ployment," within which the entire product of labor goes to those who perform it. What laborers can produce in these zones governs the wages of other laborers in these fields as much as the product of agricultural labor on rentless lands governs the wages paid in agriculture.

Thus far the thought of the volume is clear and strong, and it has a moral value, inasmuch as it enforces the truth that the supreme factor in determining wages is not chance, or the standard of living, nor yet bargaining, but the amount which labor produces. Whatever exceptions there may be for individuals or even groups, the level of wages is mainly determined by the value of the work. It is the result of this law, we may observe, that wages in Germany and the United States, differing though they do in amount, absorb in each country approximately the same share of the product of industry. Everywhere it is the productiveness of labor, and not chance or legislation or bargaining, that determines whether wages are high or low.

This is the central thought in Professor Clark's philosophy. It is essentially true, and shows the general rationality of the industrial system under which society has thus far advanced. When, however, Professor Clark develops his thought and makes the product of the least productive laborers (those using no-rent instruments)

absolutely determine the wages of all laborers, and not merely the minimum below which the others cannot be reduced; and, still further, when he makes the product of the least productive capital absolutely limit the earnings of all other capital, he makes generalizations from which more of falsehood than of truth is likely to be deduced. The truth of his central thought that the value of the service performed by labor is the supreme factor in determining its reward, and the truth of his subsidiary thought that the value of the service performed by capital is is the supreme factor in determining its reward, ought not to obscure from view the fact that there is a considerable field for bargaining in determining how the more productively employed labor and the more productively employed capital shall divide their product. In other words, the bargain theory of wages is not without its important truth. Even the standard of living theory points out a minor factor in determining the minimum of wages. But the paramount law governing the whole subject of the division of the product of industry is the one which Professor Clark has laid down. The wages of labor and the earnings of capital under completely free competition are in the main determined by the service which each renders to society. The industrial world is not topsy-turvydom.

Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene. By Jerome Walker, M.D. Allyn & Bacon, Boston, 7X5% in. 490 pages. $1.20.

This is a new edition of a book which is already in use in many high schools. It has been extensively revised, and many new illustrations and notes have been added. There has been so much discussion lately about the physiolog ical effect of alcohol that one turns with special interest to this subject. The treatment on this point seems to us sensible, moderate, and scientifically correct. The dangers of alcohol are plainly stated, including the dangers of moderate drinking; while the latest conclusions of science in regard to the physiological effects of alcohol are impartially set forth.

Book of Legends Told Over Again. By Horace E. Scudder. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. (Riverside Literature Series.) 7x41⁄2 in. 82 pages. 25c.

Child of Light, A; or, Hereditary and PreNatal Culture, Considered in the Light of the New Psychology. By Newton M. Riddell. Child of Light Publishing Co., Chicago. 9x6% in. 351 pages. $2.

This book is written in the conviction that "it is during the pre-natal period of a life that education, home influences, and the grace of God do their most effectual work in the formation of character." It points in the direction in which Dr. Bushnell, half a century ago, looked forward to a time when the work of divine regeneration would operate through

the root and stock from which the life of the individual springs. The author's conclusions are drawn from a wide range of facts coming under his own observation both of wellborn and ill-born children, and his counsels for a judicious "tokology square with Dr. Holmes's saying that "the training of a child should begin two hundred years before its birth." While the general effect of the book is thus wholesome, and its practical lessons mostly valuable, one finds in its occasional dogmatic and rhetorical strain departures from the truly scientific line. Some large exceptions must be taken to it in this point of view. Its "new psychology" is a composite affair, and its reckoning of "planetary influences" among the many forces that mold character and destiny raises doubts of the value of the author's judgment in less questionable points. Nevertheless, the book is a strong contribution to a department of ethics thus far generally neglected-the duty of the married to the unborn.

China's Open Door. By Rounsevelle Wildman. Introduction by Charles Denby. Lothrop Publishing Co., Boston. Illustrated. 8x51⁄2 in. 318 pages. $1.50.

Mr. Wildman was United States Consul-General at Hongkong when the war with Spain broke out. He has spent much time in China, and has acquired an intimate knowledge of Chinese affairs and particularly of the commercial aspects of China. One would take up the book with more disposition to admire if it had not been prefaced by an excessively laudatory introduction from the pen of Mr. Charles Denby, ex-Minister to China. In this Mr. Denby declares the book "a fit and needed successor to Dr. Williams's 'Middle Kingdom,' calls it "a splendid production," and with many other such expressions overpraises the book, which is good enough not to need such an introductory beating of drums and sounding of trumpets. Certainly as regards picturesque and vivacious description it may truly be said that the book is a thoroughly readable one, and that it touches many points of fundamental importance to those who wish to understand Chinese character, the apparent contradictions of Chinese diplomacy, and the Chinese attitude toward foreigners. The book is suitably illustrated from photographs, and the publishers have given it an attractive form typographically.

Elements of Algebra. By James M. Taylor, A.M., LL.D. Allyn & Bacon, Boston. 7×511⁄2 in. 461 pages. $1.12.

A text-book for the pupil who is just finishing the ordinary course in arithmetic and is ready to take up algebra. The author, however, carries the subject from the rudiments of algebra up to the higher developments, such as indeterminate equations and the binomial theory, treating the more abstruse subjects plainly, but only in outline.

Industrial Betterment. By W. H. Tolman,

Ph.D. (Monographs on American Social Economics, XVI.) The League for Social Service, New York. 10x7 in. 82 pages.

This essay, presenting compactly what different American employers are doing to better

the conditions in which their employees work and live, was contributed to the United States Social Economy Exhibit at the Paris Exposi tion, by the League of Social Service of New York. It should compel European sociologists to recognize that American employers are nearer to their employees in social sympathy than those of any other country. The chief value of the essay, however, is its suggestiveness to other employers who wish to help those who work for them in such ways as will increase their pride in their work and the spirit with which they perform it. The wide circulation of this well-written and attractively illustrated essay will be a most valuable social service of the kind which the New York League was organized to perform.

Odd Tales. By Walter B. Crane.

M. Wit mark & Sons, New York. 8x6% in. 106 pages. Slight and decidedly trivial short stories, in which the attempt to be facetious and sprightly does not give results worth the while.

Pair of Knaves and a Few Trumps, A. By M. Douglas Flattery. The Abbey Press, New York 8x5 in. 310 pages. $1.

Pioneer School, The: A History of Shurtleff College. By Austen Kennedy de Blois, Ph.D. The Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 8x5 in. 30)

pages.

Whatever fortune awaits the small denomina tional college, it has thus far fulfilled an indispensable function. Shurtleff College in Illinois. named for its first great benefactor, an eminent physician of Boston, is a type of many such. Its sixty-five years' record is a commemoration of the noble self-sacrifice by which, in spite of early hardship, long privations frequent local and sectarian jealousies, and a perennial deficit, it has been sustained as "a center for Christian activities, a local rallyingpoint for educational forces and ideals, and a resort for students of slender means and limited

opportunities." It has been pre-eminently a Christian college, graduating five times as many preachers and teachers as lawyers and legislators, among them such men as Professor Steenstra, of Cambridge, and Dr. Moxom, of Springfield. Though now more prosperous than ever, its funds amount to barely $130,000; and its students to ninety. President De Blois's narrative is photographic in its delineation alike of what is noble and what is ignoble, the heroic and the ridiculous. As a sketch of a typical institution it is a desirable contribution to educational literature.

Pre-Historic Implements. By Warren K. Moorehead, assisted by G. H. Perkins and Others. The Robert Clarke Co., Cincinnati. Illustrated. 10x7 in. 431 pages. $3.

South America: Social, Industrial, and Political. By Frank G. Carpenter. Saalfield Publishing Co., Akron, O. Illustrated. 102x71⁄2 in. 626 pages. The author traveled in almost every part of South America, and he tells in an interesting way what he saw and heard. Occasionally he has been led into serious error, as where he speaks of Buenos Ayres as "the largest Catholic city in the world," or where he declares that "the inhabitants of the Argentines are of almost pure European extraction;" but these errors are generally due either to defective scholarship or to the fact that in trying to cover so wide a field he has been compelled to rely upon what others have told him, and been unable to see things for himself. Where he has seen things for himself his impressions are

trustworthy, and are vividly conveyed to the reader both by what he writes and by the photographs with which his volume is profusely illustrated.

World Crisis in China: 1900. By Allen S. Will. John Murphy Co., Baltimore. 7×5 in. 198 pages. $1.

This is, we think, the first attempt in book form to tell the story of the beginning of the war with the Boxers and the ensuing complications. It has its value as a book of reference, although it is perfectly obvious that the time has not come for anything like an adequate and comprehensive treatment of this subject in book form. The author is a capable newspaper man, and writes tersely and intelligently. A large map is furnished.

How do the followers of the new school of theology account for such occurrences in New Testament history as the miracles and resurrection of Christ? If we regard Old Testament history as epic and not factual; if we consider the remarkable incidents in the Old Testament, such as the plagues inflicted upon the Egyptians, as mythical, are we not also compelled to doubt the incarnation, resurrection, and divine authority of Christ? L. J. F. D.

It is on the doctrinal statements of the sixteenth and seventeenth century creeds that the new theology divides from the old. No hard and fast line divides them on the interpretation of the miraculous events in the Bible, though their tendencies diverge toward an elastic and a rigorous construction. Events are recorded as rarely occurring in Egypt similar to the so-called " plagues," so that these cannot be termed merely "mythical." But were they s., yet the miraculous element in the Gospels is sustained by much more abundant and cogent testimony than the Old Testament miracles. Miracle is the natural product of a life exceptionally gifted. Nowadays, when preternatural powers appear in some rare case, we call the result a "prodigy." Jesus evidently possessed an intense life of the highest power. The mighty works which were preternatural to other men-his miracles of healing, for instance-were natural to him. There are plain indications in the Gospels that the miraculous narratives of him are not wholly free from legendary accretions. On the other hand, high critical scholarship affirms in general, with Keim, that his wonder-working powers are historical, and "no invention." But no one begins to study the subject aright who does not see at the outset that the authority of Christ for the conscience is wholly independent of the question whether he did this or that miracle-much more, of the Old Testament miracles, such as Elijah's destroying a hundred of his countrymen with fire from heaven. The monumental testimony to his resurrection has been many times repeated in this column.

I have read with much interest the Romanist and Evangelical Protestant interpretations of Matthew xvi., 18, 19, given in the last number of The Outlook. Will you kindly add the interpretation given by the Liberal Protestant Church, e. g., that of the Unitarians? Is the genuineness of these two verses as well assured as that of the Sermon on the Moun? It appears to a layman that Peter's faith was very different from that which is the foundation of the Church to-day; that there is not sufficient unanimity in declaring the mind of Christ among

Evangelicals to justify their interpretation; that human authority to reprove sin cannot extend farther than an appeal to the conscience; and that “* assurance of forgiveness to the repentant " is only the conclusion that follows from a major premise (God's character) and a minor premise (the genuineness and completeness of the repentance). So that " divine authority" to advance to this conclusion appears to imply infallibility in establishing the minor premise. B. F. S.

We see no cause to doubt the genuineness of the text, or to regard "authority" in moral matters, i. e., the judgment of right reason in moral sympathy with Christ, as less divine for being also human. So far as based on discernment of God's character, why is not moral assurance to be deemed divine? The lack of omniscience certainly does not deliver one over to moral skepticism, impotent to obtain peace of conscience.

May I suggest, in answering inquiries for sources of information concerning the Ritschlian theology, that it seems to me that Garvie's book on the Ritschlian theology, published by T. & T. Clark, is a far fairer setting forth of that view than Orr's book, which is practically certain to give a reader a decidedly erroneous impression; and that Herrmann's "Communion of the Christian with God," published by Williams & Norgate, London, gives a broader representation of the entire Ritschiian view than Kaftan's "The Truth of the Christian Religion," which deals rather with the apologetic side I venture to make this suggestion because, largely on account of Orr's presentation, there seems to me to be much misconception as to the real position of the Ritschlians. H. C. K. Please inform me why the word "blood" should be omitted in Acts xvii., 26, Revised Version, and what it means as it reads.

The preponderating authority of ancient manuscripts that were not available by the translators of earlier versions required its omission. Paul regarded all mankind as descended from Adam. In saying that all men had been made" of one" he must have thought of Adam as that one.

Kindly inform me what is the attitude of the
Catholic Church towards the higher criticism.
A. E. S.
That it is unfriendly appears in the case of Professor
Mivart, whom Cardinal Vaughan excluded from the
sacraments last winter for his refusal to subscribe to
traditional views, including the divine inspiration of the
Old Testament Apocrypha.

Can you suggest a good inexpensive edition of the Greek Testament, preferably one bound with a lexicon? B. Westcott and Hort's, new edition, with new lexicon, in strong leather binding, can be had of the Macmillan Company, New York, for $1.90.

Kindly give me a list of the best books on the modern or literary study of the Bible. D. C. Moulton's "Literary Study of the Bible" (D. C. Heath & Co., Boston) and "The Modern Reader's Bible" (The Macmillan Company, New York).

What books would you recommend to be read
as a preparation for a course of sermons on "The
Social Teachings of Jesus" in their relation to mod-
ern problems?
A. R. H.
We consider the best book on the subject to be Professor
S. Matthews's "Social Teaching of Jesus" (The Mac-
millan Company, New York, $1.50).

Can any one tell me in what volume of M.
Ernest Renan I can find his essay on the poetry of
the Celtic races ?
F. J. H.

Referred to our readers.

"M.A. H." asks if it is true that our armies in China and the Philippines are still without chaplains. We have referred the question to the Secretary of War, who informs us that there are now eighteen chaplains serving with the troops in the Philippine Islands, and one with the troops in China. The law authorizes the appointment of only thirty-four chaplains to the entire army, the effort of the War Department to have Congress provide

chaplains for the volunteer regiments having failed. This would seem to be one of the subjects to which Congres should give immediate attention at its next session. The following lines are copied from an old tombstone in a country graveyard in central Pennsyl vania. Can any one tell me who is the author, or where they may be found?

"Calm was his breast; with conscious virtue warm
He heard unmoved the fury of the storm;
Taught by the glowing precepts from on high,
Learned how to live, and, having lived, to die."

M.

In your Notes and Queries of August 25 you say, in reply to Inquirer, "Your statement that the 'Song of Songs' as well as the Book of Esther does not contain the name of God appears to be correct. It is true that the ordinary Hebrew word for God, Elohim, does not occur, but Jah, the shortened form of Jahweh, is found in viii., 6, where jealousy is compared to the "flame of Jah" (shalhebeth Jah, read either as one or two words), i. e., the lightning. F. L. G. There is a book called "With the Philoso phers," translated from Fénélon. Will some one kindly give the original French title? M. H. K.

Can you tell me who is the author of the poem beginning

"We wandered to the pine forest
That skirts the ocean's foam;
The lightest wind was in its nest,
The tempest in its home"?

M. S. R.

"The Danger of Imperialism "-In Dissent To the Editors of The Outlook:

The argument from history in your article of August 11 on "The Danger of Imperialism seems to me so untrue, and the spirit and purpose of the article so pregnant with harm to the political sentiment of our people at the present time, that I ask the privilege, as one constant reader of The Outlook, of registering my protest, speaking as I know I do for very many. I have no right to ask space in your crowded columns for such a survey of history as I think demonstrates that the cause of the decay and overthrow of republics has not been that which you assign, but almost without exception the gradual and fatal growth of oligarchies, of political corruption incident to the growing power of privileged classes, and of the injustice and wrongs thereby inflicted upon the common people, which have brought their inevitable results. I shall take occasion to discuss this question in detail elsewhere. I only ask the privilege here of requesting the students of history among your readers to send their glance back and ask what the condition of society and of legislation was which produced the Gracchi, and to ask themselves what it

was, a century later, that Crassus and Pompey stood for, and the army that went down before Cæsar at Pharsalia. Some of your readers may find it easier to read romance than to read sober history. If so, let them simply read the remarkable novel, "A Friend of Cæsar," written by young William Stearns Davis, a Harvard sophomore-a book which upon its political and social sides so well reflects the truth of history-and ask themselves whether the downfall of the Roman republic had the cause which you assign. I shall elsewhere discuss the relation of the Napoleonic Empire to the Red Terror, which was itself not a cause but an effect, and which was thoroughly suppressed by republican power years before Napoleon became Emperor; the true relation of the restoration of the Stuarts to the Commonwealth; the truth concerning the coup d'état of Napoleon the Little-and some other things. I here simply ask your readers to ask themselves seriously whether it has indeed been the disorders and excesses of the common people that have caused empires.

Permit me also to express my sense of the injustice which you do the working people of America in the catalogue of

I

charges which you bring against them in explaining the provocation which they are giving for the "man on horseback." should like to discuss half a dozen of your illustrations; I will refer simply to Homestead. Is it just and right to refer to Homestead in a manner that implies that the lawlessness and wrong there were all upon the part of the workingmen, and unprovoked, and that the Homestead corporation, under Mr. Frick, was not guilty of equal or greater lawlessness, by organizing as it did a private army to make war upon the strikers? "Manager Frick admitted," you said, discussing the matter at the time (Christian Union, July 23, 1892), "that he arranged for the importation of the Pinkertons before the civil authorities had proved themselves unable to maintain order." In 1892 you were able to do even justice, and, blaming the workingmen as they deserved for their excesses, to say also:" The Carnegie works have disregarded the public welfare, if not the public's rights. If they have not been the aggressors, they have provoked the aggression. They planted an armed stockade in the midst of a perfectly peaceful community, and brought into the community armed mercenaries from abroad. Who fired the first gun is a matter of dispute the Pinkerton men say the mob fired it; the newspaper reports say the Pinkerton men fired it. It is doubtful whetner even a judicial investigation will determine the question. But history will hold primarily responsible for the tragedy which followed, the challenge and threat involved in bringing a paid and private soldiery upon the scene. The laws of many of the States forbid this employment of private troops. The State of Pennsylvania will be accessory after the fact if she does not by her next Legislature forbid it."

I should like to ask further, in this connection, whether the following passage in one of your editorials in 1892, inspired by the facts at Homestead, is any less true in 1900: "The Christian Union believes in democracy—that is, self-government; it disbelieves in aristocracy that is, government by the best. We believe that the blunders of self-government are worth more to the world than the wisdom of aristocratic government. . . . Democracy, having already gained control of Church

and State, is struggling for the control of industry also. It struggles blindly, as Demos always struggles. It strikes out wildly, injuring others and itself in its ill-directed efforts at control, as it always has done. It acquires wisdom by its own blunders. It is miscounseled, misguided, misruled even in its half-conscious efforts to acquire rule. But its real demand is not merely for more wages or less hours, but for a real share in the rulership of the world's industry, as it already shares in the rulership of schools, churches, States. The effort to maintain the labor union is an effort to acquire power. The effort to break up the labor union is an effort to dispossess of power. It is for this reason that the workingmen are more determined to maintain their labor union than their

rate of wages. The fight for recognition' is not the unmeaning fight it sometimes appears to be. It is Demos struggling to get his hand on the industrial scepter. And this great movement is no more to be measured by the lawless acts of violence which accompany it, and which really retard it, than the uprising of democracy could have been measured by the futile Wat Tyler's rebellion, or the Protestant Reformation by the excesses of the Anabaptists in Germany, the Iconoclasts in Holland, or the anti-popery rioters in London."

Mr.

It is true, as you say, that there is much lawlessness in this country to-day; but it is not true that the most conspicuous and dangerous lawlessness is among the work. ingmen and the common people. Bryan is not the chief representative of individualism in this country; in fact, he stands for a very high measure of State control-although I wish that he was far more of a socialist than he is. To tell the truth-here is where most people make a mistake-he is not a new-fashioned man at all, but a very old-fashioned man, a statesman of precisely the stripe of Thomas Jefferson.

We cannot help remembering that one hundred years ago this present year of grace Thomas Jefferson was elected President of the United States, after a campaign of vilification and abuse compared with which the aspersions on Mr. Bryan are slight indeed. We all know of the horror of the old New England Federalists and the rest-exceedingly reputable