1 of individual or collective self-defense recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area." Article 6 provides that "For the purpose of Article 5 an armed attack on one or more of the Parties is deemed to include an armed attack on the territory of any of the Parties in Europe or North America, on the Algerian departments of France, on the occupation forces of any Party in Europe, on the islands under the jurisdiction of any Party in the North Atlantic area north of the Tropic of Cancer or on the vessels or aircraft in this area of any of the Parties." In addition to the United States, the following other countries are parties to this treaty: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. (4) Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between the United States and Panama, signed at Washington March 2, 1936 (Treaty Series 945).—Article X of this treaty provides as follows: "In case of an international conflagration or the existence of any threat of aggression which would endanger the security of the Republic of Panama or the neutrality or security of the Panama Canal, the Governments of the United States of America and the Republic of Panama will take such measures of prevention and defense as they may consider necessary for the protection of their common interests. Any measures, in safeguarding such interests, which it shall appear essential to one Government to take, and which may affect the territory under the jurisdiction of the other Government, will be the subject of consultation between the two Governments.' (5) Agreement between the United States and Denmark for the defense of Greenland, signed at Washington April 9, 1941 (Executive Agreement Series 204).—Article I of this agreement provides as follows: "The Government of the United States of America reiterates its recognition of and respect for the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Denmark over Greenland. Recognizing that as a result of the present European war there is danger that Greenland may be converted into a point of aggression against nations of the American Continent, the Government of the United States of America, having in mind its obligations under the Act of Habana signed on July 30, 1940, accepts the responsibility of assisting Greenland in the maintenance of its present status.' (6) Agreement between the Governments of the United States and Liberia regarding defense areas, signed at Monrovia March 31, 1942 (Executive Agreement Series 275). The provisions of the various articles of this agreement provide, in general, for rights of the United States in defense areas. The preamble to the agreement contains the following statements: "Whereas: "The situation of Liberia is made critical by the existing war and there is danger of attack or aggression by unfriendly powers; and "2. Additional protection is necessary in order that the independence and security of the Republic may be safeguarded; and "3. The Government of Liberia has requested that the Government of the United States because of its traditional friendly interest in the welfare of Liberia, give such aid as may be possible in the circumstances in the defense of the Republic; and "4. The Government of Liberia has granted the Government of the United States in this emergency the right to construct, control, operate and defend at the sole cost and expense of the latter and without charge to the Republic of Liberia, such military and commercial airports in the Republic as in consultation with the Government of the Republic of Liberia may mutually be considered necessary; and the right also to assist in the protection and defense of any part of the Republic which might be liable to attack during the present war, said grant to include the right to construct access roads from Monrovia to the airport at Roberts Field on the Farmington River and the seaplane facilities at Fisherman Lake in the County of Grand Cape Mount; and "5. The above-mentioned rights have been granted as of February 14, 1942, to become effective from that date and to remain in effect for the duration of the existing war and for a period not to exceed six months thereafter." (7) Agreement between the United States and the Philippines regarding military bases, signed at Manila March 14, 1947 (Treaties and Other International Acts Series 1775).—The preamble to this agreement reads as follows: "Whereas the war in the Pacific has confirmed the mutuality of interest of the United States of America and of the Republic of the Philippines in matters relating to the defense of their respective territories and that mutuality of interest demands that the Governments of the two countries take the necessary measures to promote their mutual security and to defend their territories and areas; "Whereas the Governments of the United States of America and of the Republic of the Philippines are desirous of cooperating in the common defense of their two countries through arrangements consonant with the procedures and objectives of the United Nations, and particularly through a grant to the United States of America by the Republic of the Philippines in the exercise of its title and sovereignty, of the use, free of rent, in furtherance of the mutual interest of both countries, of certain lands of the public domain; "Whereas the Government of the Republic of the Philippines has requested United States assistance in providing for the defense of the Philippines and in developing for such defense effective Philippine armed forces; "Whereas pursuant to this request the Government of the United States of America has, in view of its interest in the welfare of the Philippines, indicated its intention of dispatching a military mission to the Philippines and of extending to her appropriate assistance in the development of the Philippine defense forces; "Whereas a Joint Resolution of the Congress of the United States of America of June 29, 1944, authorized the President of the United States of America to acquire bases for the mutual protection of the United States of America and of the Philippines; and "Whereas Joint Resolution No. 4 of the Congress of the Philippines, approved July 28, 1945, authorized the President of the United States of America to negotiate with the President of the Philippines for the establishment of bases provided for in the Joint Resolution of the Congress of the United States of America of June 29, 1944, with a view to insuring the territorial integrity of the Philippines, the mutual protection of the United States of America and the Philippines, and the maintenance of peace in the Pacific; "Therefore the Governments of the Republic of the Philippines and of the United States of America agree upon the following terms for the delimitation, establishment, maintenance and operation of military bases in the Philippines" Article II of the agreement provides as follows: "1. It is mutually agreed that the armed forces of the Philippines may serve on United States bases and that the armed forces of the United States may serve on Philippine military establishments whenever such conditions appear beneficial as mutually determined by the armed forces of both countries. "2. Joint outlined plans for the development of military bases in the Philippines may be prepared by military authorities of the two Governments. "3. In the interest of international security any bases listed in Annexes A and B may be made available to the Security Council of the United Nations on its call by prior mutual agreement between the United States and the Philippines." (8) The United States and Canada, while not having any formal agreement concerning the use of armed force, other than the Charter of the United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty, have clearly indicated their intention to cooperate closely in security measures. The Ogdensburg Agreement, announced in August 1940 by the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Canada, provides for the establishment of a Permanent Joint Board on Defense to "consider in the broad sense the defense of the north half of the Western Hemisphere" (Department of State Bulletin, Vol. III, No. 61, August 24, 1940, p. 154). On February 12, 1947, announcement was made in Washington and Ottawa of the results of the discussions which had taken place in the Defense Board on the extent to which the wartime cooperation between the United States and Canada should be maintained in the postwar period and that "In the interest of efficiency and economy, each Government has decided that its national defense establishment shall, to the extent authorized by law, continue to collaborate for peacetime joint security purposes." The announcement further states, among other things, that "No treaty, executive agreement, or contractual obligation has been entered into. Each country will determine the extent of its practical collaboration in respect of each and all of the foregoing principles. Either country may at any time discontinue collaboration on any or all of them. * * *"" (Department of State Bulletin, Vol. XVI, No. 399, Feb. 23, 1947, p. 361). 7. CHRONOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENTS UNDER THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY AND THE MUTUAL DEFENSE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM 1949: April 4: The North Atlantic Treaty was signed by representatives of Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, Italy, Iceland, Canada, and the United States, in Washington, D. C. April 8: The Brussels powers, Norway, Denmark, and Italy requested United States military assistance under the Atlantic Pact. July 21: The Senate consented to the ratification of the North Atlantic Treaty by a vote of 82 to 13. July 25: President Truman recommended to Congress the authorization of the military assistance program containing $1,000,000,000 for Western Europe and $314,010,000 for Greece, Turkey, Iran, the Philippines, China, and Korea. August 24: The North Atlantic Treaty entered into effect with the deposit of the necessary number of ratifications. September 17: The first session of the North Atlantic Council, attended by the foreign ministers of all the parties to the treaty, was held in Washington. At this session the Council made provision for its own future operation and established subsidiary bodies in the treaty organization. September 23: President Truman announced that there was evidence that within recent weeks an atomic explosion occurred in the U. S. S. R. October 5: The first meeting of the Defense Committee was held in Washington, when it established its organization and established the Military Production and Supply Board. October 6: The Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1949 (Public Law 329, 81st Cong.) was signed by the President. The appropriations for it were signed by the President on October 28, 1949. November 1-2: The first meeting of the Military Production and Supply Board held in London, agreed on a series of programs and studies leading to an integrated plan for meeting production and supply requirements. November 18: The second session of the North Atlantic Council held in Washington, approved the establishment of the Military Production and Supply Board by the Defense Committee and directed that the Defense Financial and Economic Committee be established. December 1: At its second meeting, the Defense Committee of the North Atlantic Council announced agreement on a strategic concept for the integrated defense of the North Atlantic area. 1950: January 6: The third session of the North Atlantic Council which was held in Washington, approved the strategic concept for the defense of the North Atlantic area as drawn up by its Defense Committee. January 27: The bilateral agreements for military assistance were signed in Washington between the United States and the United Kingdom, France, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxemburg. A similar arrangement was made between the United States and Italy by an exchange of communications. The President announced approval of plans for integrated defense. January 31: President Truman announced that he had authorized March 10: Initial shipments to the North Atlantic countries June 1: The President recommended to the Congress the enact- June 30: The Senate unanimously passed the extension of the July 26: President Truman signed the Mutual Defense Assist- 1950-Continued August 1: President Truman asked Congress for an additional $4,000,000,000 for foreign military aid, $3,504,000,000 for the North Atlantic area, $193,000,000 for Greece, Turkey, and Iran, and the balance for the Philippines, China, and Korea. In order to provide these funds as rapidly as possible, the request was sent directly to the Appropriations Committees. September 2: A statement was issued by the Council of Deputies outlining a program for priority production for the equipment most urgently needed for the defense plans, stating that an urgent study would be begun of the measures required to strengthen the military organization of the treaty and the best use of the collective resources of the 12 countries. September 9: President Truman issued a statement that "on the basis of recommendations of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, concurred in by the Secretaries of State and Defense, I have today approved substantial increases in the strength of the United States forces to be stationed in Western Europe. The extent of these increases and the timing of them will be worked out in close coordination with our North Atlantic partners. * * * The purpose of this measure is to increase the effectiveness of our collective defense efforts and thereby insure the maintenance of peace. September 14: The Foreign Ministers of the United States, United Kingdom, and France, after 2 days of meetings issued a communique that they were agreed that the strengthening of the defense of Western Europe and Asia was the most urgent problem. They exchanged general views on the establishment of integrated forces for the defense of Europe; on arrangements for expediting the production of the equipment needed; for the possible inclusion of Germany in the integrated defense effort; on internal security in Germany; and on the restoration of Germany to the family of nations. September 18: The Foreign Ministers of the United States, United Kingdom, and France ended their meeting with a communique on Germany stating that they had agreed: (1) to end the state of war with Germany by legislation; (2) to reinforce their troops there and to treat any attack against the Federal Republic or on Berlin from any quarter as an attack on themselves; (3) to create mobile police formations in the western sectors; (4) to enable Germany to set up a Foreign Ministry and enter into diplomatic relations with countries; (5) to revise the occupation statute and remove or relax controls; (6) and to revise the agreement on prohibited and restricted industries. September 26: The North Atlantic Treaty Council concluded its session in New York with agreement on the establishment of an integrated European defense force under a supreme commander. It was also agreed that Germany should be enabled to contribute to the defense of the west and that the Defense Committee should make recommendations on the subject. |