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the principal weakness in the American case is Captain Morey's statement that the Americans planned to take the aggressive. note says: "We formed for attack, his [Captain Boyd's] intention being to move up to the line of about one hundred and twenty Mexicans on the edge of the town. . . . When we were within three hundred yards, the Mexicans opened fire, and a strong one, before we fired a shot; then we opened up.”

The result of the fight was the defeat of the Americans, who were apparently outnumbered by the Mexicans. The use of machine guns by the enemy played an important part in the result. Captain Boyd, Lieutenant Henry Adair, and at least eleven troopers are known to have been killed, although the list of dead may later prove to be greater, and twenty-four American prisoners were taken to the penitentiary in Chihuahua City.

In the meantime the American militia has been mobilizing, and as this is written already several thousand citizen soldiers have gone to the border. This militia mobilization is described elsewhere in this issue of The Outlook in an article entitled "Our Citizens in Arms."

As we go to press it is reported that President Wilson has demanded the immediate release of the twenty-four Americans imprisoned in Chihuahua City. Apparently Carranza's refusal of this demand will mean

war.

The latest outrage to be added to the long list of Mexican atrocities perpetrated against Americans is the killing of Mr. William Parker and his bride, Mrs. Alice Parker, on their ranch near Hachita, New Mexico. A posse of soldiers and citizens went in pursuit of the bandits who committed this brutal crime, but lost the trail before reaching the border.

THE EXTRA-MILITARY ARMY OF
UNITED STATES VOLUNTEERS

America may be proud to possess a volunteer army for which no special training is needed and in which there are no officers. The army consists wholly of employers, and of those employers who want to defend their employees, called to the front, against anxiety regarding their dependent families. The army is large. It consists of about five hundred units already that is, counting a business firm or company as a unit. But, as

a firm or company is composed of individuals, and sometimes of many individuals, there are thousands in the ranks of what one may call the Extra-Military Army of United States Volunteers.

There is good reason for such an army. Many employees, have left tasks in which they were making comfortable livings to answer their country's call, and some of these employees have been able to save hardly anything for the families dependent upon them for support. Thus at this juncture the employers come forward-such employers as the Bethlehem Steel Company, the Century Company and Collier's Weekly, the Consolidated Gas Company, the Edison Company, the German-American Insurance Company, the Hammond and the Mergenthaler Typewriting Companies, J. P. Morgan & Co., the National Lead Company, the National Surety Company, the National Cloak and Suit Company, the Royal Baking Powder Company, the New York Central and Southern Pacific Railway Companies, the Westinghouse and Western Electric Companies, and the Schaefer Brewing Company. With regard to the last named, it has not only granted full pay, but has also made a cash present to each guardsman in its employ.

Other companies, such as the Southern Pacific, make interesting divisions, as, for instance, full pay to married privates; threequarters to full pay to unmarried privates; half-pay to unmarried privates without dependent families; and to married officers the entire loss in full average pay incurred by being in army service-in other words, the difference between company and Government rates of pay; while unmarried officers with dependent families get three-quarters full average pay and unmarried officers without dependent families half-pay. Then there is the time limit to be considered. The National Lead and Westinghouse Companies, for instance, will pay till January first; other companies, such as the Schaefer Brewing Company, will pay for as long a time as their men are in military service.

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1916

COMMENCEMENT

NOTES

THE WEEK

At Brown University Mr. Hughes was the chief center of interest. Declining a platform seat, he sat with his classmates of 1881. Called up to speak, he referred admiringly to the influence of his college President, Ezekiel Robinson, as "a man whom nothing could swerve from what he thought right." He repeated what he had then felt about "Old Zeke:""There is a man who will mean to us our redemption and success if we can emulate and in some degree achieve his firmness and resolution and catch the clearness of his vision." When the cheering subsided, he added: "I am just a Brown boy trying to do my duty."

Harvard's commencement exercises were held for the first time in its spacious Stadium. President Lowell's address spoke of the readiness of Harvard men to serve their country as evidenced in their spontaneous formation of the Harvard Regiment. He expected that Harvard will soon be able to turn out each year men capable of accepting commissions. in an army of volunteers. "No sane man," said he, "will deny that we are a short-sighted people, and do not recognize a pestilence until it is on us. We lack vision. The Nation has a right to turn to its institutions of higher learning, which are in verity the eyes of the Nation."

At Yale President Hadley's usual baccalaureate sermon, preached as in old times from a text of Scripture, urged the pursuit of moral ideals as the path to real success. This he presented as the burden of Jesus' Sermon on the Mount and the basis of all real virtue. "It requires," said he, "selfrestraint and self-devotion. We must first prepare ourselves to set an example of this. We must also make it clear to others that the same personal responsibility rests on them. We must not yield to the fatal temptation to flatter democracy, but must be ready to suffer abuse for our unwillingness to trust short cuts to righteousness. Leadership is not worth having through sacrifice of intellectual straightforwardness. And we must believe in humanity even when it deserts us. Faith

in man, faith in the truth, faith in God, are different names for the same thing. Whoso keeps one has kept all, and secured the best thing life has to offer."

New graduates of Yale and Harvard khaki-clad among their black-gowned classmates demonstrated the readiness of these

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sister universities to respond to the Nation's call to service. So did the pitched tents and artillery of the Yale Battery. Responsiveness to remoter needs appeared in the contingent soon to reinforce Yale-in-China. A college now ten years old, whose heads are consulted by Chinese officials on all sorts of questions, it was warmly eulogized both by ex-President Taft and the Chinese Minister, Dr. Koo.

Governor Whitman, of New York, addressed the graduating class of Smith College on the responsibility of women as well as men in the present world crisis. "Civilization,” said he, "has not progressed to the point where the safety of a nation and its institutions can be guaranteed by a moral precept. Our preparedness must be social as well as military. The big questions of to-day are social, and are nothing but mothering on a large scale. There is no virtue in emotionalism that is not expressed in action."

Some large gifts have been received this year. Williams has raised practically the whole of a first endowment of a million. Harvard announced gifts aggregating over $1,300,000, and Yale a total of over $1,700,000.

Among the notable honorary degrees conferred this year, in addition to those mentioned last week, were: Franklin Lane, H. C. Hoover, and Brand Whitlock (Brown, LL.D.); Joseph H. Choate and Governor McCall (Columbia and Williams, LL.D.); George Hodges and Henry Churchill King (Harvard, D.D.); Police Commissioner Arthur Woods (Harvard, M.A.); Governor Charles S. Whitman (Williams, LL.D.); Katharine Lee Bates (Wesleyan, LL.D); K. W. Koo and Simeon E. Baldwin (Yale, LL.D.); John Jay Chapman (Yale, Litt.D.); W. C. Brownell (Amherst, LL.D.); E. M. Hopkins, the new President of Dartmouth (Amherst, Litt.D.); Herbert Adams, the sculptor (Yale, M.A.); and John Singer Sargent (Yale, LL.D.; and Harvard, Doctor of Arts). Portraits of Mr. Sargent and Mr. Adams are to be found on another page.

COLLEGE ROWING

When" college rowing" is mentioned, many college men and a good many of the non-college public think at once of the classic annual Harvard-Yale contest. But, as a matter of fact, the annual regatta at Poughkeepsie, in which Cornell, Columbia, Pennsylvania, Syracuse, and often one or two other universities settle their supremacy with the

sweep, is, as a rule, a more spectacular contest than the Harvard-Yale race, and usually produces better rowing.

This year Syracuse won every race rowed, and defeated Cornell, Columbia, and Pennsylvania, in the order named, on the Hudson. Both Princeton and Harvard, two crews that did not row at Poughkeepsie, have records to demand attention. Princeton scored victories over Harvard, Columbia, Pennsylvania, and Yale. The fact that Princeton beat Harvard, while Harvard defeated Cornell-the crew that pressed Syracuse so hard for first honors at Poughkeepsie-makes one wish that the Tiger and Crimson eights might have pulled in that grueling race on the Hudson. Cornell's victory over Princeton on Lake Cayuga shows how difficult it is to "rate" crews on the record of their races.

Mr. Constance Titus, retired amateur champion of sweeps and sculls, and a rowing expert of high authority, gives us his estimate of the Eastern college crews by placing them in the following order: Syracuse, Harvard, Cornell, Princeton, Annapolis, Columbia, Pennsylvania, Yale.

Harvard's victory over Yale at New London was expected, in view of the preliminary season records of the two crews. Yale, however, surprised a good many "experts" by rowing as well as she did, for, though beaten by three and a half lengths, the Yale crew stuck close to Harvard during the first part of the race, and undoubtedly this early forcing was instrumental in the lowering of the old record by the Crimson. Harvard's margin of improvement over the old record which was made by Bob Cook's Yale crew in 1888 was eight seconds.

This result of the race on the Thames has been heralded by some critics as a proof of the inferiority of the modified English stroke used by the Yale crew. But this conclusion seems unjustified without further evidence, inasmuch as last year, with the same stroke, Yale beat Harvard. Yale and Harvard have now rowed fifty races, and each has won twenty-five.

Every rowing man, whatever his Alma Mater, will regret the passing of Charles E. Courtney, the "Grand Old Man" of Cornell aquatics. For Courtney's sake, many who held no grudge against Syracuse hoped for a Cornell victory on the Hudson this year, for it was the "Old Man's "last year in harness. Courtney suffered a fracture of the skull just before the Poughkeepsie regatta of 1915,

and this year was forced to watch the race from the bank with a trained nurse by his side. No more will he lift to his lips the old red megaphone through which more than a generation of Cornellians have learned of rowing about all that there is to know. Since the formation of the Intercollegiate Rowing Association in 1895 Courtney's crews have won fourteen of the twenty-two races.

COLLEGE BASEBALL

It is useless to try to pick the champion among the college baseball teams of the East. Columbia, Tufts, Harvard, and Syracuse were the leaders, and the supporters of all of them have ample reason to be proud. Inasmuch as there was only one meeting among these four notable contenders-and that was the eleven-inning game in which Harvard beat Tufts 4 to 3—there are no data by which it is fair to declare any one of the four the best. On a pure basis of percentage, Columbia ranks the highest, having won eighteen games, tied one, and lost one-to Cornell.

Out of twenty-two games played Tufts was defeated only by Harvard and Bowdoin, while the Crimson, in twenty-five games, was tied once but was defeated only by Brown, Boston College, and the American Catholic University. Syracuse played twenty-two games and won nineteen. Harvard's two baseball victories over Yale make it a banner year for the Cambridge men, who in the college year just ended have won three of the so-called four major sports from the Elis-football, baseball, and rowing. Yale won the dual track

meet.

Standing out among the really remarkable achievements in college baseball this year are the pitching of George Smith, of Columbia, and Whittaker, of Tufts, and the heavy batting of the Tufts boys. The greatest feat of Smith was achieved in his last five games, when he allowed his opponents only twelve hits, struck out seventy-four men, and was scored on only once. Tufts compiled the remarkable team batting average of 315, which means that on an average every man on the team got a safe hit out of about every three times at bat. But the batting of Leland, the Tufts' right fielder, was little short of phenomenal. This youth's batting average was 436. In other words, almost every other time that he faced the pitcher he got to first base simply and solely by virtue of his skill with the ash.

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