tem in, 255; its applicability to
England, ib.

Ireland, survey of, by Colonel Colby,
cxviii. 389; Ordnance survey used
as the basis of local assessment, 399

-

the 'Scoti' in, cxix. 176;
misgovernment of, under Elizabeth,
269; continual emigration from,
279; not due to recent misgovern-
ment, ib.; modern legislative re-
forms in, 280; effects of educa-
tion in promoting emigration in,
282; state of manufactures in the
seventeenth century, 284 note;
condition of the people in 1834,
285; alleged proselytism in na-
tional schools, 285 note; home
remittances of emigrants from,
286; density of its population com-
pared with parts of England, 287;
advance in wages, 290; relations
of peasants and proprietors, 291;
benefits of the Landed Estates
Court, 292; sale of encumbered
estates, 293; recent increase both
of estates and proprietors, 294;
substitution of capitalist farmers
for cottiers, 295; changes in
agriculture, ib.; alleged deteriora-
tion of the soil, 296; decline in
the productiveness of crops other-
wise explained, ib.; succession of
bad seasons, 297; effects of free-
trade on farming, 298; causes of
decrease in live stock, 299; in-
crease in area of arable land, 300;
railway property and banks, 301;
assimilation of agricultural system
with that of England, 302;
'heroic remedies' deprecated,
303; evils of long leases of farms
at low rents, 304; need of an en-
lightened public opinion, ib. See
Irish Land

conveyance of mails to,
cxx. 89; advantages of, for horse-
breeding, 116; Whately's objec-
tions to the office of Lord-Lieu-
tenant, 402, 404

Ireland, desolate appearance of, in
1690, cxxi. 516

hostility to England wrongly
ascribed to the Reformation, cxxii.
519; papal introduction of tithes,
ib.; neglected materials for his-
tory of, 520; the massacre of
1641, 521; the Newry massacre,
522; desperate character of the
Rebellion, ib.; Cromwell's cam-
paign in, 524; Act of 1653, ib.;
provision for the adventurers, 525;
transplantations, 526; difficulties
of the commissioners, 527; settle-
ment of soldiery, 528; restrictions
on intermarriage, ib; scheme of
replanting, 529; rapid growth of
prosperity, 530; defect of Crom-
well's plantation, 531; Scotch
settlers, ib.; prompt suppression
of recent Fenianism, 532

a broad field for social and
political problems, cxxvi. 524;
disordered state of, in 1835, 532;
salutary administration of Lord
Normanby, 534; reform of the
constabulary, 536; prosecutions at
Quarter Sessions by responsible
officials, 537; abolition of pe-
remptory challenging of juries in
criminal trials by the Crown, ib.;
Railway Commission of 1836, 538

-Ultramontane Church govern-
ment in, cxxviii. 280; concurrent
endowment proposed by Duke of
Wellington, 281; the scheme re-
jected by the Roman Catholics,
ib.; disruption in 1846-8 of the old
landed system, 328; insecurity of
tenant-right by small farmers,
329; the Ribbon Code, 330; Lord
Rosse's views of coercion, 332;
remediary land legislation pro-
posed, 333; religious antipathies
in society, 334; recent general
causes of disaffection, 335; sedi-
tion fomented by the priests, 337;
stipendiary and local magistrates,
345; national schools neglected

by Protestants, 346; anecdote of recent lawlessness, 347 (see Senior, Mr. Nassau); Mr. Maguire's motion of 1868 on the state of, 566; Lord Mayo's statement of policy, 568; he announces denominational education and Catholic endowment, 571 Ireland, importance of studying

social life in, for legislative purposes, cxxix. 103 (see Trench, W. Steuart); need of firmness and justice in policy to, 125; absurdity of governing by 'Irish ideas,' ib. ; State papers respecting, 419 ; changes in the seventeenth century, 421; contests with representatives of English settlers, 425; state of, in 1600, ib.; reforms of James I., 426; introduction of feudal tenures, ib. (see Ulster, Settlement of); reconquest of, after 1688, 435; inequality created by ancient settlements, 452; unfair distribution of offices and honours, 453

inarriage laws in, cxxx. 276, 282. See Marriage Laws

the Coercion Bill of 1834, cxxxii. 311, 314; viewed as a field for novelists, 501, 502; native ideas of property in land, 507, 511; recent agitation for homerule, ib.; the movement ascribed to a knot of discontented Irish Tories, 512; Mr. Butt's plan of federalism, 513; obstacles to a local Parliament, b. 515; question of taxation, ib.; classes of 'homerulers,' 516; federal union would lead to separation, ib.; probable constitution of a home-Parliament, 517; Ultramontanism and Nationalism, ib.; want of healthy public opinion among laity, 519; the Ballot would increase existing evils,520; probable course of homelegislation, ib.; in Church matters, 521; in regard to England, 522;

invectives of the national press, ib.; Fenian teaching of the Christian Brothers, 524; no basis for nationality in, ib.; Federalist complaints against the Union, 525; question of native industry and Repeal, 526; of taxation, ib.; the Union too long delayed, 527; Scotch Union compared, ib.; Repeal would be a surrender of empire and duty, 528; lawlessness must be crushed, 529; unscrupulous misrepresentation of English policy, ib.; hopeful prospects, ib. Ireland, influence of the legal pro

fession on the history of, cxxxiv. 45; origin of the Lord Chancellorship, 47 (see Chancellors, Irish); revival of English ascendency in the fifteenth century, 51; influence of Tudor conquest on the law, 52; obstacles to improvement under James I., 53; causes of the rising of 1641, 54; disastrous period after 1688, 60; condition of, under the House of Hanover, 62; Tory government after the Union, 76

past history of, distorted by party rancour, cxxxvii. 122; recent improvements in English policy, ib.; reforms discouraged by Irish animosity, 123; Mr. Froude's work on, 124; immorality of the doctrine of force as a plea for English domination, 125; anarchy of home-rule in the fifteenth century, 130; hostility to England at the Reformation, ib.; disloyalty of Catholics to Elizabeth, 132; the massacre of 1641 described, 136; storming of Drogheda, 138; past neglect of primary education, 143; restrictions on trade and manufactures, 144; smuggling, ib.; exactions of tithes, 146; universal cultivation attempted by Irish Parliament of the Volunteers, ib.; rule of oligarchical faction, ib.;

English maladministration in last
century, 147; struggle for free
trade, 148; the demoralising pen-
sion list, 149; discontent due to
delay of the Union, ib.; ingrati-
tude of present Nationalists, 150;
home-rule cry probably short-
lived, 151

Ireland, new agitation of Repeal,
cxxxix. 468; absurd claims of the
Nationalists, 469; evils of the
native Parliament, ib.; despotism
not the only alternative, 478; the
Union should have been a century
earlier, ib. ; two classes of Catho-
lics after the Revolution, 479;
absenteeism, ib.; Presbyterian
emigration to America, 481;
change from tillage to grazing in
Munster, ib.; atrocities of the
Whiteboys, 482, 484; disorgani-
sation of society, 485; sympathies
of Catholics with England at the
American rebellion, 487 note;
movement for independence early
in the century, 488; protectionist
policy of home Parliament in
1782, 489; fallacies of present
home-rulers, ib.; reform agitation
of the United Irishmen, 490; Pitt
and Emancipation, 491; spies and
informers, 492; insurrection of
1798, 496; atrocities of troops to
the peasantry, ib. note; outbreak
of the rebellion, 499; Catholic
atrocities, 501, 504; the rebellion
crushed, ib.; services of the Irish
Yeomanry, 506; national resist-
ance in England to the cry of
home-rule, 553

Irish, the, their triumphs in other
countries, cxxvii. 502; instances
of their military genius, 503; bene-
fits of emigration, 504; stream of
emigrants to America, 505; ad-
vantages of change of country,
506; their position in America,
509; low condition of, in the
cities, 511; their unpopularity,

512; political influence in New
York, 513; vices of Irish-Ameri-
can journals, 514; Fenianism, 516-
520; gradual disintegration of, in
America, ib.; their apostasy from
Catholicism, 521; their condition
in Canada, 523; in Australia,
524; in Great Britain, 525; crimi-
nal statistics in England, 526 and
note; recent remedial legislation,
529; Mr. Maguire on their condi-
tion in America, 530; material
progress of, in Ireland, 531
Irish, their sympathy with agrarian
crime, cxxviii. 331

decline of gaiety in their
temperament, cxxxiii. 502; their
revolutionary passion for land, 507;
false notions of property and pos-
session, 509

the, recent symptoms of irre-
concilability, cxxxvii. 123; their
military services to England, 129;
growing dislike of, in America,
152

their want of political know-
ledge, cxxxix. 468
Irish Church, corrupt system of
patronage in, early in the present
century, cxi. 404; rapacity of the
Protestant clergy, ib.

cxxiii. 454; absence of Pro-
testant sympathies at the Reforma-
tion, ib.; early neglect of education
by, 455; causes of present weak-
ness, 456; evils of tithe-system,
457; Tory sympathies, 458; re-
cent improvement in the clergy,
459; temporalities, 460; increased
aggressions of the Roman Catho-
lics, 462; numerical strength of
different denominations, 463; in-
comes of beneficed clergy, 464;
their unequal division, 465; his-
torical argument of its advocates,
467; argument for tithes, 469;
the Act of Union, 470; alleged
danger to British rule from dises-
tablishment, 471; fears for Pro-

testantism therefrom, 472; what is to be done with the Church, 473; reduction and amalgamation of livings proposed, ib. 475; Church property to be handed over to Ecclesiastical Commission, 476; disposal of surplus after reductions, ib.; question of Roman Catholic Endowment, ib.; objections of Protestants thereto, 477; doubtful acceptance thereof, by the priesthood, ib. 479; application of surplus to poor rates or intermediate schools, ib.; the latter plan preferred, 481; need of mutual concessions, 482 Irish Church, Lord Russell's pamphlet on, cxxvii. 535; alternative of disendowment recommended, 536

question of its temporalities, cxxviii. 281; its legal character should be retained, after disestablishment, ib. 282; evils of, exposed by Mr. Senior, 336; its territorial ascendency a source of jealousy,342; its rights of property not those of private freeholders, 343

views of Mr. Bright on, cxxix. 293; Calvinistic character of, 295; Earl Russell's explanation of his views on, 302 note; State papers respecting, in the reign of Elizabeth, 419-421; origin of present ecclesiastical endowments, 442; effects of the Ulster plantation on, 445; its interests identified by settlements with the land, 451; the type of invidious inequality, 452; an avenue to political preferment, 453; change of public opinion on, 454

persecutions of the Presbyterians by the bishops in the last century, cxxxvii. 140; opportunity lost by, 142; neglect of education, 143

Irish education, enlightened system of, cxix. 285

Catholic denominational

movement, cxxiii. 458 note; want of intermediate schools, 480 Irish education, reform needed in higher branches, cxxxv. 166; principle of equality, ib.; Roman Catholic demands, 167-174; their opposition to mixed education, ib.; their claims resisted abroad, 175; objections to a denominational system under priestly control, 177; Catholic school-books, 179; Roman Catholic University, 180; claims to charter and endowments, ib.; the proposal condemned, ib. 183; Mr. Fawcett's scheme of a new Irish University, ib.; alternative plans of affiliation, 184; the controversy centred on Dublin University, 185; Trinity College as affected by recent events, 186; question of emoluments and prizes, 189; difficulties to proposed settlement, viz., curriculum of study, 190, and constitution of University Senate, ib.; proposed solution, 192; position of Catholics in coming struggle, 194; Ultramontane policy of isolation, 195

(University), Mr. Gladstone's Bill of 1873, cxxxvii. 569; opposition to the measure, 570; its object, 571; unfounded complaints of, 572; Mr. Fawcett's Bill, ib.; ecclesiasticism of Roman Catholic prelates, 573; principles of civil equality, 574; the principle. thwarted by clerical aggression, 575; subservience of the 'Irish vote,' 576; question of civil allegiance, ib. 577; Ultramontane pretensions, ib.

Irish land. Tenures by tanistry in the Septs, cxiv. 372; introduction of English tenures, 378

tenant compensation, cxxv. 187, ib.; popularity of the Land Question, 188; Committee of 1865, ib.; witnesses of Tenantright party, ib. 189; their recom

mendations, 190; divergent evi-
dence, 191; question of leases,
192; case of Lord Dufferin, 194;
definition of unexhausted improve-
ments, 196; origin of the Ulster
custom, 197 note; Mr. Pusey's
Committee of 1848, 198; custom
of Scotch leases, 199; rights of
landlords respecting unexhausted
improvements, 201; argument of
Mr. Fisher, ib.; views of Mr.
O'Connell on leases, 204; Mr.
Butt on the land laws, 205, 209;
he upholds fixity of tenure and
compulsory valuation, ib.; Mr.
Mill's later opinions, 210; Mr.
Bright's fallacious scheme for a
proprietary class, ib.; Bill of Mr.
Fortescue, 211; need of effective
valuation, 215; question of retro-
spective legislation, 216; false dis-
paragement of tenant-right agita-
tion, 217

Irish land, recent works on, cxxxi.

256; recent change in Irish views,
ib.; Mr. Fortescue's Bill of 1866,
257; draft Bill of Mr. Dillon, ib.;
Lord Naas's Bill of 1867, 258; im-
perfect knowledge of landlord and
tenant relations, 260; Lord Gra-
nard and Bishop Keane, ib.; obso-
lete evidence of the Devon Com-
mission, 261; subsequent com-
mittees, ib.; proposed commission
in 1867, 262; present need of legis-
lation, 263; inquiry by land-
owners, 264; fixity of tenure re-
pudiated by O'Connell, ib.; failure
of Mr. Shee's Bill, 265; state of
popular feeling in 1867, ib.; pro-
mises of Liberal Ministers misin-
terpreted, 266 note; early pro-
gramme of the Tenant-right party,
ib.; Mr. Butt's proposals, ib.; Eng-
lish revival of doctrine of Fixity of
Tenure, 267; speech of Sir J.
Gray, ib.; views of Mr. Mill and
Mr. O'Brien, 268, 271; present
popular demands defined, ib.; re-

cent statistics of ejectments, 273
note; charges against landlords ex-
amined, ib. ; security of tenure not
a panacea, 276; scheme of Sir G.
Campbell, 277; amateur investi-
gations, 278; Philocelt's' propo-
sals, 279; Master Fitzgibbon's
plan, 280; pamphlets by Members
of Parliament, 281, 285; objec-
tions to exceptional legislation, ib. ;
question of re-valuation, 286;
opinions cn a peasant proprietary,
288; plan of State Land Banks,
289; landlords favourable to re-
form. ib.; Lord Portarlington and
Dr. Taylor, 290; sympathy of pro-
prietors with tenant-farmers, 292,
293; promising attitude of Con-
servatives, 295; leading principles
of future legislation, 296; con-
ditions of security of tenure, 299;
and of valuation, 300; duties of
landlords, 301; forthcoming Bill,
303; Irish irreconcilables,' 304
Irish land, sentimental delusions of
peasantry as to recovery of forfeited
estates, cxxxiii. 507, 510
Iron, scarcity of, in ancient times,
cxvi. 204; discovery of 'pig-iron,"
205; depression of the trade in
1740, 206; employment of, in
bridges, 207; insecurity of cast-
iron, 212; superiority of wrought-
iron, 213; use of, in fire-proof
buildings, ib.; the first iron steam-
boat, 217; introduction of chain-
cables, 219; dangers of iron ship-
building, 220; boiler-plates and
boat-plates, 221; armour-plating
for war-vessels, 222; quality of,
the test of its resistance to ord-
nance, 223; deterioration in
quality of, 224; invention of the
hot-blast, 225; varieties of British
iron, 226; foreign competition in
manufacture of, 236

Government standard of
quality in, for ship-building,
cxviii. 206