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The time having arrived" (an Independ

time

The having arrived

The.......Is an Element in the PHRASE-An Ar

(adjective).

Time......Is an Element in the PHRASE-PRIN
LEADER-A NOUN-INDEPENDENT Case.
Is an Element in the PHRASE-PRINCIPAL
arrived.. SEQUENT-a PART. (participle)-INTRAN. (

Having

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To......... Is an Element in the PHRASE-PRINO LEADER-a PREP. (preposition).

Bestow....Is an ELEMENT in the PHRASE-PRINCIPA of the SUBSEQUENT A VERB-INFIN. ( TRANS. (transitive).

Many......Is an Element in the PHRASE-an ADJUNCT Favors.. ..Is an Element in the PHRASE-PRINCIPAI of the SUBSEQUENT-OBJECT-WORD-NOU REM.-Exercises like the above are well calculat Student for Exercises in Syntax; and when he shall Rules of Syntax, he should combine the above Exercis cation of those Rules.

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES-Sentences and Phr

1. "A mortal disease was upon her vitals, before Ca Rubicon." (See Diagram, p. 41.)

2. "The fur that warms a monarch, warmed a bear." 3. "I have a temple in every heart that owns my inf 4. Much learning shows how little mortals know.

5.

"He that getteth wisdom, loveth his own soul"

SYNTAX OF THE ELEMENTS OF SENTENCES.

I. Of the Principal Elements.

Subject

(1.) THE SUBJECT.

RULE 1.-The Subject of a Sentence must be in the Nominative Case.

OBS. 1.-The Subject of a Sentence is always Substantive in its office. (See p. 25, Oвs. 2.)

A Word,

OBS. 2.-The Subject of a Sentence may be A Phrase, or

EXAMPLES.

A Sentence.

1. A Word. {(a) Noun....1. « Virtue secures happiness." (b) Pronoun. 2. "He plants his footsteps in the sea." .3. "His being a minister, prevented his

2. A Phrase

3. A Sentence

rising to civil power."

4. "To give good gifts and to be benevolent,
are often very different things."
.5. "That all men are created equal, is a
self-evident truth."

REM.-Whatever is peculiar to Pronouns, is discussed under the RULE for Pronouns. We now proceed to discuss what is common to Nouns, Pronouns, Phrases, and Sentences, considered as Subjects of Sentences.

OBS. 3.-The Subject of a Sentence may be ascertained by its answering to the Interrogatives Who? or What? placed before the Predicate. Thus, in the Examples above

What "secures happiness?"..

..Ans.-"Virtue."

Who "plants his footsteps in the sea?"....Ans.-" He."

What "prevented his rising to

civil power!"

?}

Ans." His being a minister."

What "is a self-evident truth?". . Ans.-"That all men are createa

equal."

What "are often different things?" Ans.-" To give good gifts and

to be benevolent."

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SUBJECT WORD.

OBS. 4.-A Subject Word must be a Noun or a Prono

(a.) THE FORM OF THE NOMINATIVE

OBS. 5.-Because English Nouns are not varied in for Case (except for the Possessive), much attention is req them their proper position in a Sentence. (See REMARK

(b.) POSITION OF THE NOMINATIVE.

NOTE 1.-In position, the Subject of a Se monly precedes the Verb.

EXAMPLES.-1. Animals RUN.

2. Resources ARE DEVELOPED.

3. Virtue SECURES happiness.

4. "The King of Shadows LOVES a shining 5. "The sword and the plague-spot with

plain."

EXCEPTION 1.-In Interrogative Sentences, the Subject the Verb, when the Verb constitutes a complete Predicat EXAMPLE." Heeds HE not the bursting anguish ?"

EXCEPTION 2.-When the Predicate consists of two V

and a Participle, Adjective, Noun, &c., the Subject is pl first word of the Predicate.

EXAMPLES. IS HE injured?-IS SHE kind?-Is HE & S I leave thee?

EXCEPTION 3.-The Subject follows the Predicate, or the the Predicate, in the declarative Sentences.

When the Conjunction if, used to introduce a condition ing Sentence, is omitted.

EXAMPLE." Dost THOU not, Hassan, lay these dreams as
I'll plunge thee headlong in the whelming
EXCEPTION 4.-When the word there is used to introduce
EXAMPLES.-1. "There is a CALM for those who weep."
"There breathes not
While friends in their sadness are gathe

2.

EXCEPTION 5.-When the Verb is in the Imperative Mode.

EXAMPLE." Turn YE, turn YE at my reproof."

EXCEPTION 6.-By the poets and public speakers, for rhetorical effect. EXAMPLES.-1. "Loud peals the THUNDER."

2. "Perish the groveling THOUGHT.”

OBS. 1.-But the Interrogatives, who, which, and what, used as Subjects, precede their Verbs.

EXAMPLES." WHO will show us any good?"

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OBS. 2.-When one word includes in its signification many others, expressed in the same connection, the general term is the proper Subject of the Verb; and the included terms may be regarded as explanatory, and, therefore, independent in construction. (See Independent Case, p. 85.)

EXAMPLE.—“ All sink before it—comfort, joy, and wealth.”

Some teachers prefer to supply the ellipsis—which is not improper. OBS. 3.-The Subject of an Imperative Verb is commonly suppressed. EXAMPLE."[ ] Take each man's censure, but [] reserve thy judgment."

OBS. 4.-But it is sometimes expressed.

EXAMPLE." Go ye into all the world."

OBS. 5.-It is sometimes accompanied by an explanatory word. EXAMPLE." Ye rapid FLOODS, give way." (See "Independent Case.")

NOTE II.-Unnecessary repetition of the Subject should be avoided.

OBS. 1.-This principle is violated in the following Example:

"His teeth, they chatter, chatter still."

OBS. 2.-But this practice is allowable, when necessary to a proper rhetorical effect.

EXAMPLES.-Our Fathers, where are they? And the Prophets, do they live for ever!

OBS. 3.-The agent of an action expressed by an Infinitive Verb, may be in the Nominative or the Objective case.

1. I purpose to go.

2. I invited HIм to go.

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OBS. 4.-The agent of an action expressed by a Pa the Possessive or the Objective Case.

1. I heard of YOUR going to Boston.

2. The plowing of the WICKED is sin.

REM.-But these "Agents" are not to be regarded tences. [See "Infinitive" and "Participles," below.]

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OBS. 5.-A Subject Phrase constitutes one distinct structure of a Sentence, and should be construed and par manner as a Subject Word. Thus,

In Sentence (1), "To steal" is a Phrase-in form, Infi in office, Subs

the Subject of "is base."

"Writing letters" is a Phrase-in form, Participial; in office, Substantive; f

ject of "constitutes employment."

OBS. 6.-After a Phrase as such has been parsed, it s lyzed, by resolving it into its constituent Elements. Thus "to steal," "to" is a Preposition. The Leader of the In 'steal," is a Verb, Infinitive Mode-the Subsequent of th Object of the Preposition "to."

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And, in the Phrase "writing letters," "writing" is a Leader of the Participial Phrase. "Letters" is a Noun,-t of the Phrase, and Object of the action expressed by "wr

FORM OF THE SUBJECT PHRASE.

OBS. 7.--The Phrases commonly used as Subjects of Sen Infinitive and the Participial--Prepositional and Indepen boing seldom thus used.-(See CLARK'S ANALYSIS, page 109,

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