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BY ERNEST G. DRAPER

PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN CREOSOTING COMPANY

USINESS men are proverbial opportunists. When skies are clear and winds are fair, they crack on sail until their industrial barks groan under the straining canvas. Let a sudden squall come up, and their alarm is exceeded only by their surprise that such an unlucky, fortuitous circumstance should catch them unawares. Canvas rips, masts snap, and once in a while the whole precious cargo goes to the bottom. But the captain usually conceives himself as the very last one to be blamed. So certain is he of his own innocence that, once the storm is over, he is eager to jam on sail again just as though periodic squalls were as infrequent as earthquakes.

We all know now that we have been through the greatest economic storm our civilization has ever seen, and most of us feel that the skies are definitely clearing. But whereas a few months ago, when all seemed black and uncertain, we were ready to listen to any one who had something to say on the increas ingly grave problem of unemployment, it is much harder to invoke real interest in the subject to-day, because to so many business men the problem seems solved of its own accord. It will not be until the next depression hits us that we shall realize all over again how little we have done to attack the evil at its roots. Yet since some time we shall have to deal directly with this slow poisoning of our industrial fiber, there can be no harm in stating briefly how necessary is the cure and what we could do to hasten it.

What are the stakes involved in reducing unemployment? They cover the tremendous material waste in these periodic wrenches of our industrial machinery, to say nothing of the spiritual waste involved. We are just beginning to realize that the high peaks and low hollows of seasonal trade, followed by orgies of hiring, firing, and hiring again, are infinitely more expensive than more or less stabilized production.

According to the Federal Census for 1900, over 6,000,000 persons were unemployed during the year 1899 for periods varying from one to twelve months. The American Association for Labor Legislation has estimated the total annual loss of wages of these workers at over a billion dollars. This loss of a billion dollars had to be underwritten by society in some way, either through public or private relief, loss of savings of the unemployed, or permanent crippling of the physique of those unemployed, which in turn lessens the productive power of the country.

We are also beginning to sense more vividly than ever the deep-seated power of unemployment to breed labor unrest. Some authorities go so far as to prophesy the virtual collapse of unhealthy restlessness on the part of the workingman if only he can feel a real tenure in his job. The experience of Whiting Williams, a former vice-presi

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dent of the Hydraulic Pressed Steel
Company, who deliberately went to work
as a laborer to learn what was on the
worker's mind, confirms this prophecy.
He writes: "When we regularize indus-
trial processes and when we make it
possible for men to get out of their daily
jobs the same sort of satisfaction that
keeps you and me going on ours-in the
overcoming of difficulties and the solving
of problems and getting into our souls
our sense of worth and a certain amount
of recognition from our friends-then
we are going to find men desiring less
and less of these strange Utopias that
worry us and trouble us and make us
wonder what kind of minds these men
can have."

The stakes involved, then, in reducing
unemployment are tremendous. They
are so great as to challenge the very
best of effort on the part of every one
in touch with the situation. This effort
is peculiarly an obligation of the em-
ployer, because, after all, he is not only
as interested, for material reasons, as
the employee, but no real advance short
of compulsory legislation or ultimate
revolution by the workers can be made
without his co-operation. But, besides em-
ployers, the whole rank and file of society
is concerned. It is deeply concerned, for
the simple reason that every member of
the community is either directly or in-
directly affected by its existence.

Unemployment can undoubtedly be reduced, and reduced permanently, first, by attacking the problem in a personal way through the effort of individual employers, and, secondly, by attacking the problem in a public way through the adoption of various expedients to be mentioned later.

How can individual employers reduce unemployment in their own plants? The best answer to that question is to cite the experience of employers who have already done it. The Dennison Manufacturing Company, of which Henry S. Dennison is President, has adopted various means to regularize production in its plants. A recent statement by its personnel department shows how seri ously and intelligently this problem is being met. It says:

At the plant of the Dennison Manufacturing Company a marked reduction of seasonal employment has been effected by the application of certain These clearly conceived principles. principles were not put at once into sudden and complete operation, but were given a practical try-out, and were extended first in one direction and then in another, as conditions made possible. In the nature of things, any very considerable reduction must be a matter of gradual development. It is, indeed, going on here to-day, with the goal far ahead of present attainment; but results so tangible have been secured that the means through which they have been achieved are no longer untested. The five principles applied include:

1. Reduction of seasonal orders by

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CAN UNEMPLOYMENT BE REDUCED?

(Continued)

getting customers to order at least a minimum amount well in advance of the season.

2. The increase of the proportion of non-seasonal orders with a long delivery time.

3. The planning of all stock items more than a year in advance.

4. The planning of interdepartmental needs well in advance.

5. The building up of out-of-season items and the varying of our lines so as to balance one demand against another.

Besides these methods of decreasing the pressure of seasonal demands and evening out the inequalities we can meet seasonal employment by conforming ourselves somewhat to it. We can balance the decrease in work of one department against the surplus of another. We can transfer operatives not needed in one line to another where there is work on hand. In doing so we make it a rule to transfer our operatives to the same off-season work each time, so that they will develop proficiency in these off-season trades.

Some of the same expedients have been adopted by the Hills Brothers Company, importers and packers of dates. Originally the demand for dates was confined to the fall and early winter, and particularly to the holiday season. By judicious advertising as well as sales effort the season for eating dates has been lengthened, so that now dates are considered appetizing (as they should be) from September to June. Even so, it is inevitable that a peak of demand will exist in the early fall. To meet this demand a cold-storage warehouse was erected into which is placed the daily production. Plans are so made that packing these dates continues month in and month out at a comparatively even rate, but, as sales fall off in the summer, a surplus is built up and held in the cold-storage warehouse ready for instant release when the fall demand becomes

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the regularization of employment has been remarkable. The whole factory morale has been strengthened by the avoidance of hiring and firing wrenches, which were so upsetting under the previous conditions.

Although numerous other examples of this nature could be given, their number is pitifully small as compared with the number which might be given if only the requisite amount of foresight and planning were used by all employers alike. To grant that all business is more or less seasonal is not to grant that deep hollows of production must always remain deep. Probably ninety per cent of all business to-day could become more effective as well as more regular in the employment of its workers if the peaks were left alone and persistent, careful thought were given to the question of leveling up the hollows. Efforts to regularize employment are not charitable in the sense of being undertaken without hope of pecuniary reward. They are efforts that spell at the same

time economic security for the worker and larger profits for the employer.

It will be necessary to do more than enlist the private efforts of employers in their own plants, however, in order to solve the problem of unemployment in any complete way. In the first place, our cities can help greatly, and in a twofold way. All public work requiring a large percentage of labor can be held off every year until that time in the year when the average manufacturer's business is slack. Such an expedient will tend to iron out the yearly seasonal wave of unemployment. There are also the waves of panic years which strike us with disheartening regularity every ten years or so. As provision against these a special reserve fund can be built up to be spent upon the erection of needed public work in times of severe business depression.

The Federal Government should do its part also in sharing this burden. In 1921, for instance, it has been estimated that $158,000,000 of National funds were available for road building. Appropriations for Federal buildings, rivers and harbors, post offices, etc., could be held down to the minimum for several years, and then be expanded with safety when periods of stress threaten. Combating unemployment by these methods is nothing new. So long ago as in 1913 the International Conference on Unemploy ment adopted the following recommendations:

1. That public works be distributed, as far as possible, in such a way that they may be undertaken in dull seasons or during industrial depression.

2. That budget laws be revised to facilitate the accumulation of reserve funds for this purpose.

3. That permanent institutions be I created to study the symptoms of depression in order to advise the authorities when to initiate the reserved work.

4. That such work as land reclamation and improvement of the means of communication, which would tend to increase the permanent demand for labor, be especially undertaken.

5. That, in order to secure the fullest benefits from the reserved work, contracts should be awarded, not as units, but separately for each trade. There remains to be mentioned one more vital way of warding off unemployment. That is the adoption by States of compulsory unemployment insurance. Just how such a plan would be worked out is beyond the scope of this article, but it is fair to say that various workable plans have been suggested, in particular a very carefully considered one by the American Association for Labor Legislation. The main points of this plan include the taking out of insurance by the employer, all details as to rates of disbursement, amount of premiums, and the like to be under the supervision of a State board on which would sit representatives of the State, employers, and employees. In addition there would be established by the State at important centers of population governmental employment agencies so that the freest possible interchange between employer

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and employee would exist. There are many other important features of the plan, but the simplest way to characterize it as a whole is to say that in its own field it would operate much as the workmen's compensation laws now oper ate to cut down the number and severity of accidents.

The opponents of such a plan are numerous, including a majority of employers and, curiously enough, Mr. Gompers, of the American Federation of Labor. It is Mr. Gompers's opinion that such insurance will make pensioners out of unemployed laborers, that in hard times it will create a class who will look upon the State as a huge charitable agency, and that this attitude will gradually break down the keenness and aggressiveness for which union labor has been so well known in the past. This argument seems beside the point if we conceive the plan in mind, not as an effort of the State to dole out charitable payments in time of stress, but as a working, every-day buffer against the irregularities of employment, the whole burden of which will rest upon industry itself. It is no more a "charitable" act for a worker out of employment to acrept unemployment insurance than for the same worker to accept accident inIn surance when he breaks his leg. either case the worker is insured against he calamitous effects of not being able to work through no fault of his own, and the bill for this insurance is paid by that particular company which is, to some extent, responsible for the worker's unemployment.

Of course the chief objectors to this plan will be among the employers. Their first comment undoubtedly is that it adds one more burden to overhead expense. This is the same objection that was made during the fight for workmen's accident laws, and, in fact, for almost any laws that appear to add to he cost of doing business, no matter ow salutary their effect in other ways may be. It is a selfish objection-but, more than that, it is a weak objection, For it is not true. The enactment of this aw in focusing the attention of employers upon methods to combat unemployment (and thus cut down the amount of heir insurance premiums) would unloubtedly have the same effect upon nemployment as a similar law has had pon accidents. It would diminish un-mployment, and diminished unemploy ment would mean stabilized industry, more even production, and thus freer pportunities to increase business prof

ts.

These are some of the ways by which The problem of unemployment can be ffectively attacked, not only during the epressing days of bad times, but during very day of any year. With the excepion of the plan for unemployment inurance and regular grants by the Fedral Government, they are all ways tried efore, and tried for the most part with ccess. There can be no lasting results. owever, unless our efforts remain perstent. We have diagnosed the disease. What we must do now is to apply the tidote.

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my blood pressure, which had often gone up to 260, was down to 145. And I began to acquire a general feeling of fitness, of peace of mind, that I hadn't experienced in years. I say in all earnestness, that no one who drinks Paradise Water regularly -sick or well-will fail to benefit thereby."

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THE OUTLOOK CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING SECTION

Advertising Rates: Hotels and Resorts, Apartments, Tours and Travel, Real Estate, Live Stock and Poultry, sixty cents per agate line, four columns to the page. Not less than four lines accepted.

If

"Want" advertisements, under the various headings, "Board and Rooms," "Help Wanted," etc., ten cents for each word or initial, including the address, for each insertion. The first word of each "Want" advertisement is set in capital letters without additional charge. answers are to be addressed in care of The Outlook, twenty-five cents is charged for the box number named in the advertisement. Replies will be forwarded by us to the advertiser and bill for postage rendered. ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT, THE OUTLOOK, 381 Fourth Avenue, New York City

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Address:

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66

Health Resorts

Inglewood

Beautifully quiet and restful home, all modern conveniences and accommodations of superior quality conducive to health and happiness. Open all year, with winter's fuel supply on hand, assuring steam heat. Pure water, mountain air and excellent food. On State road at outskirts of Saugerties, just 14 miles from highest point in Catskills. DAVID GRAY, Manager, Saugerties, N. Y. Phone 10.

THE POPLARS 70 North 18th_St.,

East Orange, N. J. Provides most pleasant and comfortable accommodation för semi-invalids, convalescent, nervous, or aged persons. Excellent homelike attention, moderate terms.

Board Wanted PAYING GUESTS

Member of Outlook staff and his wife desire to share a pleasant home as paying guests from October 1 to June 1, within reasonable commuting distance of New York. Garage facilities are required and location near golf club desired. 8,165, Outlook.

Country Board

Morristown, N. J.-The Oaks, Olyphant Park. From Sept. 15 to Oct. 1, two very attractive double rooms, together or singly. 3 minutes from station, easy commut ing. Excellent cuisine, comfort and home life.

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BOOKS, MAGAZINES

MANUSCRIPTS

BIG money in writing photoplays, stories poems, songs. Send today for FREE copy of America's leading writer's magazine, ful of helpful advice on writing and selling. WRITER'S DIGEST, 688 Butler Building, Cincinnati.

6 DIFFERENT BUSINESS PUBLICATIONS covering accounting, advertising, administration. merchandising, salesmanship and taxation, all prepaid, only 25c. Value $1.50. Instructive, educational, practical. Walhamore Co., Lafayette Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa.

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES

SAFE 8% FIRST MORTGAGE INCOME CERTIFICATES additionally secured, tax exempted, quarterly payments. Permanent or reconvertible. Ask circulars. Home Building & Loan Co., Jacksonville, Fla.

EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES

DIETITIANS, cafeteria managers, governesses, matrons, housekeepers, superintendents. Miss Richards, Providence, R. I. Box 5 East Side.

WANTED-Competent teachers for public and private schocis. Calls coming every day. Send for circulars. Albany Teachers' Agency, Albany, N. I.

DIRECTORY for secretaries and social workers. Miss Richards, Providence, R. L. Box 5 East Side. Boston office.

ROOMS TO RENT

TO rent, at Summit, N. J., convenient to the station, comfortably furnished rooms with abundance of hot water. Especially de sirable for permanent guests. The Gardine, 22 Elm St.

STATIONERY

UNUSUALLY desirable stationery for any type of correspondeuce. 200 sheets high grade note paper and 100 envelopes printed with your name and address postpaid $1.50. Samples on request. You can buy cheaper stationery, but do you want to? Lewis, 284 Second Ave., Troy, N. Y.

HEAVY weight, Kalma Linen Finish folded note size stationery, choice of white, blue, buff, or gray. Your name and address printed on 100 sheets and 75 envelopes $1 delivered. West of Denver 10% extra. Dept. H, Paramount Paper Co., Kalamazoo, Mich.

PRINTED stationery special-500 note, packet, bills, statements, envelopes, blotters, or 300 letter heads $2. Samples. Wells, Printer, Pinebluff, N. C.

THIRSTY blotters sent free on request, also samples of excellent stationery for personal and professional use. Franklin Printery, Warner, New Hampshire.

HELP WANTED

Business Situations

EARN $110 to $250 monthly, expenses paid, as Railway Traffic Inspector. Position guar anteed after 3 months' spare-time study or money refunded. Excellent opportunities. Write for Free Booklet CM-27. Standard Business Training Institute, Buffalo, N. Y.

HOTELS NEED TRAINED MEN AND WOMEN. Nation-wide demand for highsalaried men and women. Past experience unnecessary. We train you by mail and put you in touch with big opportunities. Big pay, fine living, interesting work, quick advancement, permanent. Write for free book, "YOUR BIG OPPORTUNITY." Hotel Training Schools, Room 5842, Washington, D. C.

Lewis

WANTED-Young woman of refinement, to be generally useful in office and around parlors. Permanent. Heathcote Inn, carsdale, N. Y. Tel. Scarsdale 600.

GOVERNMENT needs railway mail clerks, $133 to $192 month. Write for free specimen questions. Columbus Institute, B-4, Columnbus, Ohio.

AGENTS-Signs of all kinds for stores and offices. Big money making line. Atracto Sign Works, Z, Cicero P. O., Chicago.

Companions and Domestic Helpers WANTED-Young lady's companion to act as chaperon during winter in Washington. Prefer English woman. References required. 2,039, Outlook,

HOUSEKEEPER wanted - Middle age, must be capable, experies.ced, and willing to Best work. For single man of some years. references exchanged. State salary expected and send photograph. Address 2,057, Outlook.

DOES some elderly woman want good country home (New Jersey) more than high wages? 2,067, Outlook.

WANTED Young woman. Protestant, good education, to co-operate with mother care of three children under 3 years. Good health, patience, fondness for children, ability to train them, required. Home near New York. Send references. State salary and experience. 2,068, Outlook.

A

BY THE WAY

NEWSPAPER man tried to draw out Henry Ford about his ambitions for the Presidency. "Would you undertake," he asked Mr. Ford, "to run all the railroads and mines of the United States; to lower the rates and prices according to your principles of good business; to increase wages, to reduce working hours, to add greatly to the service, and to bring a happy ending to the labor wars, without resorting to military forceif ...?" "If what?" "If I undertake to get you the job?" the interviewer ended weakly. "I didn't ask you to get me a job," was Mr. Ford's effective counter.

Shooting has a strong hold on the average Englishman, and he apparently doesn't count the cost where game is considered. At least this is indicated by the following advertisement in the London "Times." It also indicates the financial difficulties of owners who have to receive "paying guests" to meet their expenses:

Grouse Driving in Aberdeenshire.Guns Wanted as Paying Guests. In 26 days' shooting last year the bag was 3,663 grouse, at least four days' driving per week; everything found except ammunition, loaders and wines. Price for September £175, or £50 per week.-Application is requested to the owner. Very good prospects this year. Bag should be over 6,000 grouse.

A letter from Russia to Minneapolis had stamps attached to it in sheets, so a daily paper says. Altogether, the stamps were valued at 200,000 rubles. This, however, owing. to the great depreciation of Russian money, amounted in value to only about ten cents in American money. Before the war 200,000 rubles were worth $100,000.

The extra sleeping-car equipment required by the railways for recent conventions, sporting events, and reunions gives an idea of the relative numbers and popularity of various organizations. For the Knights Templar Conclave held

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HELP WANTED Teachers and Governesses WANTED-Governess. Primary subjects and music. Good salary. 2,072, Outlook. MUSICAL young woman wanted at girls' day school in suburb near New York to assist in kindergarten and afternoon sports and play for dancing. 2,074, Outlook.

SITUATIONS WANTED

Professional Situations GRADUATE nurse, quiet, sunny disposition, cultivated, orphan, desires position useful companion with invalid gentleman. Highest credentials. 1,886, Outlook.

GRADUATE nurse wishes permanent position companion-nervous or mental cases, travel. Charge of motherless child. $50 per week. 2,061, Outlook.

YOUNG woman. cultured, trained, experienced, desires position as religious work director, social service executive, or pastor's assistant in church or institution. 2,076, Outlook.

NURSE. experienced, would care for invalid or children going to California in return for journey expenses. Address Mrs. Hodgson, Infants Summer Hospital, Charlotte, N. Y.

Business Situations

YOUNG woman, widely experienced in social, industrial, and employment work, successful in handling all types (understands importance of reducing turnover), desires connection with business organization where conscientious efforts will be appreciated. 2,069, Outlook.

SITUATIONS WANTED

Business Situations TWO experienced dietitians desire openings other than hospital, November first. 2,056, Outlook.

BOOK WOMAN-Genius in selling. Foot loose. Highest references. 2,065, Outlook. Companions and Domestic Helpers EXPERIENCED teacher wishes position as chaperon-companion for girl under fourteen. 2,030, Outlook.

COMPANION-secretary with lady traveling. Well educated young woman, business and private school experience. Best references. Isabel Hughes. Williamstown, Mass.

WOMAN of refinement and experience wishes position as companion to elderly lady. Address R. E. Row, 245 S. Seventh St., Indiana, Pa.

TWO nurses, having private and institutional experience, are opening their country home to receive a few children. Special care given to those of delicate or nervous temperaments. Highest references. 2,053, Outlook.

MIDDLE-aged widow of refinement and ability desires position. Companion, attendant, managing housekeeper. No encumbrances. 2,055, Outlook.

YOUNG lady, college graduate, wishes to travel as secretary to lady: 7 years' experience. Exceptional recommendations. 2,064, Outlook.

WANTED, by cultured, educated woman, position as traveling companion, companionsecretary, or companion-housekeeper in home where there is one or more servants. No objections to children over four. Best references. 2,066, Outlook.

SITUATIONS WANTED Companions and Domestic Helpers CULTURED young woman would like position as companion. Will travel. References. 2,077, Outlook.

POSITION of trust, or would take semiinvalid or elderly person needing extra attention to board. 2,070, Outlook.

Teachers and Governesses EXPERIENCED teacher of little children, graduate of Teachers College, Columbia, wishes tutoring in Brooklyn, N. Y. 2,037, Outlook.

TUTORING. Private instruction in Latin, French conversation and grammar, history, and English subjects by a Smith College graduate of French ancestry. Experience. References. Regular instruction for fall and winter. 2,050, Outlook.

TEACHER, specialist in developing, trainPosition ing, teaching backward children. visiting, resident, school. 2,060, Outlook.

YOUNG lady of refinement and ability desires position as private secretary or tutor of child. Middle South, Washington, or Richmond preferred. Excellent references. 2,071, Outlook.

DANISH kindergartner. Young lady wants position as traveling companion, kindergartner, or governess. Willing to go anywhere. References. 2,075, Outlook.

REFINED, well educated French woman desires position as governess to children or useful companion. Is accustomed to traveling, good sewer. Country preferred. Best of references. Mlle. O. Vernon, care Mrs. G. A. Cluett, Williamstown, Mass.

MISCELLANEOUS

TO young women desiring training in the care of obstetrical patients a very thorough nurses' aid course of six months is offered by the Lying-In Hospital, 307 Second Ave., New York. Monthly allowance and full mainte nance is furnished. For further information address Directress of Nurses.

MISS Guthman, New York shopper, will shop for you, services free. No samples. References. 309 West 99th St.

BOYS wanted. 500 boys wanted to sell The Outlook each week. No investment necessary. Write for selling plan, Carrier Department, The Outlook Company, 381 Fourth Ave, New York City.

WANTED Defective people to Address W., Pawling, N. Y.

board.

CHILD or young girl accommodated in wy Excellent eirhome in Colorado Springs. vironment. Intelligent care. Open air school. References exchanged. Leaving New York early in September. 2,023, Outlook.

WANTED, by physician, patient with an attendant in a modern suburban home; all conveniences. Apply Box 425, Brewster, N. Y.

UNIVERSITY graduate with teaching experience will tutor a limited number of diffi cult or slightly backward boys, between 12 Year round instruction and 16 years of age. and outdoor life on farm in Virginia. Individ ual attention and special help. Best refer ences. Opens Sept. 20. Joseph H. Russil 100 Sanford Ave., Flushing, N. Y.

YOUNG lady of excellent character v care for two young blind persons in her home. 2,073, Outlook.

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