INDEPENDENT CASE. RULE 6.-A Noun or a Pronoun, not dependent on any other word in construction, is in the Independent Case. REM.-As the grammatical Subject of a Sentence is limited to the Nominative Case of Nouns and Pronouns, so the Nominative Case is properly limited to the Subject of a Sentence. Hence the term "Nomi native Case Independent" is inappropriate. NOTE I. The name of a person or thing addressed is in the Independent Case. EXAMPLES.-1. "FRIENDS. ROMANS, COUNTRYMEN.” 2. Come, gentle SPRING-ethereal MILDNESS, come." OBS. 1.—In the last example the word thou, understood, is the proper subject of "come." The words "spring" and "mildness" are addressed, and are independent in construction. NOTE II-A Noun or a Pronoun, used to explain a preceding Noun or Pronoun, is in the Independent Case. EXAMPLES.-1. Paul, the ArosTLE, wrote to Timothy. 2. "Up springs the lark, shrill-voiced and shrewd, The MESSENGER of morn." OBS. 1.-This Note applies also to Phrases and Sentences. (See p. 236.) 2. "It is possible THAT WE HAVE MISJUDGED.” 3. "I shall be dignified with this high honor—TO BEAR MY LADY'S TRAIN." OBS. 2.—An Independent Noun or Pronoun is properly a logical Adjunct when it is used to describe or limit another word. EXAMPLES.-Paul the APOSTLE.-Peter the GREAT. REM.-" Apostle" describes "Paul," by limiting the application of that name to a particular individual. NOTE III.-A Noun or a Pronoun, used of an Independent Phrase, is in the Indep EXAMPLES.-1. The HOUR having arrived, we commer 2. "Thus talking, HAND in hand, alone On to their blissful bower." NOTE IV-A Noun or a Pronoun, used with a Verb, is in the Independent Case. EXAMPLES." Thou art a scholar." It is I. "God is "He maketh the storm a calm." CBS.-A Noun or a Pronoun used in Predicate, may the Nominative or the Objective Case. EXAMPLES. "I thought it to be him; but it was not "It was not me that you saw." REM. This idiom is established by good authorit modern and grammarians can not well alter the custom "Nescire quid acciderit antequam natus es, est semper "Not to know what happened before you was born, i a boy." Here, "puerum" (boy), has the form of the Accusati tive), and can not be the Nominative. NOTE V.-A Noun or a Pronoun, used fo is in the Independent Case. EXAMPLE-"The moon herself is lost in heaven." OBS.-In this Note are properly included Nouns a repeated for the sake of emphasis. EXAMPLE.-"This, THIS is thinking free." NOTE VI.-A Noun or a Pronoun denoting ject of remark-the title of a book-used in in exclamation, etc., is in the Independent Case EXAMPLES.-1. "Our Fathers! where are they? and the i they live forever?" 2. " Wright's Orthography." Adverbial Sentences are often elegantly condensed into Independent Phrases. EXAMPLES. Sentence. When the hour had arrived, we commenced the exercises. REM. 1.-"When the hour had arrived" is a Grammatical Adjunct of "commenced," an Adverbial Sentence. "Hour" is the subject of that Sentence: hence in the Nominative Case. 2. "The hour having arrived," is a Logical Adjunct of ". commenced,' an Independent Phrase. "Hour" is the Leader of that Phrase: hence in the Independent Case. OBS. 7.—By a custom not to be recommended nor allowed, except by "poetic license," an Independent Phrase is sometimes preceded by a Preposition, which does not indicate a relation, nor properly connect it to an Antecedent. EXAMPLES.-1. "WITH arm in arm, the forest rose on high, And lessons gave of brotherly regard." 2. "UPON our horse becoming weary, we procured lodgings at a private house." REM. 1.—"With" is not necessary to the grammatical construction of the Sentence-its affix being simply to preserve the rhythm. 2. The use of "upon" is unnecessary and improper. EXERCISES IN THE USE OF THE INDEPENDENT CASE. 1. O Absalom! my son, my son! 2. Lend me your songs, ye nightingales ! 3. How is it possible not to feel grateful for such benefits! 4. Other things being equal, we prefer a fruit-growing climate. 5. Thou art the ruins of the noblest man That ever lived in the tide of time. 6. Henceforth I never will be Romeo. 7. John dislikes to be called an idle boy. 8. That little indiscretion made him my enemy. 9. His teeth they chatter still. 10. Love and love only is the loan for love. 11. My friends-do THEY now and then send A wish or a thought after me? 12. HE is the free man whom the truth makes freo. ADJUNCTS. PRIN.-Adjuncts belong to the wor modify or describe. THE FORMS OF ADJUNCTS. OBS. 1.-Adjuncts may consist of Words, Phrases, EXAMPLES.-1. A Word.-We were walking home 2. A Phrase.-We were walking towar 3. A Sentence.-"Let me stand here til NOTE I.-In the use of Adjuncts, that be employed which will most fully conv intended. OBS. 1.-Many Adjunct Words, Phrases, and Ser changeable. EXAMPLES. Word Adjuncts.-1. "An honest MAN is the noblest w 2. "Dark DAYS are remembered." 3. "The wind's low SIGH." 4. James CAME to school early. Phrase Adjuncts.-5. A MAN of honesty is the noblest w 6. Let him remember the DAYS of de 7. The low SIGH of the wind. 8. James CAME to school at an early Sentence Adjuncts.-9. A MAN who is honest, is the nobles 10. DAYS which are dark, are long rem 11. The low SIGH which the wind seems 12. James CAME to school while it was OBS. 2.-But this interchange of Adjuncts is not alway EXAMPLES. Correct. "The TIME of my departure is at hand." Incorrect. My departure's TIME is at, hand. (See Obs. 3 OBS. 3.-Adjuncts are often Complex. One Adjunct qualified or limited by another Word. EXAMPLES.-Two HUNDRED dollars. OBS. 4.--An Adjunct Word may be limited by a Phrase. EXAMPLES." From the shore, EAT into caverns, by the restless wave." "Wisdom is too high for a fool." OBS. 5.-An Adjunct Word may be limited by a Sentence. EXAMPLES." He called so loud that all the hollow deep resounded.” "OFT as the morning dawns should gratitude ascend." (See Diagram, p. 42, and Diagram 3, p. 44.) OBS. 6.-An Adjunct Phrase may be limited by a Word. OBS. 7.-An Adjunct Sentence may be limited by a Word They the true-hearted came." THE OFFICES OF ADJUNCTS. OBS. 1.-Adjuncts may be attached to any of the five Elements of Sentences. 1. To the Subject.....1. "The KING [of shadows] loves a shining mark." (See Diagram, p. 39.) 2. To the Predicate...2. "And [when its yellow luster smiled O'er mountains yet untrod], Each mother HELD aloft her child, To bless the bow of God." (See Diagram, p. 62.) 8. To the Object......3. "One ink-drop, on a solitary thought, Hath moved the MIND of millions." (See Diagram.) To the Adjective....4. "The truly VIRTUOUS man is not REGARDLESS of his reputation." (See Diagram.) To the Adverb.....5. "Wisdom is too high for a fool." (See Diagram.) Hence, |