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CONTENTS.-No. 42. off their best Horse upon the right Wing to receive the English, whose Word was the Lord of Hosts, theirs The Covenant. "The Enemy charged hereupon with their Lanciers, so that the horse gave way a little, but immediately rallied, and the foot advancing to second them, the Scots were charged so home, that they put them presently to the rout, it being about six a clock in the morning, the left Wing the same way; The Foot seeing this rout and of Horse without striking one stroke, following flight of the Horse, and not able in any order by reason thereof to engage, were all of a sudden so confused and confounded, that without any resistance or offer of engagement, they threw down their Armes and fled, giving the English the full pursuit of them above eight miles beyond Haddington; the number of the slain were [sic] 4000, 9000 Prisoners, many whereof were desperately wounded, and 10000. armes, all their Ammunition, Bag and Baggage. Prisoners of General of the Army, the Lord Libberton, imNote were, Sir James Lumsdale, Lieutenant NOTES: Battle of Dunbar: Estimate of Losses, 301- 310. Notes. BATTLE OF DUNBAR: ESTIMATE " HISTORY has, it seems to me, been too ready to take Cromwell's account of the losses at the battle of Dunbar. I give first two early accounts, and then a few comments. Heath's Chronicle,' 1663, p. 502, says : 66 On tuesday morning at four of the Clock, a Brigade of the English Army drew down to possess themselves of a pass upon the Road between Eden-burgh and Berwick, which being had, they might with the more ease, and advantage make their way home, and in order thereto pass over to the enemy, to fall upon them. This Brigade consisted of three regiments of Horse, of Major General Lamberts Commissary General Whalleys and Colonel Lilburns, and two of Foot. This gave the Scots a great Alarum, and a sore dispute happened about the pass, which lasted above an hour, the great guns playing in the meantime against both the bodies. At length the stout Brigade gained and possessed the pass, much gallantry and bravery being shewed on both sides. "This pass lay at Copperspeth in the English way homewards, to impede which they had drawn died of his wounds presently after the fight at Dunbar, Adjutant General Bickerton, scoutmaster Campbel, Sir William Douglass, Lord Cranston, and Colonel Gurden; 12 LieutenantColonels, 6 Majors, 42 Captains, 75 Lieutenants, 17 Cornets, 2 Quarter-masters, 110 Ensignes, Foot and Horse Colours 200, 27 Guns, some brass, Iron and Leather, with the loss of not above 300 English, and one Major Rokesby, Rokisly [sic] who died after of his wounds: there was likewise taken the Purse to the great Seal of Scotland, which was presently sent up to London, and the Colours with those taken before at Preston, ordered forthwith to be hung up in WestminsterHall." The second account is from pp. 102-3. of "The Perfect | Politician, or a full View of the Life and Actions | of | O. Cromwel. The Third Edition Corrected and Enlarged...... London, Printed for I. Crumpe, at the three | Bibles in St. Paul's Church | yard. MDCLXXXI. : 22 "All things being thus in a readiness, the Souldiers desired nothing more, than the coming of the time when they should fall in, that they might shew their Valour to purpose. It was resolved (Sept. 3) to fall on by break of day: but (by reason of some impediments) it was delayed till six of the clock; at which time, Major General Lambert, Lieutenant General Fleetwood, Commissary Whalley, and Colonel Twistleton (all stout and resolute Commanders) gave a furious charge upon the Scots Army, who stoutly sustained the same, and gallantly disputed the business at the Swords point. The English Foot in the meantime fired roundly upon the Enemies Foot, but with more courage than success; for being overpowr'd, they were forced into some disorder; notwithstanding, they soon recovered their Ground, being reinforced by the Generals own Regiment. "And now the Fight grew hot on all sides. The English Horse flew about like Furies, doing wonderful execution, insomuch that the place soon became an Aceldama, or field of blood. The Foot were not behind in their capacities: for the Pikes gallantly sustained the push of their right. Elsewhere I have seen it mentioned Enemies, and the musquets seemed by their often firings to have a design to alter the property as being up to thirty. Cromwell made the of the Climate from the Frigid to the Torrid Zone. statement, doubtless, for political reasons. Neither were the English more free of their Serious historians however, appear to have powder, than the Scots (especially Lawyer's Regi- accepted the number given by Cromwell as ment of Highlanders) were of their bullets, until correct, though they have nothing to fear their Horse being totally dispers'd, and enforc'd from Cromwell. ARDEA. to quit the Field, left the foot exposed to all dangers which they seeing began to shift for themselves as well as they could, throwing away their Arms, and betaking themselves to their heels a poor shift! it being better to fight a day, than run an hour. To be short; the English at last so far prevailed, as to give a compleat Overthrow, by the utter routing of that Army, which had but lately triumphed in a confident assurance of Victory. : "This was the work of one hour; but it ended not here: for the Rout begetting a Run, the fugitives were pursued eight miles from the place. Of the Enemy were slain in all about 3000; 10000 taken prisoners, many whereof were desperately wounded; and 15000 Arms, all their Ammunition, Bag and Baggage. Prisoners of Note were Sir James Lumsdale, Lieutenant General of the Army, the Lord Libberton (who shortly after dyed of his wounds), Adjutant General Bickerton, Scout-master Campbel, Sir William Douglas, Lord Cranston, and Colonel Gurden; 12 Lieutenant-Colonels, 6 Majors, 42 Captains, 75 Lieutenants, 17 Cornets, 2 Quarter-Masters, 110 Ensigns, Foot and Horse Colours 200, 27 Guns, some Brass, some Iron, and some of Leather, with the loss of not above 300 English. There was likewise taken the Purse to the great Seal of Scotland and for standing Trophies of this great victory, 200 of their Colours were sent up to the Parliament at London; who caused them to be hung up in Westminster-Hall, where they remained a long time." ; It appears from comparing both these accounts that the English loss was about 300 (by loss evidently, I think, is meant the number of killed: Major Rokesby is mentioned as having been wounded, but then he shortly after died of his wounds). I I cannot say whether one account has been copied from the other, but I should hardly think so because the number of killed and prisoners differs in the two accounts. If I remember right, Carlyle, in a note to his account of Dunbar fight, puts the query whether Fleetwood was present. It will be seen from the second account (Henry Fletcher's: his name, by the way, is not on the title-page) that Fleetwood was present. The accounts, it may be noted, agree in admitting the stiffness of the contest, Heath says much gallantry and bravery being shewed on both sides.23 The number of men engaged and the nature of the fighting clearly prove the estimate of from twenty to thirty English killed to be positively ludicrous. Cromwell in a letter after the battle put the number at not above twenty, if I remember [A letter written by Cromwell the day before the battle, and showing his anxiety with respect to his position, was printed by MR. LINDSAY HILSON at 10 S. xi. 72.] 22 "STENCIL 22: ITS DERIVATION. PROF. SKEAT conjectures that stencil 22 is estinceller, to sparkle, derived from O.F. “ ....to powder, or set thick with sparkles (Cotgrave). He quotes from the 'Aunters of Arthure "with his sternes (stars) of gold, stanseld on stray, i.e., "stencilled at ran dom." In the Wardrobe Accounts of Edw. III. occurs harnesium de bokeram albo, exten cellato cum argento,' 23 which PROF. SKEAT renders "starred with silver." 21 The objections to this etymology are three: (1) there is no reason for assuming that the word in the above contexts means anything but "sparkling" (cf. " tinsel "); (2) there is a tremendous gap between Edw. III. and the modern word stencil, which appears to be first booked by Webster; (3) the -s- of estinceler was mute by about the end of the thirteenth century, hence the E. form tinsel. The Rev. Percy Smith in his 'Glossary of Words and Phrases suggests a more plausible etymology from G. Stanze, mould, metalstamp, die, punch " (Flügel-Schmidt-Tanger). This does not, however, account for the form, nor does it quite suit the sense, al though there is a certain affinity between the two ideas, and stencils are, I suppose, cut out with such an implement. Stanze is given by Grimm as a modern word of unknown origin. It may be ultimately connected with its F. synonym estampe; cf. also G. and Du. stempel. 2 66 23 Kilian (1620) has a word which may be the origin of "stencil," viz., stemsel, stimsel, ora sive limbus calcei, orbiculata calcei exterior sutura.22 This appears to suggest a fixed pattern. It occurs also in an earlier dictionary, viz., Trium Linguarum Dictionarium (Frankfurt, 1587), stemsel, forma, formula, baston sur quoy ils cousent les souliers." So also in Binnart's Biglotton' (Amsterdam, 1686), "stemsel, forma, formula; ora calcei." It does not appear in Hexham (1672) or Sewel (1727), and I do not know whether it exists in Mod. Du. A "stencil" may very well be described as 66 22 22 66 * the Queen, dagger in hand, standing in front of Rosamond, who, on her knees, with ludicrously Woebegone visage, and holding the cup of poison, evinces marked repugnance to swallow the deadly draught." The whole forms a panel of some 15 in. forma, formula. E. (shoemaker's) "last" fore my description is from memory only) and its Teutonic cognates mean ultimately I seem to see, as stated at the last reference 'footprint, impression (Skeat, "last 29 ; by MR. WALTER SCOTT, Kluge, Leisten); while the Romance equivalents for "last 22 are F. forme, It., Sp., and Port. forma. It may be noted that G. =Schablone, stencil, is also from Du. (Kluge), and that it is used, like Leisten, figuratively, e.g., Sie sind alle über einen Leisten geschlagen, they are all of a kidney; they by 10 in., and is very finely embroidered in various coloured silks, enriched with are all of one cut (Ludwig, 1716), Ils sont tous frappés au même coin 22 (Schwan, gold and silver thread or wire over raised 1784), "They are all of a kidney, all of one cut, of the same stamp, wedge, or coin (Ebers, 1798). In less homely mod. G. one would say "Sie sind alle nach der Schablone (stencil) gemacht.22 There is, of course, a considerable gap between this archaic Du. word and E. stencil, but the N.E.D.' will probably show that the latter was in use for some time before being booked. It may turn out to be Duteh-American. 22 I can find nothing about the origin of the Du. word. The sense suggests that it is *stemp-sel for stempel, formed like decksel, stopsel, &c.; or it may be connected with 22 stemmen, firmum reddere (Kilian), or even with 'stemmen, scalpro æquare 'Kilian). Cf. the relation of "schampelioen, scalprum, cælum" (Kilian), and "schampelioen, specimen, exemplar, &c." (Kilian), from which Kluge derives G. Schablone. I do not think, however, that the semantic development of the two words is similar. Schablone seems to have acquired the special meaning of stencil" in German, the Du. word meaning probably a piece cut off as a sample. Kilian gives for it F. échantillon. Cf. It. 66 scampolo, scampolino, scampoletto, a scantlin, or shred of anything, especially being cut from some piece, a pattern, remnant 22 (Torriano, 1659), which appears to be cognate with the Du. word. Nottingham. ERNEST WEEKLEY.. FAIR ROSAMOND: SAMPLER WORK. Ir is very possible that the romantic story of Fair Rosamond and King Henry II., and of the decisive action taken by his jealous consort, Queen Eleanor, has been told in other ways than in chapbooks (see 10 S. xii. 209, 298, 452). work. Additions have evidently been made to it by a later and, apparently, coarser hand, and parts of the figures are so filled in. In the centre the labyrinthine bower at Woodstock is well indicated, and in the lower part of the panel is shown what appears to be a royal crown-though certainly not a Plantagenet one-together with lions and those other animals which are usually intro duced into this kind of work, though they In an oval inset is a portrait of a personage have nothing to do with the main subject. in what would seem to be a wig of the Stuart period, something after the fashion of the portraits of Charles II. or his ill-fated son the Duke of Monmouth. Tradition has it that this picture was worked by a member of the family in Dorset when a girl at school in Weymouth (I think), and was left unfinished owing to the breaking out of the Monmouth Rebellion. emulating the deeds of their Somersetshire these Dorset schoolgirls were desirous of Whether or friends the Fair Maids of Taunton," If this be so, my picture would certainly be earlier in date than any of the chap. books referred to by your correspondents. Can any of them tell me if this particular I have in my possession (in England) a very interesting and nicely worked embroidered picture, which evidently portrays the above drama, in which (though I have *I am not sure that she is not standing connot scrutinized it for some years and there-fronting the Queen in my version. story has ever formed a popular subject for tapestry or embroidery work? of Hungary. He eventually established his title, and was father of Louis I., called the Examples of this kind of work, of course, Great, King of Hungary, and also of Poland. existed many years prior to the period I My readers, I hope, will have seen that I have mentioned, being, one may say, suc- could not have meant any one else; certainly ceeded by sampler work, even as samplers not the great Charles Martel, son of Pepin, in their turn gave way to those abomina- Mayor of the Palace, who died in France tions of pictorial needlework of the Early 550 years earlier. A less obvious slip of the Victorian era, only to be superseded, thank pen would have been more dangerous, as goodness! by the excellent productions of an inaccuracy. The man, his title (Charles modern Schools of Art Needlework. Martel), and the picturesque incident are But I can scarcely think that this nimble-recorded in Gregorovius (ed. Bell, 1900, fingered ancestress of mine evoked the idea vol. v. p. 532). or the drawing out of her own head. One is fain to believe that the subjects chosen or allowed to be selected by schoolgirls were rather religious than classical; and more often portrayed the wellworn Biblical stories of Adam and Eve, Hagar and Ishmael, Joel and Sisera, or Jehu and Jezebel, than the illicit loves of heathen gods and goddesses or those of our own royal personages. I have myself never come across this subject so illustrated before; neither do I remember to have seen anything like it at the very interesting exhibition of old English tapestry and embroidered and sampler work which was held at the Fine-Art Society's rooms in New Bond Street at the end of the last century. J. S. UDAL, F.S.A. Antigua, W.I. "RENASCENCE: THE SCULPTURED TOMBS OF ROME.'-It may seem ungracious to take exception to any blame occurring in a review written in so sympathetic-I may even say generous-a spirit as that in N. & Q.' for 24 September upon my book, 'The Renascence Tombs of Rome. Yet it is just that spirit which emboldens me to crave a hearing. Your reviewer quotes a picturesque statement" which he says, if it came from a French or German author, might tempt him to throw the book aside as worthless. It occurs on p. 321: at his [Boniface VIII.'s] Coronation [in 1295] Charles II. of Anjou, King of Naples, and Charles Martel, King of France, in fact though not in title, walked on either side of his white palfrey." I lament that the word France was by a slip written instead of Hungary, and not observed by me in revision. This Charles Martel was Charles Robert of Anjou (grandson of Charles I. of Naples), who when he walked by the bridle of Boniface was already, in the lifetime of the childless Andrew III., a claimant for the throne of Hungary, by virtue of his mother, daughter of Stephen V. Again, the reviewer says that the accurate person may be annoyed at my calling a Cardinal General of the Franciscans. I did so in the case of Cardinal Matteo d'Acquasparta (p. 245). Cardella (ii. 28) is my autho rity. He states that for his virtues and learning Acquasparta was elected General of his order (the Franciscan) in the chapter held at Montpellier in 1287, and then nominated Cardinal of San Lorenzo in Damaso. Although he was a Cardinal, the Pontiff wished that he should, after the example of S.* Bonaventura, continue in the govern ment of the order to the date of the next Comizi,222 Vadingo, the Franciscan historian, adds that as General he was injurious to the order because of his exceeding kindness of heart. 66 In another case I have stated, also on the authority of Cardella (vol. iv. p. 267, ed. 1792), that Francesco della Rovere (Sixtus IV.) was General of the order of Franciscans (elected at Perugia 1464). Pastor, 'Lives of the Popes,' says the same, adding that he was engaged in reforming the discipline of the order when he received the news of his elevation to the purple. GERALD S. DAVIES. Master's Lodge, Charterhouse, E.C. 2 have "FERE."-Perhaps I ought to included fere, hence a companion in general, a mate, a travelling companion,' and the like, in my 'Etymological Dic tionary.' It is given in Mayhew and Skeat's Middle English Dictionary, and in Morris's 'Specimens of English,' Parts I and II.; also (of course) in the N.E.D. and E.D.D.' The A.-S. form is gefēra, where the è is due to the ō in the form för, which occurs as the pt. t. of faran, to fare, to go, to travel, from which it is derived. WALTER W. SKEAT. and afterwards Cardinal. Cardella implies that he * S. Bonaventura was also General of the order. was both concurrently. |