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MANUFACTURE OF PIG IRON IN THE UNITED STATES.

A TABLE SHOWING THE CAPITAL INVESTED, THE NUMBER OF HANDS EMPLOYED, AND THEIR WAGES, AND THE QUANTITY AND KINDS OF FUEL USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PIG IRON IN THE UNITED STATES-TOGETHER WITH THE VALUE OF THE RAW MATERIAL AND THE ENTIRE PRODUCTS.

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Capital

Tons pig

Tons Tons

old

of

Tons of mineral

States.

invested.

iron.

metal.

ore.

coal.

Bushels coke and charcoal.

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...

1,319

14,000

MANUFACTURE OF IRON CASTINGS IN THE UNITED STATES.

A TABLE SHOWING THE CAPITAL INVESTED, THE TOTAL NUMBER OF HANDS EMPLOYED, AND THEIR WAGES, AND THE QUANTITY AND KINDS OF FUEL USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON CASTINGS IN THE UNITED STATES-TOGETHER WITH THE VALUE OF THE RAW MATERIAL AND THE ENTIRE PRODUCTS.

No. hands Average wages employed. per month.

243 1 $20 00 $5 00

Value of raw material,

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fuel, &c. 112,570

Male, Female. Male. Female.

made.

products.

products.

3,691

265,000

N. Hampshire

232,700

5,673 500

1,680

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5,764

27,700

371,710

Vermont.

290,720

2,279

274

1,066

198,400

160,603

381

28.27

5,000 87,770

460,831

Mass'chusetts

1,499,050

31,134

3,361

12,401

3,500

1,057,904

1,596

30.90

32,074

2,235,635

Rhode Island

422,800

8,918

....

4,670

4,000

258,267

800

29.63

8,558 119,500

728,705

Connecticnt

580,800

11,396

337

7,592

30,600

351,369

942

7 27 028 00

11,210

70,000

981,400

New York...

4,622,482

108,945

3,212

22,755

181,190

2,393,768

5,925

27 48

104,588

5,921,980

New Jersey.

593,250

10,666

350

5,444

175,800

301,048

803

24.09

10,259

686,430

Pennsylvania

3,422,924

69,501

819

49,228 276,855

2,372,467

4,782

27 55 600

57,810

661,160

5,354,881

Delaware

373,500 4,440

...

4,967

153,852

250

23 36

...

3,630

55,000

267,462

Maryland.

359,100

7,220

5,000

30,000

259,190

761

27.50

...

6,244

80,000

685,000

Virginia..

471,160

7,114

205

7,878

71,600

297,014

810

9 19 91

9 44

5,577

N'th Carolina

11,500

192

6,375

8,341

15

23.46

172

S'th Carolina.

185,700

169

2,800

405,560

29,128

153

2

13 59

4.00

1,286

Georgia.

35,000

440

100

9,800

11,950

39

27 43

415

Alabama.

216,625

2,348

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674,416 12,867 87,683 46,200 271,126

Mississippi...

100,000

1,197

248

92,000

50,370

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117,400

Louisiana....

255,000

1,660

8,205

75,300

347

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312,500

Texas

......

16,000

250

250

8,400

35

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Tennessee...

139,500

1,682

5,050

24,690

13,200

90,035

261

8

17 96

4.50

3,384

.....

Kentucky...

502,200

9,731

2,649

432,750

295,533 558 21

24.89

4 15

Ohio

2,063,650

37,555 1,843 2,000

30,006

355,120

1,199,790

2,758

27 32

...

Michigan.

195,450

2,494

901

16,200

91,865 337

28.68

5,888 37,399 2,070

208,700 25,616

55,000 294,325 744,316 3,069,350 279,697

Indiana...

82,900

1,968

5

132

29,600

66,918

143

25.74

1,757

149,430

Illinois

260,400

4,818

50

1,412

12,500

172,330

332

28.50

4,160 89,250

441,185

Missouri.....

187,000

5,100

200

2,598

133,114

297

19 63

5,200

336,495

Iowa.

......

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71

2,600

8,500

Wisconsin...

116,350

1,371

15

595

2,700

86,930

228

26 73

1,342

64,125

216,195

California....

5,000

75

25

8,530

3

23 33

75

20,740

Dist. of Col..

14,000

545

80

18,100

27

27.05

512

Total.....

17,416,361 345,553 11,416 9,850 190,891 2,413,750 10,346,353 23,541 48

822,745

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BREAD BAKED BY STEAM IN ENGLAND.

Thr Plymouth (English) papers contain an account of a new method of baking bread, which is in operation at Stonehouse, under the patent of Mr. Lee. The bread is pronounced to be excellent, and superior to that baked on the old principle. A description of the process will not be found uninteresting. When the loaves are moulded, they are placed on carriages aud conveyed on railways into the ovens which are made of cast iron, and placed one above another. The doors being closed, the steam is then "turned on" from the boiler, and passing through a singularly formed coil of pipes, heated to a high degree in a furnace of remarkable construction, is, by opening the valves, admitted to the ovens. The baking process, from the time of running in the carriages to drawing them out again, occupying from half an hour to an hour and a half, according as the loaves vary in size. There are perforated pipes placed at equal distances inside the ovens, by which means all parts are alike heated. The heat is kept within determinate thermometric limits by the adjustment of the valves, and the degree ascertained by an indicator, the “bulb” being scarcely thicker than a cobweb, yet ranging from 120 to 800 Far.

STATISTICS OF POPULATION, &c.

CENSUS STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.

We publish below all the more important parts of Mr. Kennedy's full and able report just made to Congress, through the Secretary of the Interior. These statements and statistics, it will be seen relate chiefly to population of the United States. Under the appropriate head, in another part of the Merchants' Magazine, the reader will find a variety of statistics relating to the manufactures of the several States:

The seventh enumeration of the inhabitants of the United States exhibits results which every citizen of the country may contemplate with gratification and pride. Since the census of 1840 there have been added to the territory of the republic, by annexation, conquest, and purchase, 824,969 square miles, and our title to a region covering 341,463 square miles, which before properly belonged to us, but was claimed and partially occupied by a foreign power, has been established by negotiation, and it has been brought within our acknowledged boundaries. By such means the area of the United States has extended during the past ten years from 2,055,163 to 3,221,595 square miles, without including the great lakes which lie upon our northern border, or the bays which indentate our Atlantic and Pacific shores. All which has come within the scope of the seventh census.

In the endeavor to ascertain the progress of our population since 1840, it will be proper to deduct from the aggregate number of inhabitants shown by the present census, the population of Texas in 1840, and the numbers embraced within the limits of California and the new territories at the time of their acquisition. From the best information which has come to hand, it is believed that Texas contained in 1840, 75,000 inhabitants, and that when California, New Mexico, and Oregon came into our possession in 1846, they had a population of 97,000. It thus appears that we have received by additions of territory, since 1840, an accession of 172,000 to the numbers of our people.

The increase which has taken place in those extended regions, since they came under the authority of our government, should obviously be reckoned as a part of the development and progress of our population. Nor is it necessary to complicate the comparison by taking into account the probable natural increase of this acquired population, because we have not the means of determining the rate of its advancement, nor the law which governed its progress while yet beyond the influence of our political system. The year 1840, rather than the date of the annexation of Texas, has been taken for estimating the population, in connection with that of the Union, because it may be safely assumed that, whatever the increase during the five intervening years may have been, it was mainly, if not altogether, derived from the United States.

Owing to delays and difficulties mentioned in completing the work, which no action on the part of this office could obviate, some of the returns from California have not

yet been received. Assuming the population of California to be 165,000, (which we do partly by estimates,) and omitting that of Utah, estimated at 15,000, the total number of inhabitants in the United States was, on the 1st of June, 1850, 23,246,301, The absolute increase from 1st of June, 1840, has been 6,176,848, and the actual increase per cent is 36.18. But it has been shown that the probable amount of population acquired by additions of territory should be deducted in making a comparison be tween the results of the present and the last census. These deductions reduce the total population of the country as a basis of comparison, to 23,074,301, and the increase to 6,004,848. The relative increase, after this allowance, is found to be 35.17 per cent. The aggregate number of whites in 1850 was 19,619,366, exhibiting a gain upon the number of the same class in 1840 of 5,423,371, and a relative increase of 38.20 per cent. But excluding the 153,000 free population supposed to have been acquired by the addition of territory since 1840, the gain is 5,270,371, and the increase per cent 37.14. The number of slaves, by the present census, is 3,198,298, which shows an increase of 711,085; equal to 28.58 per cent. If we deduct 19,000 for the probable slave population of Texas in 1840, the result of the comparison will be slightly different. The absolute increase will be 692,085, and the rate per cent 27.83.

The number of free colored population in 1850 was 428,637; in 1840, 386,245. The increase of this class has been 42,392, or 10.95 per cent

From 1830 to 1840 the increase of the whole population was at the rate of 32.67 per cent. At the same rate of advancement the absolute gain for the ten years last past would have been 5,578,333, or 426,515 less than it has been, without including the increase consequent upon additions of territory.

The aggregate increase of population from all sources shows a relative advance greater than that of any other decennial terms, except that from the second to the third census, during which time the country received an accession of inhabitants by the purchase of Louisiana considerably greater than one per cent of the whole number. Rejecting from the census of 1810 1.45 per cent for the population of Louisiana, and from the census of 1850 1 per cent for that of Texas, California, &c., the result is in favor of the last ten years by about one-fourteenth of 1 per cent; the gain from 1800 to 1810 being 35.05 per cent, and from 1840 to 1850, 35.12 per cent. But, without going behind the sum of the returns, it appears that the increase from the second to the third census was thirty-two-hundredths of one per cent greater than from the sixth to the seventh.

The relative progress of the several races and classes of the population is shown in the following tabular statement:

TABLE OF INCREASE, PER CENT, OF EACH CLASS OF INHABITANTS IN THE UNITED STATES FOR SIXTY YEARS.

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The census had been taken previously to 1880 on the first of August. The enumerator began that year on the first of June, two months earlier, so that the interval between the fourth and fifth censuses was two months less than ten years; which time allowed for, would bring the total increase up to the rate of 34.36 per cent.

THE TABLE GIVEN BELOW SHOWS THE INCREASE FROM 1790 To 1850, WITHOUT REFERENCE

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Sixty years since, the proportion between the whites and blacks, bond and free, was

4.2 to 1. In 1850, it was 5.26 to 1; and the ratio in favor of the former race is increasing. Had the blacks increased as fast as the whites during these sixty years, their number on the 1st of June would have been 4,657,239; so that, in comparison with the whites, they have lost in this period, 1,035,340.

This disparity is much more than accounted for by European emigration to the United States. Dr. Chickering, in an essay upon immigration, published at Boston in 1848, distinguished for great elaborateness of research, estimates the gain of the white population from this source at 3,922,152. No reliable record was kept of the number of immigrants into the United States until 1820, when, by the law of March, 1819, the collectors were required to make quarterly returns of foreign passengers arriving in their districts. For the first ten years, the returns under the law afford materials for only an approximation to a true state of the facts involved in this inquiry.

Dr. Chickering assumes, as a result of his investigations, that of the 6,431,088 inhabitants of the United States in 1820, 1,430,906 were foreigners arrived subsequent to 1790, or the descendants of such. According to Dr. Seybert, an earlier writer upon statistics, the number of foreign passengers from 1790 to 1810 was, as nearly as could be ascertained, 120,000; and from the estimates of Dr. Seybert, and other evidence, Hon. George Ducker, author of a valuable work on the census of 1840, supposes the number from 1810 to 1820 t have been 114,000. These estimates make, for the thirty years preceding 1820, 234,000.

If we reckon the increase of these immigrants at the average rate of the whole body of white population during these three decades, they and their descendants in 1820 would amount to about 360,000. From 1820 to 1830 there arrived, according to the returns of the custom-houses, 135,986 foreign passengers, and from 1830 to 1840, 579,370, making for the twenty years 715,356. During this period a large number of emigrants from England, Scotland, and Ireland, came into the United States through Canada. Dr. Chickering estimates the number of such, from 1820 to 1830, at 67,993; and from 1830 to 1840, at 199,130; for the twenty years together, 267,123.

During the same time a considerable number are supposed to have landed at New York, with the purpose of pursuing their route to Canada; but it is probable that the number of these was balanced by omissions in the official returns. Without reference to the natural increase, then, the accession to our population from foreign sources, from 1820 to 1840, was 982,479 persons.

Erom 1840 to 1850, the arrivals of foreign passengers in the ports of the United States have been as follows:

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Within the last ten years there has probably been very little migration of foreigners into the United States over the Canada frontier; the disposition to take the route by Quebec having yielded to the increased facilities for direct passenger transportation to the cities of the Union; what there has been may, perhaps, be considered as equalled by the number of foreigners passing into Canada after landing at New York; many having been drawn thither by the opportunities of employment afforded by the public works of the province. As the heaviest portion of this great influx of immigration took place in the latter half of the decade, it will probably be fair to estimate the natural increase during the term at 12 per cent; being about one-third of that of the white population of the country at its commencement. This will swell the aggregate to 1,739,192. Deducting this accession to the population from the whole amount, the increase is shown to be 3,684,510, and the rate per cent is reduced to 25.95.

The density of population is a branch of the subject which naturally first attracts the attention of the inquirer. The following table has been prepared from the most authentic data accessible to this office:

* This return includes fifteen months; namely, from July 1, 1845, to September 30, 1846. + The report from the State Department for this year gives 315,333 as the total number of passengers arriving in the United States; but of these, 30,023 were citizens of the Atlantic States proceeding to California by sea, and 5,320 natives of the country returning from visits abroad. A deduction of 106,879 is made from the balance, for that portion of the year from June 1st to September 30th.

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