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epitome of the Aristotelian, or rather Socratic, system of syllogistic

subject a characteristic theme The Use and Abuse of Party Feeling in matters of Religion.' These argumentation. The new Principal

were followed by essays: one series intended for the edification of rustic labourers; another, On the Difficulties in the Writings of St. Paul, and in other parts of the New Testament.' The latter maintains, in a scholarly manner, the Armenian view of St. Paul's theology, and shows, at once ingeniously and distinctly, that to the writings of the great apostle the advocates of Calvinism have no right to appeal. The work attracted considerable attention at the time, and was quoted against the author many years afterwards, with no small measure of acrimony, by the more violent of the ultra- Protestant party over whom he was called upon to preside when appointed to the see of Dublin.

of St. Alban's Hall had not been many months in office before his great work The Elements of Logic' made its appearance in a separate form, with a preface which told many truths,, and did not care to tell them pleasantly. The Elements of Logic' was accepted at the time, and may still be considered to be a work of very considerable power. It popularises a science which had been so dealt with previously in England as to deter the keenest appetite from approaching it; and it had the additional merit of inciting other, and some of them better qualified, labourers to enter upon the same field; but it met with large opposition too. Sir William Hamilton attacked it fiercely; and the 'Edinburgh Review' itself, forgetful of past obligations to the author, did him as much mischief as possible by damning his performance with faint praise. And, looking at the matter from the point of view which Sir William Hamilton took up, there is no denying that the treatise lay open to many and grave objections. Logic, as taught in Oxford then, and even as Whately explained it, bears very little resemblance to that science which Professor Jardine of Glasgow, sixty years ago, rendered at once so popular and so useful. But then the question arises, whether Jardine's system was the true system; whether the groundwork for acute reasoning must be laid in a preliminary acquaintance with the constitution of the human mind; in other words, whether, in Scotland, we have not accustomed ourselves to run two distinct subjects into one, by blending metaphysics and logic together? Be this as it may, Whately did, in the One special object of Whately's course of his favourite treatise, abhorrence and contempt was the what he was not much in the habit study of logic, as it was then con- of doing when his opinions were ducted in the University. The only called in question. He took the text-book in use was Aldridge's— reproofs of his critics in good part, a queer, quaint, and ill-arranged and went so far as to modify, in

Whately was out of his element as vicar of Halsworth and Chadiston. He never complained, for it was not in his nature to give utterance to complaints on any subject; but it is certain that he received with unmixed satisfaction, in 1826, the announcement that Earl Granville, than Chancellor of the University of Oxford, had nominated him to the headship of St. Alban's Hall. It was the position which, above all others, he could have most desired at that time to hold. University life had become to him second nature, and he returned to it with a mind overflowing with plans for the correction of abuses and the promotion of sound learning. Whether his plans were in every instance wise as well as practical, may be doubted. But whatever Whately willed, that he laboured assiduously to bring about; and Oxford soon felt again that a reformer, and a very troublesome one, was in the midst of it.

some particulars, his views by terms of mutual confidence and the light which their reproofs af friendship.

forded.

In noticing the dispute between Time passed, and the mind of Dr. Newman and Mr. Kingsley, we Oxford, as well as of Great Britain said as much, in our last Number, in general, began to be agitated by about the commencement of the questions of deeper moment than Tractarian movement as a story the value and right construction of now so old seemed to require. We a syllogism. In the struggle of content ourselves, therefore, with parties incident upon the long stating here, that neither with the peace, Toryism, as Lord Liverpool movement itself, nor with the arhad modified it, lost ground, and rangements to which it led, had new principles of foreign and do- Whately the slightest sympathy. mestic policy rose in public estima- His notions of the Church were tion. On the crest of the wave, so quite different from the notions of far as fiscal affairs were carried on Pusey, Newman, and Keble. He by it, Whately rode, He was, with- put from him the idea of a Chrisout being aware of it, a disciple, in tian priesthood, and made his many respects, of Malthus and views known far beyond his own Bentham. He advocated Free circle, by publishing a course of Trade, Parliamentary reform, and a sermons which maintained that more stringent Poor-law, long be- negative doctrine. Now, it was of fore any of these became fashion- the essence of what we must be able. His opinions upon Church permitted to call Tractarianism matters were, however, less liberal, (though we by no means wish to for he believed in the reality of the use the expression as a term of reChurch "as a body apart and in- proach), that the Christian minisdependent of the State." It was try, canonically established and the community of sentiment which handed down to us, is as much a on this head he created between priesthood as that which prevailed Dr. Newman and himself, which, under the old law. Circumstances for a brief space, knitted the two had indeed modified the executive men together. But the union functions which devolved upon the could not last. Both claimed the new priesthood in contradistincright of thinking for themselves; tion to the old. The one great both were impatient of contradic- sacrifice once offered on the cross tion. Whately as the senior, took having fulfilled, has superseded the the lead; and being the best in- offering up of bulls and of goats. formed and clearest reasoner of the But the Eucharist was thereby two, for a while kept it. And so elevated to the rank of an oblation, long as Newman was willing to re- which it rested with an order of ceive and reflect his master's views, men, appointed in unbroken suchis master gave him in return his cession from the apostles, excluundivided love and confidence. He sively to offer. Indeed, upon the at once appointed him Vice Prin- acceptance of this truth rested cipal of the Hall over which he the claim of the Church to be himself presided. But whether believed in as a society not at all this brought them into too close dependent on the State, though connection, or whether already accidentally brought into alliance Newman's imagination was begin with it; and sacrificing more, for ning to outrun the pace at which the sake of maintaining the alliWhately's more sober judgment ance, than the alliance was worth. could travel, they grew weary of Observing how bitter. Whately's one another in a year. Newman opposition to these principles was, accepted, in 1827, the tutorship of it is not easy to believe that Oriel, and he and Whately parted, the 'Letters on the Church, by never again to meet on their old an Episcopalian,' of, which the

authorship was attributed to him, farther. In 1829 the Catholic Re

really proceeded from his pen. Yet he never disavowed them.

lief Bill passed; in 1830 George IV. died; in 1831 Lord Grey came into office; and in 1832, amid the fury of the Reform ́ Bill, the great Tory party was swept aside for a season.

At last came the time when, for good or evil, all the old landmarks by which the Tory party had heretofore steered its course were to be removed. The death of Lord Liver- Meanwhile Whately was winning pool operated like the breaking his way in spite of a rough, and at down of a sluice behind which a times a rude, exterior, into that press of water had long accumu sort of favour which makes a man lated; and Whately, in common be followed and courted, even by with other members of the self- those who personally dislike him. styled Liberal party, rejoiced in the He was received as a guest at Holprospect of change. He gave to land House, and gave back to the Mr. Canning and his Administra- lady of the mansion, in the shape tion such support as he could, be- of sharp repartee, as much as he lieving that the force of circum got. He became popular as a Uni stances must carry that great man versity preacher, in spite of a manfar beyond the line which he pro- ner in the pulpit so grotesque as to fessed himself anxious to hold. Of be provocative not unfrequently of Lord Goderich he appears to have mere laughter. Whether he was entertained no very high opinion; aware of what he was doing when but Peel won his heart by the he threw his leg over the side of same act which separated him for the tribune, ard rocked to and fro ever from his Oxford constituency, like a mandarin, may be doubted. and gave the first and most fatal He himself has told us that he was blow to the ascendancy of Toryism. not. "All disregard of self," he The preparations made in the first says, speaking of his manner, His year of the Duke of Wellington's so amiable, that unconsciousness Administration for the repeal of seems to be almost a virtue. In Catholic disabilities, were not kept the pulpit it is quite; an ambasaltogether secret from the leaders of sador from heaven has no right to his own party in Oxford. Peel cor- be thinking of himself, or trying to responded on the subject with Lloyd, be a fine man. [If this virtue were and Lloyd communicated in confi- practised by our clergy in singledence with others, of whom some ness of heart, how much increaswere less reticent elsewhere than ed would be the effect produced!] they might have been. Hence, in When a friend, therefore, asked me 1828, the petition against concession whether I did not feel nervous was voted and signed by a far great- about preaching, I replied that I er number of masters and doctors dared not; for nervousness implies than had ever before taken part in thoughts about your own appearthe politics of the University. On ance, when you ought to be thinkthe other hand, the minority took ing only of your hearers." Be this courage, and laid themselves out to as it may, the effect upon the congather strength; and, by-and-by, gregations which he addressed, and the repeal of the Test and Corpora- not least upon that which crowded tion Acts brought allies to them to hear him in St. Mary's Church, from among that respectable class was often distressing. Thoughtful which is found in universities as well as elsewhere-waverers who, having no opinions of their own, are ready, as often as crises arrive, to sail before the wind, in whatever direction it may seem to blow. But we need not pursue this subject

VOL. XCVL-NO. DLXXXVIII

men looked at him with a feeling not far removed from shame; the more frivolous laughed aloud; yet both classes rarely failed to go away satisfied that great truths or clever sophisms had been spoken in their hearing.

2 K

We have alluded to the interrup- to go through with it to the end. tion of Whately's intimacy with But Whately was by this time in Newman, and to some of the causes full favour with the Whigs. Even of it. The first serious breach be- Lord Grey, seldom as he troubled tween them took place in 1829; himself to look beyond the family when Newman, who, in convoca- circle for men of merit, had his attion, had always voted in the mi- tention drawn to the Principal of nority on the Catholic question, St. Alban's Hall. Whately, to his turned round upon Peel, after the great astonishment, received one question was carried. Referring to morning a letter, announcing that this matter, Newman thus expresses the Prime Minister had "satisfied himself "Whately was consider himself that he should best accomably annoyed at me, and he took plish the object which his Majesty a humorous revenge, of which he had in view, by proposing that he had given me due notice before- (Whately) should fill the vacant hand. As a head of a house, he office of Archbishop of Dublin." had duties of hospitality to men of We believe that Lord Brougham, all parties; he asked a set of the in reply to some questions put to least intellectual men in Oxford to him by Mr. Fitzpatrick, insinuates, dinner, and men most fond of port; without going quite so far as to he made me one of the party; affirm, that he was the medium placed me between provost this, through which Dr. Whately's merits and principal that, and then asked became known to the First Lord of me if I was proud of my friends. the Treasury. Now, we beg to However, he had a serious mean- assure Lord Brougham, Mr. Fitzing in his act; he saw more clearly patrick, and all whom the matter than I could do that I was separat- may concern, that this is neither ing from his own friends for good more nor less than one of his Lordand all." ship's habitual flourishes. His Lordship had nothing whatever to say to Dr. Whately's elevation. That was brought about, as we stated some time ago, through the accidental interference of Mr. Senior. That Lord Brougham, like other leaders of his party, accepted the arrangement as a wise one, is probable enough. Whigs, to do them justice, stand stoutly by one other; and Whiggery has been a fruitful source of advancement in the Church ever since Lord Grey's reign. But beyond this, we have the best reason for saying that Lord Brougham was in nowise connected with an arrangement, concerning which he was, perhaps, the very last member of the Cabinet to whom Earl Grey would have applied for advice.

In 1830 Whately consented to be placed in nomination for the Professorship of Political Economy, then of recent erection in the University. He accepted the appointment on two grounds-first, because he was anxious to break down the prejudice which then prevailed in Oxford against the study; and next, because he had given a great deal of attention to the subject, and was not only conversant with it, but fond of it. We should be unjust to Whately's memory were we not to add that, to some extent at least, he accomplished his object. Able man as he was, Mr. Nassau Senior, the first professor, could with difficulty collect a small class, and did little with it. Whately's reputation drew a larger audience about him; and the line which he took at starting, as it met the objections which were usually brought against the science, so, without doubt, it would have insured a large measure of success it appears, had circumstances permitted him the news;" also,

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Mr. Fitzpatrick describes, with his usual ignorance, the effect which was produced in Oxford when the fact of Dr. Whately's elevation got abroad. "Her high wranglers," 66 were struck dumb at

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dome of St. Alban's Hall been transferred to the summit of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, greater consternation could not have prevail- Dr. Whately entered upon the ed." There happen to be no wran- duties of his new office at a period glers in Oxford, the term being of extraordinary excitement and exclusively a Cambridge one; and difficulty in Ireland. The Orange, St. Alban's Hall is not a large room or extreme Protestant party, though surmounted by a dome, but a hos- defeated, was not subdued. The tel or college, like other halls not Romanists, rejoicing in their reendowed with fellowships. What cent success in the measure of Mr. Fitzpatrick means, we presume, emancipation, were gathering breath to say is, however, correct enough. for another and a more decisive Not only at Oxford, but every struggle. Whately was received where else beyond the little circle by the former with undisguised which included Whately and Ar- hostility; by the latter, with afnold, Churchmen of every shade fected respect and real suspicion. of opinion heard of the appoint- His manner and address perplexed ment with surprise and alarm. They both. Instead of trying to conknew that Whately was an able ciliate, he bantered and quizzed man, and not a few believed him the Protestants. The Roman Cato be sound in the faith. His re- tholics he puzzled exceedingly by publication of Archbishop King's the oddity with which he handled great work had indeed given of their most cherished fantasies. On fence to the Evangelical or Calvin- the whole, however, he got on betistic party; and among the more ter with the members of every eager politicians on the other side, other religious persuasion than advantage was taken of his liberal with his own. Between him and opinions on the nature of the the Romish Archbishop Murray, Christian Sabbath to charge him in particular, a cordial intimacy with laxity of principle. But this latter was as much a mistake as the indignation of the Evangelicals was misplaced. Whately's orthodoxy was sufficiently settled to qualify him for the episcopal throne in Dublin or anywhere else. It was the laxity of his views in regard to the Church's rights considered as part and parcel of the Constitution-his ultra-Liberalism of action and of speech on all questions of polity and order which alarmed, and justly alarmed, sound Churchmen, in regard to his fitness for the administration of that particular see to which the Minister had raised him. That these fears proved in their result to have been exaggerated, furnishes no just reason for speaking of them now as irrational. Many a madman is sufficiently sane to be trusted with a lighted match beside a haystack; but we should hardly pronounce him either a fool or a coward who, seeing a madman with a lighted match in his hand

He

sprang up. A genial, gentle, and,
for his class, a liberal man, Dr.
Murray bowed to the influence of
a mind stronger than his own.
first satisfied himself that the new
Archbishop was such as he pro-
fessed to be, and then gave him his
entire confidence; and when Whate-
ly set himself to carry into effect for
the Government a plan of mixed
education, Murray, after a little
hesitation, worked cordially with
him. This circumstance, in which
the Protestant clergy, had they
been wise, would have rejoiced,
deepened their personal dislike to
their Diocesan, and increased their
suspicions. They were too much
blinded by prejudice to perceive
that whatever lets in light upon
minds darkened by ignorance, has
a tendency to create in these minds
distrust of those who had previ
ously kept them ignorant. When
Whately arrived in Dublin, the
great body of Irish peasantry be-
lieved without hesitation whatever

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