use in Greek art, 233; and after- wards for signets and seals, ib.; modern and ancient knowledge compared, 234; classical allusions to, 235; Theophrastus and Pliny the sole substantial authorities, ib.; their ancient names retained, 236; instances of etymology, 237; classified only by colour till the end of the last century, 239; Egyptian nomenclature of, ib.; modern use of crystallography, 240; degrees of value of different kinds, 241; diamonds the most valuable, ib.; then the corundum class, viz., rubies, sapphires, and 'Oriental' stones, ib. ; the group of spinels, 242; spinel rubies, 243; the chrysoberyl or Oriental chryso- lite, ib.; the beryl, 244; zircon and tourmaline, 245; topaz, ib.; the 'group of garnets, 246; class of silica, 250; opal and chalcedony, ib.; agates and jaspers, 251; sili- ceous minerals of the classics iden- tified, 252; ancient onyx and sar- donyx, b.; Roman use of, for engraving, 254; the carbunculus and lychnis of Pliny, ib., 255; yellow stones among the ancients, 256; Pliny's green stones difficult to classify, 257; blue stones, 258; turquoise, ib.; lapis lazuli, 260 Prefaces, egotism in modern, cxx. 54 Prehistoric Times. See Archæology, Prehistoric
Prendergast (Mr. J. P.), his 'Crom-
wellian Settlement of Ireland,' cxxii. 518; his study of original archives, 520; his partiality against Cromwell, ib.
his rancorous attack on Mr. Froude, cxxxvii. 131 note Presbyterianism, called the 'Creed
of the Yellow Stick,' cxix. 189 Presbyterians (Irish), origin of, cxxix. 447; support of, by James I., ib. ; the Regium Donum, 448; . their devotion to William III., ib.;
their subjection to Irish Protes- tants, 449; the Test and Schism Acts, ib. ; alienated by High Church tyranny, ib.; emigration of, to America, 450; their reconciliation, ib.; the Church in Ulster, ib. Presbyterians (Irish), marriages of, cxxx. 278, 279
their want of assimilation with the native races in the last century, cxxxviii. 140; persecuted by the Anglican Church, 141; exodus to America, ib. Presbyterians (Scottish), oppression
of, at the Restoration, cxiv. 413; the new Presbyterian Church of the Revolution, 416; the Modera- tist party, 420; the movement of 1843, 424
conduct of Charles II. to- wards, cxviii. 6; their persecution by Claverhouse, 8; character of their nonconformity, 9
contests of, with Episcopacy, cxxxiv. 108, 124; results of the struggle of the seventeenth cen- tury, ib.; good features of, 126 Press, the, increasing subordination of public speech to, cxviii. 581 Prestwich (Mr.), on the stone-wea- pons found at Abbeville, cxviii. 264 and 268; on the Moulin- Quignon beds, 275 Pretender, the. See Stuart Pretorius (Andries), leader of the Boers in South Africa, cxxxiv. 412; his defeat by the British, 414. See Africa, South Previous question,' motion of, in England and America, cxxxiv. 589
Priam (King), alleged treasures of, unearthed by Dr. Schliemann, cxxxix. 519; question of his legendary character unsolved,
Price (Dr.), his proposals of a Sink- ing Fund, cxvi. 137
(Dr. Richard), his pamphlet
on 'Civil Liberty' answered by Adam Ferguson, cxxv. 73 Price (Professor), his evidence on the results of public school educa- tion at Oxford, cxx. 157 Prie (Madame de), intrigues for the marriage of Louis XV., cxxv. 475; exiled to Normandy, 477 Primary Education. See Education Prime Minister, his relations with the Crown, cxv. 222
Primogeniture, law of, a narrow question, if the power of settle- ment is left, cxxviii. 545
results of abolition of, on land, cxxxix. 282 Prince (John, 1643-1723), his pic-
ture of the squire archy in the 'Worthies of Devon,' cxxxviii. 12 Prinsep (Mr. James), his deciphering of Buddhist inscriptions, cxxii. 379
Printing, invention of, effect of, on classical texts, cxxxvii. 94 Prior (Matthew, 1664-1721), his correspondence with Bolingbroke, cxviii. 424, 425
Lord Strafford refuses to act with him in the Embassy to Versailles, cxxxii. 544
Cowper's eulogy of his minor verse, cxl. 366; his che- quered life, ib. 367; specimens of his light verse, 368
Prisoners' Counsel Bill, urgent need of the measure, cxi. 192; Lord Lyndhurst's opposition overcome, ib. note
Prisons, the intermediate system in Ireland, cxvii. 251; its extension to England proposed, 263; dietary in State-prisons too low, 264 Pritchett (Mr.), his collection of chinchona plants in Northern Peru, cxviii. 516
Private Bill legislation, proposed transfer to an independent tri- bunal, cxxii. 284
present system should be
its ecclesiastical jurisdiction assailed, cxxi. 155; 'Judgments of, in cases of doctrine and disci- pline from 1840 to 1864,' 161; practice in giving judgment, 170; creation of, by Lord Brougham, ib.; the Church Discipline Act, 171; progress of ecclesiastical suits before, ib.; decisions on doc- trinal points, 172, 174; criminal suits against clergymen, ib. 175; other cases, ib. 177; ecclesiastical appeals from the colonies, 178 its ecclesiastical functions compared with the Court of Dele- gates, cxxviii. 273
varied character of its ap- pellate jurisdiction, exxix. 63; high character of the tribunal, 64 Proclus, statement of, on the Homeric poems, cxxxiii. 358
Procopius (of Cæsarea, d. about 560),
his MS. on the Gothic War pla- giarised by L. Aretin, cxxiv. 357 Proctor (R. A.), his works on the approaching transit of Venus, cxxxviii. 144; his controversy with the Astronomer Royal, 160, 163
his work on the Moon, cxl. 72, 90; copious popular writings on Astronomy, 104
Professional education of the sexes,
compared, cxxx. 595
Propertius, early MSS. of, cxxxvii.
America, cxxix. 466; views of Mr. Dilke, 467
Protective system, promotes anta- gonism of class-interests, cxix. 297 Protestantism, its present tendencies against Judaism, cxvii. 204; its anti-progressive character dis- cussed, 207
M. Taine's materialist theory of, cxxi. 312
destroyed the principle of persecution, 439 Protestantism (in France), origin of, cxxiv. 88 (see Reformation in France); its golden age, 105; executions of Protestants as late as 1762, 118; edicts against, lasted till 1787, 119; present sectarian character of, 120. See Huguenots Protestants, French, state of, in the sixteenth century, cxxxiii. 491, 492 Protestant Dissenters, their voluntary
and extra-legal status in England, cxviii. 572; their position in the Colonies, 573
arbitrary treatment of, by Church Bishops after 1688, cxxviii. 267; removal of disabilities, ib. marriages of, in Ireland,
of, cxxxiii. 401; charge of schism examined, 408; their theory of union outside the State, 409; pre- sent attitude of suspicious reserve and self-complacency, 418, 419; alleged authority of St. Paul for Dissent, 422 Protestant Dissenters, their position in England and Scotland compared, cxxxiv. 126
recent claims to Church dis- establishment criticised, cxxxV. 367 sqq. (see Miall, Mr.); alleged inferiority of, before the law, 388; evils of past educational exclusion, 389; pride of birth in old families of, ib.; narrow professional spirit of their ministers, 390
their original position in the Church, cxxxvii. 199; first signs of separation, 290; Episcopal Non-jurors, ib.; common grounds of antagonism to the Church, ib.; Presbyterians and Baptists, 201; fallacies of Puritans and their ex- treme opponents, 203; modern dogma of a separate religion, ib. 204; the Liberation Society, 205; alliance with High Church faction, 206; thoroughly English character of Dissent, 208; their past services to the national Church, 213, 215; proposed means of reconciliation, 216, 223
their political bigotry at the present day, cxxxix. 281 Protoplasm, Dr. Beale's work on, cxxxvi. 216, 222. See Life Protozoa, description of, cxxx. 158 Proverbs, frequency of, in the
Spanish language, cxiv. 104 Prudentius (Clemens, b. 348), his verses on the Catacombs, cxx. 217,
Prussia, declares the Diet to be at an end, cxxiv. 280; her immoral policy of self-aggrandisement, ib.; real object of her attack on Den- mark, 281; responsible for the
war of 1866 with Austria, ib. (see Bismarck, Count); evils of Prussian ascendency in Germany, 283, 284; her dilemma as regards the war with Austria, 286; provokes a future collision with France, ib.; proposal to re-organise the Bund, 290; subsequent aggressions, ib.; illegal invasion of the Elbe Duchies, ib.; coup d'état against the Federal Constitution, 291; suddenness of her attack on Austria, ib.; causes of her success, 292 Prussia, the military growth of, cxxiv. 553; her exhausted condition after the Seven Years' War, ib.; first rivalry with Austria, ib. 554; policy of conquest since Frederick the Great, ib.; influence of reigning family, ib.; her greatness dates from the Great Elector, 555; Silesia added to, 557; designs on Bohemia, ib.; contest with Austria, ib.; partition of Poland, 558; results of the 'Potato War,' 562; intervention in Holland, ib.; nefarious second partition of Poland, ib.; policy at the French Revolution, 563; failure of the French campaign of 1792, 565; withdraws from the Coalition, 566; decline of the army, ib. 567; accession of Frederick William III., ib.; annexation of Hanover, 568; humiliated by France, ib. 569; her overthrow at Jena, ib.; national disasters, ib. 570; reform of military system, 571; improvements of Stein and Scharnhorst, 572; foundation of the national force, 573; the landwehr and landsturm, ib., 575; nobility exempted from the conscription, 576; life of a young einjähriger, 578; relations of officers and privates, 580 and note; training of landwehr officers, 581; tactical system of 1814, 582; experiments of mobilisation, ib.; military changes of, 1859, 584;
the system complete in 1866, 585; leading officers in the late war with Austria, 586; needle-musket drill, 587; deep-seated disaffection of the soldiery, 589; problems of the late war, 591; its moral, 593; hostilities in the Elbe duchies, 594; effect of late successes on public morality, ib.
Prussia, campaign of 1866 against
Austria, cxxv. 363; popular explanation of her success, ib. See Prusso-Austrian War
her efforts at moral ascendency in Germany, cxxviii. 237 ; Bismarck's policy of 'blood and iron,' 238; predominance of, in the North German Constitution, 241, 246; her aggrandising policy in Germany after the war of 1866, 248
want of solidity in the constitution, cxxx. 430; isolated by the Polish Convention, 431, 436
military changes in 1861, cxxxii. 484 (see Prussian Army); withdraws her claims to Luxembourg, 491; preparations for the late war (see Franco-German War); growth of population in,561
institutions of, contrasted with those of France, cxxxiii. 5; Spartan character thereof, 6; constant hostility to the French Revolution, 7; power of, increased by her strong monarchy, 10; sanctity of hereditary kingship, ib.; repudiation of the Luxembourg Treaty, 278, 285; historical rivalry of, with Austria for the leadership of Germany, 467; recent supremacy of, 471 (see German Empire); strength of military caste in, 475; coalitions provoked by, 476; her reversal of the Treaty of Westphalia, 480
railway organisation of, adapted for war, cxxxv. 153
conflict between Church and
State in, cxxxix. 360. See Ger- many
Prussia, her wavering policy before
Austerlitz, cxl. 308
Prussian Army, its constitution trans- formed in 1861, cxxxii. 484; altered system of tactics, 485; in 1859 and 1866, ib.; conditions of service, 486; constitution of, 487; the landwehr detached from the field-army, ib.; not a national militia, 488; its powerful organi- sation, ib.; lighter system of tac- tics, 489; regarded as an instru- ment for achieving German unity, ib.; its numbers increased by recent conquests, 490; reforms in, after the Luxembourg question, 492; efficiency of the North German army, 493; study of French prin- ciples, ib.; perfect organisation of, in the war of 1870, 563 (see Franco-German War); cost of maintenance per man, 585; such economy impossible in other coun- tries, 586
the reserve system compared with the militia, cxxxiii. 216; decentralising process in supply departments, 234; drill regulations of 1847, 549; tactical reforms in, after 1866, 551; the staff system, 577, 579
reorganisation of, by Scharn- horst, cxl. 315, 321 Prusso-Austrian War (1866), pub- lications on, cxxv. 363; its strate- gical moral, 364; Benedek's first movements, 365; he abandons the aggressive, ib.; concentration of the Crown Prince at Neisse, ib.; Prussian occupation of Saxony, ib.; movements of Prince Fred- erick Charles, 366; statement of forces, ib. note; position of Clam Gallas, 369; Prussian junction near Gitschin, 370; Prussian mis- takes not due to the general-in- chief, ib.; defence of passes neg-
lected by Austrians, 372; Stein- metz defeats the Austrians at Nachod, 373; their success at Trautenau, 374; mutual surprises 376 (see Gablentz, General); strug- gle at Alt-Rognitz, ib.; Austrians driven back on Josephstadt (see Steinmetz, General); combined advance of Prussians, 379; dis- positions of Benedek, ib., 380; counter-instructions of Moltke, 381; supposed retreat of the Austrians, ib., 382; their advance repulsed by Fransecky and Horn, ib., 383; movements of the Crown Prince, ib.; Prussian capture of Chlum, 384; Benedek's defeat at Königgrätz or Sadowa, 385; sub- sequent operations and armistice, 386; movements of Hanoverian army, b.; their indecision and supineness, 387; Von Fliess and Falkenstein, 388. See Benedek Prynne, his protest in 1564 against the excise on hops, cxvi. 502 Prynne (William, 1600-1669), books of, suppressed, cxxxiv. 182; his Histriomastix,' ib.; his sentence,
Pseudonyms, literary, cxx. 438 Psychology, Comte's notion of, cxxvii. 329
neglect of, by physicians,
prevalent rage for hypotheses in, cxxxvii. 498; confused use of terms, 500 'Publicist,' continental meaning of the term, cxxxii. 557
Public Schools, Report of Commis- sioners on (1864), cxx. 147; in- quiry limited to endowed schools, 148; reforms recommended at Eton with regard to leases and fines, 149; operation of perpetual endowments in, ib.; dangers of stagnation therefrom, 150; defici- ency of average attainments at, 151; unfavourable evidence of
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