use of every Portion included in the Book of Psalms, &c." "Sum melior audio incerpatio sapiens; Quam ut audio canticum stolidus.* It is better to hear the Rebuke of the Wise, In the introduction the author makes suggestions, 66 in their Times, To pen their Works in softer Rhymes Their works more glorious might have shin'd." St. Neot's. JOSEPH RIX, M.D. CADIVOR AB DINAWAL (4th S. ii. 322.) -The Cardiganshire, are: Sable, a spear-head argent emarms of Cadivor ab Dinawal, lord of Castle Hywell, two and one; on a chief gules a tower triplebrued between three scaling ladders of the second, towered, ppr. These are the proper arms, not Cadivor was deprived of his castle by Fitzthe absurd ones given in Clarke. The legend is: steven, a Norman. Collecting his retainers, he prised the castle by night, stormed it, and retook divided them into three parties, and having surit with great slaughter, killing Fitzsteven himself with his spear. The arms are ancient, and more pictorial than heraldic. A few old families in Scotland and Ireland bear similar coats. This coat is borne by the families of Davis of Vronhulog, Glanrhocca, and Maes y Crigie, descended from Cadivor. FRANCIS ROBERT DAVIES. Hawthorn. ALBERT SMITH (4th S. ii. 440.)-Albert Smith mine, was born at Chertsey, May 24, 1816; and (baptised Albert Richard Smith), a relative of died at his residence, North End Lodge, Walham Green, May 23, 1860. The best published sketch of his life is that written by his friend, Edmund Yates, by way of preface to a cheap edition of It will probably satisfy JOHN SHEEHAN's requirethe Story of Mont Blanc (Ward and Lock, 1860). ments; if not, I shall be happy to furnish additional particulars. : I take this opportunity of saying that I wish Smith's writings: to meet with the following, amongst Albert "Chertsey Almanack," by dramatised versions of Dickens's Christmas books; "Aubrey Evelyn"; songs written for John Parry; "Pearl of Chamouni," "Blanche Heriot," and travaganzas ; "Cherry and Fair Star" and "Tarantula," exBowl"; "Rencontre with Brigands"; "Idler on "Bowl of Punch"; Town"; occasional letters to The Times, circa "Wassail [* Tans'ur, not our correspondent, is responsible for this curious specimen of Latinity.-ED. "N. & Q.”] |
