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the king made a penny of the finest gold, was called in and copper renewed. George which weighed two sterlings, and willed that III. coined pieces of a penny and two pence it should pass for twenty pence. Three spec-in copper, but they did not answer their purimens are still found in England, and two out pose, and were soon discontinued. The penof the three are in the British Museum. They ny pieces still remain in circulation. Of the are from different dies. But with Edward money struck in France by English princes, III. the series of English gold coin really we have account of the deniers of Eleanor, That prince in 1344 struck flor- wife of Henry II., as duchess of Aquitaine, with deniers and half deniers of Henry II., and pennies and half pennies of Aquitaine, and pence of Poitou and Rouen of Richard I. Also of a lion of billion of Edward I., coined during the lifetime of his father, after he had received Gascony, a series of silver and billion coins of Edward III., Edward the Black Prince, Richard II., and of Henry IV., V., and VI.

- the half and quarter florins were struck at the same time. The circulation of the florin was doubtless very limited, and it seems to have been soon withdrawn, as none have as yet been found, while a few quarter-florins and one half are preserved in English cabinets. In the same year, the noble was published of 6s 8d value, forming half a mark, then the most general ideal form of money.

The denominations of the silver were the hardi, double hardi, groat, half groat, penny and half penny. In this class are the Calais groats and half groats of the sovereigns of England, from Edward III. to Henry VI., and the Tournay groats of Henry VIII. Edward III. was the first of the English princes who struck gold money in France. The denominations were guiennois, leopard, chaise, and mouton. To these Edward the Black Prince added the hardi of gold, and the pavilion; and Henry V. salutes and half salutes. Henry VI. coined salutes, angelots, and francs

The obverse represents the king standing in a vessel asserting the dominion of the sea. The noble was attended by its half and quarter. Charles II. coined the guinea, half-guineas, double guineas and five guinea pieces; so called from Guinea gold from which they were first struck in 1663. George I. and George III. issued quarter-guineas, and George III. pieces of seven-shillings in 1797. In 1815 sovereigns and half-sovereigns of 20s and 10s each were coined, and the guinea and half-guinea gradually went out of circulation. The present copper coinage of England arose a thousand years later than its silver. in gold. The equivocal specimens of silver Queen Elizabeth had a great aversion to cop-coins, supposed to have been struck by Marper money, although the necessities of her garet of Burgundy for Perkin Warbeck, are people for small change was obvious. She al- usually classed with the Anglo Gallic series. lowed a pattern struck, as the PLEDGE OF A HALF PENNY, and James I. and Charles I. issued farthing tokens as pledges, but no authorized coinage of copper was struck till 1672, when half pence and farthings of that metal were first made public money. In 1684, tin farthings were coined with a stud of copper in the centre. Others, as well as half pence, of the same metal were struck by James astonishing how few of them, by that time, II, and William and Mary. In 1693 the tin will require answering.

In our next article we intend to treat of early American currency, giving the inscriptions of some of those that bring down to us the spirit of the age in which they were coined.

LEAVE your grievances, as Napoleon did

his letters, unopened for three weeks, and it is

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thine. Thou canst not in this world claim any future time. As time rolls on his ceaseless course and sweeps away the moments that be, it is true that other moments will arrive. But how knowest thou where thou shalt be when those moments come. That

in the spiritual world, the rich, choice gems of the heart are shrouded in grief and perplexity, in order that they may be drawn out and polished by the stern contact of the world, that thus by the arduous struggle, we may be able to estimate nightly their intrinsic value.

Thou must not expect all blessings, for trials will cluster around thee. Thy life will not be all sunshine and no shade. Were it

which thy hand findeth to do, it should do so, of what value would it be to thee? It

now.

But, alas! how often is the case far different. How often does the exclamation grate harshly on the ear, To-worrow will be time enough. To-morrow is the Almighty's, he will dispose of it. Be wise. There is time enough now and it is safe to use it. Why then dangerously delay what can be done now as well, if not better, than at any future time. To-morrow after to-morrow glides into today and still the delayed work is unaccomplished; and, finally, the last to-morrow comes and the spirit is ushered into the glorious to-day of another world and the proposed work is not done, is not even begun.

Let not thy heart be earnestly on future blessings, but thoroughly enjoy those of the present. Each hour is fraught with blessings which no future can restore. Take them while they are present. for afterwards thou mayst strive for them in vain. Garner the golden minutes with a careful hand, let not one remain unstored. Remember the tiny seconds, also, that each minute may be perfect.

As the All-wise Father has, in the natural world, hidden his most precious and costly gifts in the deep recesses and caves of the earth and in the secret places of the deep waters, so that the labor and difficulty through which man obtains them may cause him to value them as highly as he ought; so, also,

would be as worthless as an unshaded picture. The harmonious blending of light and shade gives to the artist's work its value and renders the effect of the performance pleasing to the taste. So it is with the soul of man. A life all sunshine would produce very little effect. But a life where sunshine and shadow blend in harmonious proportions, would be similar to a finished picture, grateful and pleasing. The rich, deep shade would give a glory to the mellow light.

Let not the clouds that overshadow, overpower thee. Remember that the clear sky and bright sun are beyond and above them. The sorrow and grief of to-day are sufficient for thee, borrow none from the morrow. Do not envelop thy spirit in thick clouds of melancholy, doubt, distrust, and dark foreboding, for if thou dost, the fear of to-morrow will annihilate the pleasure of today. Endure all things patiently. Labor and pray now, not on the morrow, for that is not thine.

Oh! trust not the siren whispers of tomorrow, but listen to the stern vcice of today. Do the duty which to-day assigns thee while the sun shines brightly on thee, ere the shades of evening dim thy vision, and sober midnight locks thine eyes in slumber. Let naught tempt thee from the performance of that duty; neither the scorching noontide beams of a summer's sun, nor the chilling

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1. What they are.- 2. What they ought to be. to the Ohio river in the western states. The

3. How they may be improved.

action of glaciers has here also been de

1. Many juvenile songs are puerile and in-tected. sipid; those for older scholars affected by false sentiment. Recently, melody has given way to harmony. For the school-room, a meaningless melody is insufficient even when the harmony is skilful.

2. The music ought to be simple, expressive, melodious and with the words should be cheerful, enlivening. The language may teach moral lessons. Such songs will be sung with pleasure. What little one is not pleased to lisp

Lightly row," "Little drops of water,"

Fragments from a singular and curious natural collection of such matter are at this moment under the eye of the writer. They are of granite or sienite, rather finely than coarsely compounded, generally of a reddish tinge where merely fractured, containing little spots of colored mica. The quartz is also of a dark Its outer color, the felspar of its usual tint. surface as generally is darkened and moss

covered.

The rocks whence these specimens were or "Haste thee, Winter"? Who tires of taken are called Cat Rocks. They are in lat. "Sweet Home," "I know a kindly angel," | 410 N., lon. 53° E., on Wood river, a branch "Now Winter's gone," "When the day with of the Pawcatuck, in this state. rosy light," "Night is stealing," or "Auld Lang Syne "?

3. Let the next writer of school songs, first knowing and loving children, imagine himself again a child, communing, an honest, free, childlike spirit, with Nature and Nature's God. Let him sing songs of joy or praise and then write his song and simple melody, or let him write with birds and trees and sky around him. Such songs, written in a right spirit will be loved.

SAYING and doing do not dine together.

That ledge of rocks in Johnston, whence those beautiful pillars in the Arcade, at Prov. idence, were brought, is of entirely different material; being of light color and partaking more of the nature of sienite. The ledges in the vicinity of Cat Rocks are generally of this order of material; quartz and felspar without mica or with hom blende. Smithfield abounds in limestone; the stationary rocks of Attleboro' are also of light color, with one or two ledges of red rocks; Red Rock Hill, for instance. For thirty miles, therefore, north and northeast of the Cat Rocks, no instance, as I

am aware, of similar rock to these have been found. An inference is that the boulders which form them are from some ledge further north.

Four or five years ago this phenomena attracted my notice. The theory of currents was then almost unknown to me. The object of my study was to detect, if possible, the cause of the phenomena.

The Names of States.

MAINE was so calle as early as 1623, from Maine in France, of which Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, was at that time proprietor.

New Hampshire was the name given to the territory conveyed by the Plymouth Company to Captain John Mason, by patent, November 7, 1629, with reference to the patentee, who was Governor of Portsmouth, in Hampshire, England.

Vermont was so called by the inhabitants in their Declaration of Independence, January 16, 1777, from the French verd mont, the

green mountains.

Massachusetts was so called from Massa

"that

These rocks can best be described by imagining or observing the appearance of the bed of a brook of swift running water. It will be seen that while the bottom is sandy or gravelly, numerous small pebbles are disposed on its sides. By noticing carefully, it may be discovered that these pebbles are generally regularly arranged, the smallest where the chusetts Bay, and that from the Massachucollection begins and the largest near the setts tribe of Indians, in the neighborhood of place of termination, down stream. The Boston. The tribe is thought to have derivstones at the top and bottom of the deposi-ed its name from the Blue Hills of Milton. tion are smaller than near the middle of it. In the same manner are these great boulders arranged. The side of the hill leading west into the valley is completely covered with erratic rocks, large and small, some as great as twelve or fourteen feet in diameter. The valley, perhaps a mile wide, is filled with small hummucks of dift, flanked at their south margin by great boulders. Detatched rocks of twenty or thirty feet in diameter and height lie in the open fields, some of them split from top to bottom, by apparent collision with rocks which lie south of them. So plain is the evidence of a north and south current

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"I had learnt," says Roger Williams,
the the Massachusetts was so called from the
Blue Hills."

Rhode Island was so called in 1665, in reference to the Island of Rhodes, in the Mediterranean.

Connecticut was so called from the Indian

name of its principal river. Connecticut is a Nocheakannew word, signifying long river.

New York was so called in 1674 in reference to the Duke of York and Albany, to whom this territory was granted by the King of England.

New Jersey was so called in 1664, from the Island of Jersey on the coast of France, the residence of the family of Sir George Carteret, to whom the territory was granted.

Pennsylvania was so called in 1681, after

THE newspaper is a law book for the in-William Penn. dolent, a sermon for the thoughtful, a library

Delaware was so called in 1703 from Dela

for the poor. It may stimulate the most in-ware Bay, on which it lies, and which receivdifferent it may also instruct the most pro-ed its name from Lord de la War, who died

found.

in this Bay.

If the teacher knew what he was about, intellectual in life. They will be too wise to and took a vital interest in his calling, plac- be led away from their legitimate calling into ing it before his own ease, he himself would courses and pursuits you would tremble to be the one to object to this studying at home, see them entering. They would always be which has a most pernicious influence upon guided rather by good sense and good nature, the pupil, as has been shown. She contracts than by inflamed imaginations and sickly fanall manner of bad habits. Mothers who have cies. A. L. O., in New York Independent. small children, and their housekeeping duties to care for, have not, of course, the time to inform themselves of all it is necessary to know, in order to give their daughters the best habits of mental activity.

There is another reason for abolishing the present arrangement.

School hours are usually from nine until two, and surely five hours of the hardest kind of work - mental application - are all that should be required of young, tender, feeble girls, when adults, men, clamor to rest after ten hours of manual labor. They think and are right that they cannot sustain more without injury. Five hours to delicate students is more than twelve to men.

Bulwer has spoken strongly against too long mental application. He gives but three hours a day to it, and says that to apply himself a longer time is to lessen the degree of his power.

Children's muscles need play.

They must

have it, or they grow perverse, and distort the
bones they act upon. Their blood needs sun-
light and air, and will have them, or it be-
comes pale and discased.
If you want your
daughters to grow up into beautiful, graceful
women, who will have good health, long life,
and happy tempers, you must, mothers, let
school be school, and play hours be play
hours. Then, if they really strengthen their
minds by hard work in the morning, and their
bodies by hard play in the afternoon, they
will be prompt, practical, and efficient in their
important tasks as housekeepers, teachers,
mothers, and patronesses of the beautiful and

For the Schoolmaster.
The Miner's Song.

BY J. SWETT.

The eastern sky is blushing red,
The distant hill-top glowing,
The river o'er its rocky bed

In idle frolics flowing;
"Tis time the pickaxe and the spade
Against the rocks were ringing,
And, with ourselves, the golden stream
A song of labor singing.

The mountain air is fresh and cold,
Unclouded skies bend o'er us,
Broad placers, rich in hidden gold,

Lie temptingly before us.
We need no Mida's magic wand,

Nor wizard rod divining,
The pickaxe, spade, and brawny hand
Are sorcerers in mining!

When labor closes with the day,

To simple fare returning,
We gather in a merry group

Around the camp fires burning;
The mountain sod our couch at night,
The stars shine bright above us,
We think of home and fall asleep
To dream of those who love us.
FEATHER RIVER, California.

WHO is rich? Diogenes in his tub was rich in the wealth and warmth of the sun. It is he who has much and wants more who is poor, and he who has little and is therewith content is rich.

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