smaller per cent than do the native-born of native father who can either read or write.

Among the native-born of foreign father, the Bohemian and Moravian and the Hebrew males each show 100 per cent who can both read and write. Also 100 per cent of the Bohemian and Moravian females can both read and write, but the proportion of Hebrew females who can read or write is slightly smaller. Of the South Italian males, 93.8 per cent can read and write, while 93.1 per cent of the females can read and 89.7 per cent can read and write.

Among the foreign-born persons studied, the Polish males show the highest proportion who can read and write, the per cent being 100. The Bohemians and Moravians, with 98.1 per cent, are second in the list of those who can read. The Hebrews and South Italians each show over 90 per cent. In every case the females show a much smaller proportion who can read than do the males; especially is this true in the case of the Poles, of whom only 72.4 per cent of the females can read.

The Bohemians and Moravians and Hebrews each show a proportion in excess of 90 per cent who can read and write, while between 80 and 90 per cent of the South Italian and Lithuanian males can read and write. Of the Lithuanian females, only 64.3 per cent can read and write as compared with 92.5 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians.

The per cent of employees who read, according to locality, sex, and general nativity and race, is shown in the table next presented: TABLE 68.-Per cent of employees who read, by locality, by sex, and by general nativity

and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The preceding table shows that 94.7 per cent of the males for whom information was secured can read and 90.9 per cent of the females are able to read. A greater proportion of the males in Chicago can read than in Baltimore. The per cent of males who are able to read in New York City is somewhat smaller than the per cent having this ability in Baltimore. Chicago shows the highest per cent of females who are able to read, followed closely by Baltimore, while the per cent of those able to read in New York City is considerable below that in the two other localities named.

Native-born whites of native father show 100 per cent of both males and females who are able to read in each locality; nativeborn of foreign father follow in slightly smaller proportions. Foreignborn show smaller proportions who are able to read than native-born of foreign father. For both males and females New York City shows a smaller proportion able to read than is shown for the other localities. The relation between literacy and period of residence in this country is set forth in the following table. It shows, by years in the United States and race of individual the per cent of foreignborn persons 10 years of age or over who read and the per cent who read and write.

TABLE 69.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all foreign-born.]

Between 80 and 90 per cent of the 2,449 persons included in the preceding table can both read and write, the proportion who both read and write being slightly smaller than the proportion who read only. This is true as regards those with each specified period of residence in the United States. The Bohemian and Moravian is the only race showing its entire number who have been in the United States under five years entirely literate.

As regards the progress manifested by the younger immigrants as compared with the older, the table next presented is instructive. It sets forth, according to age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual, the per cent of foreign-born persons in the households studied 10 years of age or over who could read and the per cent who could read and write.

cent

TABLE 70.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual,

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all foreign

A greater proportion are literate of those who were under 14 at the time of coming to the United States than of those who were 14 or over. Moreover, it should be noted that the age at time of coming affects ability to read and write more than ability to read.

Every specified race has the largest proportion who are literate among those who were under 14 when they came to the United States. The Lithuanians show the most marked difference between the literacy of those who were under 14 and those 14 or over. Of the latter, 72.4 per cent read and write; of those who were under 14, 91.3 per cent read and write.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

The table next presented shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the per cent of employees 20 years of age or over who were in each conjugal condition:

TABLE 71.-Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

TABLE 71.-Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race-Continued.

The above table shows that of the male employees 20 years of age or over for whom information was secured, 62.8 per cent are married and only 1.8 per cent widowed. The proportion married is much larger for the foreign-born than for the whites, native-born of native father and slightly larger for the latter than for the native-born of foreign father, while the proportion of widowed is smallest for the foreign-born and slightly smaller for the native-born of foreign father than for the native-born of native father. Among the foreign-born males, the Germans have the largest, followed by the Magyars, Bohemians and Moravians, and Hebrews other than Russian, in the order mentioned, and the Lithuanians and Slovaks the smallest proportions married.

Of the females 20 years of age or over for whom information was secured, 63.6 per cent are single and 8.7 per cent are widowed. The

proportion single is considerably larger for the native-born of foreign father than for the whites native-born of native father and larger for the latter than for the foreign-born, while the proportion of widowed individuals is largest for the whites native-born of native father, second largest for the foreign-born, and smallest for the native-born of foreign father. Among the foreign-born females, the Russian Hebrews have the largest proportions, followed by the Russians, Hebrews other than Russian, and Lithuanians, in the order mentioned, and the North Italians and South Italians the smallest proportions single. The above table shows that of all employees 20 years of age or over, both male and female, 50.8 per cent are married and only 4.2 per cent are widowed. The proportion of married employees is considerably larger for the foreign-born than for the whites native-born of native father, and larger for the latter than for the native-born of foreign father, while the proportion of widowed is much larger for the whites native-born of native father than for either the native-born of foreign father or the foreign-born. Among the foreign-born, the Magyars have the largest proportion, followed by the Germans, North Italians, Hebrews other than Russian, and Russian Hebrews, in the order mentioned, and the Lithuanians and Poles the smallest proportions married.

The following table divides the totals of the one preceding and shows the per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and sex, and by general nativity and race:

TABLE 72.-Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 200 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]