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TABLE 32.-Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The above table shows that of the female employees 14 and under 18 years of age for whom information was secured almost all earn $2.50 per week or over, 58.8 per cent earn $5 or over, 15.7 per cent earn $7.50 or over, and only a very small proportion earn $10 or over. The proportion of employees earning $5 per week or over is largest for the foreign-born and slightly larger for the native-born of native father than for the native-born of foreign father, while the proportion earning $7.50 per week or over is considerably larger for the foreign-born than for the native-born of foreign father and considerably larger for the latter than for the native-born of native father. Among the foreign-born, the Russian Hebrews, followed by the Hebrews other than Russian, have the largest and the Poles the smallest proportion of individuals earning $5 per week or over, and the Hebrews other than Russian, followed by the Bohemians and Moravians, have the largest and the Poles the smallest proportion of individuals earning $7.50 per week or over.

The following table shows by locality and by general nativity and race of individual the per cent of female employees who were 14 but under 18 years of age and who earned $5 or over each week.

TABLE 33.—Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning $5 or over per week, by locality and by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

In the foregoing table 58.8 per cent of all females included are earning $5 or over per week. In New York City and Chicago the proportion is greater than in Baltimore. In each of the three localities the foreign-born show a larger proportion than do the nativeborn of foreign father. The Russian Hebrews show the largest proportion earning $5 or over weekly. This is true not only of the total, but of each of the three localities included in the table.

RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.

The progress of male and female employees of foreign birth in industrial efficiency or earning ability after designated periods of residence in the United States is considered in the next series of tabulations. The table below shows by race and length of residence in the United States the percentage of earnings per week of foreignborn male employees 18 years of age or over, and permits of a study of their progress by grouping the proportions in each period of residence under the several races.

48296°- -VOL 11-11-20

TABLE 34.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

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*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. In the various tables in this report showing annual

In comparing the male employees of each race by years in the United States it will be noted that, with the exception of those earning less than $10 per week, there is a very general tendency for the proportions of each race earning each specified amount per week to increase with years in the United States.

Years in the United States affect in a lesser degree employees who earn less than $10 per week. the most recently arrived employees of each race report the smallest With one exception, however, proportion earning $5 or over and $7.50 or over. Also, in the greater number of cases the largest proportion earning $5 or over, $7.50 or over is the group of employees who have been in the United States ten years or over.

The table which follows presents the same data as the preceding table, but in a different form.

TABLE 35.-Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more males reporting.]

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*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

In the group less than five years in the United States the North Italians and South Italians show comparatively low earnings and the Hebrews show comparatively high percentages, earning $12.50 and under $20 per week. The Bohemians and Moravians report none earning $20 or over per week, and less than 1 per cent of any race in this group report earnings of $22.50 or over per week.

An increased earning capacity as a result of continued residence in the United States is indicated by the percentages shown in the second group, the earnings of each race showing a material increase over the percentages of the preceding period. The percentage of increase in earnings continues, but is somewhat smaller between the second and third than between the first and second periods. Only the South Italians in the third period show less than 50 per cent

earning $12.50 or over per week, while in the second group only the Bohemians and Moravians and Hebrews show as high as 50 per cent earning this rate. In the third period each race reports a percentage earning $25 or over per week, the proportion varying from 9.1 per cent of the Hebrews other than Russian to 0.6 per cent of the Polish. In the third period the Bohemians and Moravians show a decrease in the percentage earning each specified amount under $15 per week. The following table makes possible a study of the progress in the earning ability of the females of each race.

TABLE 36.-Per cent of foreign-born female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 200 or more females reporting.]

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*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

The Bohemians and Moravians who have been in this country for ten years or more show a larger proportion of persons earning each specified amount than do those who have been here for from five to nine years, while those in the latter period of residence show, in each specified amount, a larger proportion than do those who have been in this country for less than five years. This same general tendency is also true of the Poles. The Russian Hebrews who have been in this country for ten or more years show a smaller proportion earning $5 or over and $7.50 or over than do the persons of the same race who have been in this country from five to nine The Hebrews other than Russian in years. the period of residence of from five to nine years show in each specified rate of earnings, except one, a smaller proportion than do those who have lived

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