South American name), or METHYL PYROCATECHIN, CH,.OH.OCH,. A preparation obtained by distillation of beechwood creosote, of which it contains from 60 to 90 per cent. It is a colorless, oily liquid, soluble in 85 parts of water and much more freely in alcohol, ether, glycerin, and oils. Its taste and odor strongly resemble those of creosote, but it is less disagreeable. Of its compounds, guaiacol carbonate is best known. This is a tasteless, odorless, white powder insoluble in water. Both guaiacol and its carbonate are employed as substitutes for creosote in the treatment of tuberculosis, being, in many cases, less irritating to the stomach. GUAIACUM, gwi'å-kům (Neo-Lat., from Sp. guayaco, guayacan). A genus of trees of the natural order Zygophylleæ, natives of the tropical parts of America, which have abruptly pinnate leaves, and axillary flowers on one-flowered stalks, often in small clusters. The trees are remarkable for the hardness and heaviness of their wood, generally known as lignum vitæ, but also as guaiacum wood, and sometimes as Brazil wood; as well as for their peculiar res inous product, guaiacum, often but incorrectly called gum guaiacum. The species to which the commercial lignum vitæ and guaiacum are commonly referred are Guaiacum officinale and Guaiacum sanctum, natives of the West India Islands, and of some of the continental parts of America. Guaiacum officinale is a tree sometimes 60 feet high, with two or three pairs of ovate, obtuse, and perfectly smooth leaflets, paleblue flowers, a furrowed bark, and generally a crooked stem and knotted branches. Some species have been grown as ornamentals in Florida and southern California. It seems probable that other species supply part of the guaiacum wood and resin of commerce. At present the supplies are obtained chiefly from Cuba, Jamaica, and San Domingo. The wood is exported in billets about three feet long and one foot in diameter, of a greenish-brown color. This is the color of the heart-wood; the sap-wood is pale yellow. Guaia cum wood sinks in water, and is remarkable for the direction of its fibres, each layer of which crosses the preceding diagonally; annual rings are scarcely to be observed, and the pith is extremely small. It is much valued, chiefly by turners. Ship's blocks, rulers, pestles, and bowls (q.v.) are among the articles most commonly made of it. When rubbed or heated it emits a faint disagreeable aromatic smell; its taste is also pungent and aromatic. Shavings and raspings of the wood are bought by apothecaries for medicinal use. The bark is also used in medicine on the Continent of Europe, but not in Great Britain or America. The virtues of both wood and bark depend chiefly on the resin which they contain, and which is itself used in powder, pill, and tincture. It is an acrid stimulant, and has been employed with advantage in chronic rheumatism, skin diseases, and catarrh. It has also been highly praised as a preventive of gout. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries guaiacum was the remedy most in repute for syphilis. The resin sometimes flows spontaneously from the stem of the guaiacum-tree; it is sometimes obtained artificially. It is of a greenish-brown color, and has a brilliant resinous fracture. It has scarcely any taste, but leaves a burning sensation in the mouth. One of its most striking characteristics is that it is colored blue by its oxidizing agents. It contains guaiacic acid, which closely resembles benzoic acid, and yields on distillation certain definite compounds known as guaiacin, pyroguaiacin, and guaiacol. stock of South American Indians living in the GUAICURUAN, gwi-kōo'rōō-än'. A distinct Gran Chaco. There are about twenty tribes of them, all of the same warlike, roving, equestrian Abipone, Guaicuru, Mataguay, and Toba. Guaicuru originally lived farther south upon the Paraguay River. They have a system of hereditary castes, distinguished by different colors used in painting the body, the ruling family painting with black. The men go naked, but the women wear a short skirt. They place large wooden labrets in the lower lip. They tend immense herds of cattle and horses, but refuse to cultivate the ground. habit. The best known of the tribes are the The See for the various top-minnows of the genus GUAL, goo-äl', PEDRO (1784-1862). A South American patriot, born in Caracas, Venezuela, and educated at the university in that city. He took part in the Revolution of 1810, was a member of the Legislature, and secretary to Miranda. After an exile of several years, he returned, was made Governor of Cartagena, and then Ambassador to the United States. In 1816 he joined Bolivar's revolt, and for some time acted as Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs in the newly estab lished Government. For many years he lived in retirement, which was broken only by a mission to Europe for Ecuador in 1837, resulting in the final acknowledgment of that State's independence by Spain. In 1858, while living quietly at Caracas, he was chosen President of a Provisional Government, established in opposition to that of Monagas; and again entered actively into political affairs, serving as president of the Council of State under the Castro Government. In 1859 he was elected Vice-President of the Republic of Venezuela, and succeeded, in the following year, to the Presidency, which he resigned on account of failing health in 1861. GUALBERT, gwàl'bâr', or GALBERT, JOHN. See VALLOMBROSA, CONGREGATION OF. GUALDO TADINO, gwäl'dô tå-děnô. A city in Central Italy, 58 miles southwest of Ancona. In the cathedral and in the city hall are paintings by Niccolò da Foligno. Near the city are the ruins of the ancient Taginæ, where Narses in 552 defeated and slew the Ostrogothic King, Totila. It markets oil, grain, and millstones. Population of commune, in 1881, 8477; in 1901, 10,055. GUALEGUAY, gwä'lâ-gwï'. A city in the Province of Entre Rios, Argentina, situated on a small tributary of the Paraná, 120 miles northwest of Buenos Ayres (Map: Argentina, F 10). It has tanneries and flour-mills, and in its vicinity are situated extensive slaughter-houses. It has railway communication with the more important towns of the province, and through Puerto Ruiz, 7 miles below, it exports a considerable quantity of animal products. It con tains a theatre, a library, and a branch of the National Bank. Population, 7700. A GUALEGUAYCHÚ, gwä'lå-gwi-choo'. city in the Province of Entre Rios, Argentina, situated on the Gualeguaychú River, 12 miles from its junction with the Uruguay (Map: Argentina, F 10). The town has a library and a school, various milling establishments, important manufactures of beef extracts, and an active river trade. Population, 14,000. GUAM, gwäm, or GUAJÁN, gwå-Hän'. The largest of the Ladrone Islands (q.v.), lying in the Pacific Ocean, and belonging to the United States. It is the southernmost of the group, and is situated in latitude 13° 30' N., and longitude 144° 45′ E., about 1500 miles east of Manila, and nearly the same distance southeast of Yokohama. It is 31 miles long and from 5 to 7 miles wide, and has an area of about 195 square miles. The northern half consists of a level and barren plateau 250 feet above the sea, toward which it falls abruptly on all sides; the southern half is mountainous, and the whole island is surrounded by a coral reef, with here and there a break permitting entrance to the harbors, of which the largest and best is that of Apra, on the western coast. The climate is humid, with rain at all seasons, but not unhealthful. The indigenous flora is poor and little varied, the principal trees being the cocoanut-palm and the breadfruit tree. Rice, sugar, and indigo are also cultivated, and the farms are well stocked with domestic animals imported by the Spaniards. Agriculture and fishing are almost the only occupations of the inhabitants, who consist chiefly of aboriginal Chamorros intermixed with Tagalos and Malays. The island is of little impor; tance to the United States except as a naval station and port of transit between America and Asia, to which end the harbor of Apra is being extensively improved. The population, in 1898, numbered 9000, of whom more than half live in the capital, Agaña (q.v.). Guam was captured by the United States cruiser Charleston on June 21, 1898, and by the Treaty of Paris was ceded by Spain to the United States. Consult: Griffis, List of Books (with references to periodicals) on Samoa and Guam (Washington, 1901); Wheeler, Report on the Island of Guam (Washington, 1900). GUAN, gwän (South American name). A gallinaceous bird of Central and South America, often domesticated. It belongs to the same family (Cracida) as the curassow, the guans constituting the subfamily Penelopinæ. They have been separated into seven genera, of which Penelope (16 species) and Ortalis (19 species) are the largest. All are rather large, varying from the body size of a grouse to that of a goose. Their plumage is mainly black, glossed with green, and varied with white and brown; nearly all have the throat bare, and many have pendent gular wattles. Their heads are often crested, and their tails are long and gracefully carried. They go about in large flocks, but separate into pairs during the breeding season, and spend most of their time in the high forest trees, descending to the ground in search of fallen fruits, insects, and the like. Their nests are placed in trees, on bushes, or on the ground. Only one species ranges sufficiently far north to enter the United States. This is the Texan guan or 'chachalaca' (Ortalis vetula, var. McCalli), which is a dark, glossy, olivaceous-green bird nearly two feet long; but one-half of the length is due to the graduated tail of twelve feathers. It is noisy in the breeding season (April), the name chachalaca being imitative of its notes, which are as harsh and loud as those of a guinea-fowl; and all the guans of a neighborhood join in a stentorian chorus at sunrise each morning. These birds may be easily tamed, and to a certain extent are domesticated about the rural villages; but there seems little probability of their becoming a really widespread and useful fowl. See Plate of GROUSE, ETC. GUANABACOA, gwä'nå-Bå-kō'à. A town of Cuba, situated a few miles east of Havana, on the Havana-Matanzas Railway line (Map: Cuba, C 3). It is built chiefly on a range of hills, and is surrounded by groves of trees, watered by numerous springs. It has a theatre, a lyceum, and a hospital. It was formerly an ancient Indian town, but the Indians were supplanted by Spaniards before the end of the sixteenth century. It received its town charter on August 14, 1743. In 1762 it was sacked by the English. Population, in 1899, 20,080. Its GUANACO, gwå-nä’kô (Sp., from the South American name huanaco, huanaca). The larger of the two wild species of the camel family inhabiting South America, of which the llama and alpaca are domesticated varieties. This animal (Lama guanaco) has more the appearance of a hornless goat-antelope than of a camel. back is flat and straight, its legs in fair proportion, its head small and neat, with long, pointed, expressive ears, and its tail reduced to a bushy stump. A full-grown male stands about four feet high at the shoulder, and is covered with a thick coat of long, almost woolly hair, pale reddish in color, and longest and palest on the under parts. Domestication and artificial breeding with reference to the improvement of this coat has produced the alpaca (q.v.). The guanaco is distributed throughout South America wherever a temperate climate exists. It inhabits the valleys of the Andes as far north as Bolivia and Ecuador, in company with the vicunias (the other species of the genus, Lama vicunia), and there has habits very similar to its mountain-keeping relatives; but on the plains of Patagonia it ranges to the shores of the Atlantic and of Magellan's Straits, and moves about in herds. The pairing season comes in August and September, and the young are born in May and June. They feed upon the pungent herbage of the Patagonian deserts, as well as upon the bitter grasses of the Pampas, and furnish to the wandering natives their principal flesh food, and the only skins useful for clothing or tent-making, except those of the rheas. The Gauchos hunt them extensively also, and they form the principal prey of the puma, so that they take the place in South America of the antelopes of other plains regions. The guanaco also occurs on Tierra del Fuego and neighboring islands, and swims readily from one to the other. Over a large part of its habitat none but salt water is to be had, and this it drinks readily. One very curious circumstance in its history is its habit of resorting to certain places in river valleys when it feels ill, so that nearly all which die a natural death seem to do so at these spots. This has been plausibly explained as due to the influence of an instinct inherited from the time when the country was much colder, and whenever storms or other distress afflicted the animals, they were accustomed to seek a covert in the bushes which grew only alongside the sunken streams. Consult: Tschudi, Reisen durch Sud-Amerika (Leipzig, 1866-69); Darwin, A Naturalist's Voyage (London, 1860); Cunningham, Natural History of the Straits of Magellan (London, 1871); Hudson, The Naturalist in La Plata (London, 1892); Spears, Gold Diggings of Cape Horn (New York, 1895). See LLAMA; VICUÑA; Plate of CAMELS AND LLAMAS. GUANAHANI, gwà'nä-hä'nê. The name given by the natives to the island on which Columbus first landed, and which he called San Salvador. It is identified by some with Cat Island, one of the Bahamas, while others believe it to be the present Watling's Island, belonging to the same group. GUANAJAY, gwä'nå-HI'. The chief town of the department of the same name in the Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba (Map: Cuba, C 3). It is situated a short distance from the Puerto del Mariel, 20 miles west of Havana, and is the terminus of the Havana and Guanajay Railroad. It is surrounded by hills, and is one of the best health resorts in the province. Population, in 1899, 8796. GUANAJUATO, gwä'nå-нwä'tô. An inland State of Mexico, bounded on the north by the State of San Luis Potosí, on the east by Queretaro, on the south by Michoacan, and on the west by Jalisco (Map: Mexico, H 7). Area, 11,370 square miles. The State lies entirely within the great central plateau of Mexico, Anahuac (q.v.), whose average elevation is 6000 feet above the sea. The surface is mountainous in the northern half, where it is traversed by the Sierra Gordo and Sierra de Guanajuato, while the southern half is more level. The chief rivers are the Lerma and its two tributaries, the Laja and the Turbio. There are a number of lakes in the southern part of the State, and mineral springs abound. The climate is moderate in the plains and somewhat cold in the mountains. In the valleys and plains the chief industries are agriculture and stock-raising, while in the mountainous regions mining ranks first. The chief agricultural products are corn, wheat, barley, tropical fruits, and red pepper. The mineral wealth of the State is very large, silver, gold, mercury, tin, lead, and copper being represented. The annual output of the mines is valued at over $9,000,000. Guanajuato has a large number of small cotton and woolen mills, flour-mills, potteries, breweries, distilleries, etc. The State is traversed in three directions by the Mexican Central Railway, and also by two other lines. Guanajuato is one of the most densely populated States of Mexico; its population in 1900 was 1,065,317, or nearly 94 inhabitants per square mile. The capital is Guanajuato (q.v.). GUANAJUATO, or SANTA FÉ DE GUANAJUATO, sän'tå fa' då gwä'nȧ-nwä'to. The capital of the State of Guanajuato, Mexico, situated in the Cañada de Marfil, 6200 feet above sealevel and 165 miles northwest of Mexico (Map: Mexico, H 7). It is Oriental in general appear. ance; its streets are deep and tortuous, but the houses are well built, and the city contains many fine public buildings, the chief of which are the cathedral, the monasteries (eight in number), the college, the gymnasium, the theatre, and the mint. In the vicinity are numerous silvermines, among the richest in ali Mexico. It has manufactures of soap, chemicals, pottery, and some silverware. It has a fine system of waterworks. Population, 53,000. Guanajuato was founded in 1554, and under Spanish rule numbered over 100,000 inhabitants, receiving the title of city in 1741. It is one of the most historic spots in Mexico, having been originally distinguished by the heroic struggle of the natives of the region against Spanish conquest. In the great war for liberation against the mother country the city was the scene of the first great battle at the storming of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas (q.v.) in 1810. It was repeatedly sacked during the long war. GUANARE, gwà-nä'râ. Capital of the Venezuelan State of Zamora, situated near the River Guanarito (Map: Venezuela, D 2). It is a place of great importance in the cattle trade of the country. Its population is estimated at 11,000. Guanare was founded in 1593. GUANCHOS, gwän’chôz (native Guanchinet, from guan, man+ Chinet, Teneriffe). A Hamitic people, formerly numerous in the Canary Islands, associated with the ancient Canarii and Kamnurieh. Their subjugation by the Spaniards was completed about 1496, and they are now almost extinct. In craniological characters they approach the Cro-Magnon race of France, with subdolichocephalous skull, low forehead, and projecting jaws. Those who first described them say that they were a handsome people, tall, well built, athletic, and agile. Their complexion and hair were blond, but mixture with Arabs changed these characteristics in different islands. By their language and inscriptions they ally themselves with the Berbers of North Africa, and the ancient Numidians. Consult Wallach, in Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vol. xviii. (London, 1887-88). GUANE, gwä'nâ, or GUANES, gwä'nâs. An inland town of Cuba, in the Province of Pinar del Rio, and judicial seat of its district, about 20 miles southwest of Pinar del Rio (Map: Cuba, B 4). It is a centre of tobacco and cotton production, cattle-raising, and cedar lumbering. Population, in 1899, 14,760. GUANIDIN, (from gwini-din guano), CH,N. An organic substance obtained in small quantities by the direct oxidation of proteids, and readily converted into urea; it is therefore possibly one of the intermediate products of the gradual disintegration of proteids in the animal body. Guanidin is a crystalline solid substance soluble in water and alcohol; it acts as a powerful base, forming crystalline salts by combination with one molecule of acid. Chemically guanidin is an imido-urea, its constitution being represented by the following structural formula: NH, C=NH \ NH2 Guanidin It may be prepared synthetically by the action of ammonium chloride on cyan-amide in alcoholic solution. The most important derivatives of guanidin are kreatin and kreatinin (qq.v.), the |