rum (£300,583). Some timber and woods, balata, and molasses are also shipped out. About 40 per cent. of the sugar goes to Great Britain and the United States. The commerce of British Guiana does not appear to be increasing. The total value of exports for 1900-01 was £2,068,406; of imports, £1,393,529. The latter consist principally of tissues, flour, manures, rice, and machinery. North America supplies the Colony with fish. Fully half the Colony's trade is with Great Britain. In 1900-01 the total tonnage entered and cleared was 709,928 tons. The colonial fleet consists of 48 vessels, with 2793 tons. Georgetown (q.v.) is the chief port; next in commercial importance is New Amsterdam, at the mouth of the Berbice. There are 75 miles of railway, 500 miles of river navigation, 600 miles of telegraph lines, and about 75 post-offices.

The Colony is administered by a Governor appointed by the Crown. The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council and by a Court of Policy, consisting of seven appointed and eight elected representatives. In addition, there is a court made up of six financial representatives, who are also chosen by the registered voters (2400). In 1900-01 the revenues and expenditures of the Colony nearly balanced at a little over £500,000. The colonial debt was £688,400. Besides the twenty-five savings banks, there are two banks with a note circulation. The population in the same year was 294,943, among whom were 2600 Europeans, 105,500 East India coolies, 99,700 negroes, and 3800 Chinese. The Asiatics furnish the labor for the plantations. The common language is English, and English money is ordinarily used. In 1900 there were 212 public schools, attended by 27,500 pupils.

DUTCH GUIANA, or SURINAM. This Colony, belonging to the Netherlands, lies next east of British Guiana, and is bordered on the east by the Maroni River. Its estimated area is 49,800 square miles. Only the sea region is developed, the interior having been little explored. The coast is generally rather swampy. Its inhabited portions are protected and drained by dams and canals, and are nowhere wider than 25 miles. Along the coast are fine mangrove forests. Among the woods exploited by the natives here and farther inland are manioc and several varieties of palms. Agriculture is almost the sole industry of the Europeans, sugar being the principal product. Cacao, bananas, rice, and maize are grown. The coffee and cotton industries have been rapidly dying out since the abolishment of slave labor. There are over 40,000 acres in all crops.

Gold was first discovered in 1876 along the eastern edge of the territory, but the mining of it has been not a little interfered with by the contest over the boundary line. In 1900 the production of gold was $522,000, practically the whole being exported. The total of all exports for the Colony in 1900 was 5,540,000 guilders ($2.216,000); of all imports 6,170,000 guilders ($2,468,000). The colonial fleet consists of 464 ships with 280,113 registered tons. The trade is with the United States, Great Britain, and (chiefly) Holland. There are no railways and only a few miles of telegraph lines.

The Colony has a Crown Governor, with a council of four members nominated by the Queen. The Colonial Assembly, or 'States,' consists of four representatives named by the Governor, together

VOL. IX.-23.

with one representative elected for every two hundred electors. There are 16 districts for administrative purposes. The laws are those of the Netherlands. In 1901 the colonial revenues were 2,324,000 guilders ($929,000); the expenditures, 2,705,000 guilders ($1,082,000); subvention from the mother country, 381,000 guilders ($152,400). The official language is Dutch, but English is much used. The population in 1899 numbered 82,300, of whom 12,000 were Indians and Bush negroes, and 1200 were Israelites. The population for the most part belong to the Moravian and the Reformed Lutheran churches. The natives are of little service for industrial purposes except as workers in the forests. In 1899 there were 53 common schools, with 7200 children in attendance. The high schools numbered three. Paramaribo (q.v.) is the capital and only important town.

FRENCH GUIANA, or CAYENNE. This Colony and penal settlement of France lies between Dutch Guiana and Brazil, the River Oyapok being on the eastern border. Its area is estimated at 30,500 square miles. The surface rises quite gradually from the unhealthful coast to the mountain border on the south, where the highest point, however, does not reach above 2700 feet. The coast is not so low as that of British and Dutch Guiana. There are several rivers, but none of importance. Only a small part of the country is known. Fevers, particularly yellow fever, decimate the region, and proved so fatal to French convicts that white prisoners have long been sent elsewhere. Less than 10,000 acres of land are under cultivation. Cacao, coffee, cotton, tobacco, and many other crops grow. Cacao also flourishes wild. The industrial growth of the Colony is very slow and discouraging. The cultivated land is poorly cared for there being only about 6000 farm hands. There are but a few thousand head of live-stock in the Colony.

Gold-mining is the leading industry, and gold is the chief article of export. Gold was discovered in 1853. The value of its annual export has fluctuated considerably. In 1900 the total mined product of the metal was $1,412,000. The development of this industry is much affected by the high rate of mortality. There is a little production of phosphate, silver, and iron. Some marble and balata and rosewood oil also figure in the list of exports. In 1900 the imports were 9,760,000 francs; the export of native products, 6,350,000 francs. Nearly all the trade is with France. In the Colony's commerce of 1899 were engaged 180 ships, of 38,872 registered tons. There are no railways. A cable connects Cayenne with France.

The Colony is administered by a Governor appointed at Paris. He has a Privy Council of seven members. The Colony has sixteen representatives in its Council General, and sends one Deputy to the National Chamber. The Colony is comparatively a heavy financial drain on the Republic, requiring, in 1902, 7,086,000 francsmostly for the penal establishment. In 1901 the local budget balanced at about $550,000. In 1895 there were 30.310 inhabitants, among whom were 4360 hard-labor convicts and 1500 native Indians. The convicts are restricted to four localities. The Ile du Diable off the coast, northwest of Cayenne, became famous through the imprisonment there of Alfred Dreyfus. Cayenne, the capital (q.v.), and the only important town, has one college. The group of islands called the Iles du

Salut (of which the Ile du Diable, mentioned on preceding page, is one) form a desirable harbor. There are 27 elementary schools, with 2000 scholars. HISTORY. The coast of Guiana was first visited in 1499 and 1500 by Ojeda, Vespucci, and Pinzon. The Spaniards planted a few settlements in the region, none of which seem to have had any long existence. Missionaries visited the interior during the sixteenth century. The tales of El Dorado aroused interest in this corner of South America, but the main current of settlement and exploration was along the Orinoco and to the westward of modern Guiana. Ralegh, who first made the name widely known, in 1595, confined his operations almost entirely to the river, although his sailing masters in 1594 and succeeding years carefully explored the coast to the east. After the formation of the Dutch West India Company in 1621, the Dutch, who had settled on the Pomerun River as early as 1581, and had explored the Guiana coast more fully in 1597 and 1598, gained a permanent foothold at the head of the Essequibo delta, where a settlement had been existing since 1613. In 1648 the Treaty of Westphalia confirmed the Dutch West India Company in possession of the territory. Meanwhile the French had settled near Cape Orange, and the English near the mouth of the Surinam. In 1667 this English colony was exchanged with Holland for New Netherlands or New York. Things remained in much the same condition until 1803, when England captured Demerara, Berbice, and Essequibo from the Dutch, who formally surrendered them by treaty in 1814. The three colonies, comprising some 76,000 square miles, were consolidated in 1831. The boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela (q.v.) ceased to be a subject of dispute after the arbitration treaty of 1897.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Martin, British Colonies (London, 1849-51); Dalton, History of British Guiana (London, 1854); Duff, British Guiana (Glasgow, 1866); Palgrave, Dutch Guiana (London, 1876); Bronkhurst, Colony of British Guiana and Laboring Population (ib., 1883); Rodway, A Handbook of British Guiana (Georgetown, 1893); id., Histery of British Guiana (3 vols., Georgetown, 1891-94); Le Pays-Bas: La colonie Surinam (Amsterdam, 1898), and the Dutch statistical works, published annually by the Government; Norman, Colonial France (London, 1886); Viala, Les trois Guyanes (Montpellier, 1893); Bassières, Notice sur la Guyane (Paris, 1900); Brousseau, Les richesses de la Guyane française (ib., 1901).

GUIANGA, gê-ün'gå, GUANGA, goo-än'gå. A wild Malayan people in Dávao Province, Mindanao; speech separate. Compare Dulangan, Manguanga, Mangulanga. See PHILIPPINES.

GUIB, gwib (African name). One of the 'harnessed' antelopes, or bushbucks (Tragelaphus scriptus), of Southeastern Africa, which formerly were extremely numerous, and are still scattered from Abyssinia to the Cape. It is the smallest of the genus, not larger than a goat in size, and shows a great variety of coloration, which varies from dark brown to pale rufous, irregularly streaked and spotted with white. It keeps near the watercourses, hiding in dense thickets. See Plate of GAZELLES.

GUIBERT DE NOGENT, gê'bår' de nö'zhäx' (1053-c.1124). A French historian and theologian, born near Clermont (Oise). He is said to have

been instructed by Saint Anselm, and became Abbot of Notre Dame de Nogent in 1104. His principal work is the history of the first Crusade, written probably from 1095-1101, called the best of contemporary accounts. He also wrote an autobiography and several other works. A complete edition of these was issued in 1651.

GUIBERT, gê'bâr', or WIBERT, vě běrt, OF RAVENNA (c.1020-1100). Antipope with the name Clement III., 1080-1099. He was born between 1020 and 1030, and in 1073 became Archbishop of Ravenna. He quarreled with Gregory VII. (q.v.), by whom he was suspended in 1075 and excommunicated in 1078. In 1080 the Emopposition to Gregory at Bixe, and he was peror Henry IV. (q.v.) had him chosen Pope in enthroned at Rome four years later, after the Emperor had captured the city. After the death of Gregory Guibert contested the Papal See with Victor III. and Urban II. In 1099 he made his submission to Paschal II.

GUICCIARDINI, gwē’chär-de'nê, FRANCESCO (1483-1540). An Italian statesman and historian, born of noble parentage at Florence. The studies of law and literature engrossed his earliest attention, and before he reached the age of twenty-three he was elected professor of law by the signoria of Florence. His knowledge of international law and his tact in the conduct of public affairs caused him to be selected in 1512 by the signoria as Ambassador to the Court of Ferdinand, King of Aragon. During a period of two years he discharged his diplomatic duties. with ability. In 1515 he was dispatched by the Republic of Florence to receive at Cortona Pope Leo X. This pontiff at once secured Guicciardini's services, and committed to him the government of Modena and Reggio, and finally of Parma. Under Clement VII. he was for some years governor of the Romagna, and finally of Bologna. On the accession of Paul III. (1534), Guicciardini resigned all his dignities, and returned to Florence, where Alexander de' Medici had been made sovereign by Charles V. On the assassination of Alexander, Guicciardini promoted materially the elevation of Cosimo de' Medici; but meeting with no special favor from that prince, he withdrew from Florence to his villa at Arcetri, where he commenced his famous work La storia d'Italia, the greatest historical work of the sixteenth century. He died before its completion. In 1561, twenty-one years after his death, the first sixteen books of his history were published at Florence, and three years later, at Venice, four additional books appeared. The work is considered a standard of classical historical writing, independently of its value as a minute and faithful

record of the period it embraces, from 1490 to 1534. A magnificent Italian edition was published at Freiburg (1775-76), and another at Pisa in 1819, edited by Rosini. An earlier work than the Storia d'Italia was the Storia fiorentina, composed about 1509, and dealing with the history of Florence from 1378 to 1509; it is marked by an impartial and keenly searching spirit. In 1857-67 there appeared at Florence Opere inedite di Francesco Guicciardini, comprising: Considerazioni intorno ai discorsi del Machiavelli, Ricordi politici e civili-Discorsi politici (vol. i.); Del reggimento di Firenze. Discorsi intorno alle mutazioni e riforme del governo fiorentino (vol. ii.); Storia fiorentina (vol. iii.); Lettere e