very broad one,69 it is not unlimited.70 The legislature cannot, under the guise of police regulations, take away or abridge rights secured to citizens by the federal or state constitutions.71 And the exercise legislature it will be upheld though the judgment of the court is totally opposed to the enactment of such a law. Lochner V. New York, 198 U. S. 45, 49 L. Ed. 937, 25 Sup. Ct. 539, 3 Ann. Cas. 1133, rev'g 177 N. Y. 145, 69 N. E. 373, 101 Am. St. Rep. 773. 69 Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45, 49 L. Ed. 937, 25 Sup. Ct. 539, 3 Ann. Cas. 1133, rev'g 177 N. Y. 145, 69 N. E. 373, 101 Am. St. Rep. 773; State v. Donaldson, 41 Minn. 74, 42 N. W. 781; State v. Goodwill, 33 W. Va. 179, 10 S. E. 285, 6 L. R. A. 621, 25 Am. St. Rep. 863. 70 United States. McLean v. State of Arkansas, 211 U. S. 539, 53 L. Ed. 315, 29 Sup. Ct. 206, aff'g 81 Ark. 304, 98 S. W. 729, 126 Am. St. Rep. 1037, 11 Ann. Cas. 72; Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45, 49 L. Ed. 937, 25 Sup. Ct. 539, 3 Ann. Cas. 1133, rev'g 177 N. Y. 145, 69 N. E. 373, 101 Am. St. Rep. 773. Illinois. Eden v. People, 161 Ill. 296, 43 N. E. 1108, 32 L. R. A. 659, 52 Am. St. Rep. 365. Minnesota. State v. Donaldson, 41 Minn. 74, 42 N. W. 781. New Hampshire. State v. Ramseyer, 73 N. H. 31, 58 Atl. 958, 6 Ann. Cas. 445. New York. People v. Luhrs, 195 N. Y. 377, 89 N. E. 171, 25 L. R. A. (N. S.) 473, aff'g 127 App. Div. 634, 111 N. Y. Supp. 749. And see the other cases cited in the following notes: 71 United States. House v. Mayes, 219 U. S. 270, 55 L. Ed. 213, 31 Sup. Ct. 234, aff'g 227 Mo. 617, 127 S. W. 305; Shevlin-Carpenter Co. V. State of Minnesota, 218 U. S. 57, 54 L. Ed. 930, 30 Sup. Ct. 663, aff'g 102 Minn. 470, 113 N. W. 634, 114 N. W. 738; Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45, 49 L. Ed. 937, 25 Sup. Ct. 539, 3 Ann. Cas. 1133, rev'g 177 N. Y. 145, 69 N. E. 373, 101 Am. St. Rep. 773; Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S. 623, 31 L. Ed. 205, 8 Sup. Ct. 273; Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Railroad Commission of Tennessee, 19 Fed. 679. Illinois. People v. Kane, 288 Ill. 235, 123 N. E. 265. Missouri. State v. Missouri Pac. R. Co., 242 Mo. 339, 147 S. W. 118; State v. Julow, 129 Mo. 163, 31 S. W. 781, 29 L. R. A. 257, 50 Am. St. Rep. 443. New Hampshire. State V. Ramseyer, 73 N. H. 31, 58 Atl. 958, 6 Ann. Cas. 445. New York. People v. Gillson, 109 N. Y. 389, 17 N. E. 343, 4 Am. St. Rep. 465. West Virginia. State v. Goodwill, 33 W. Va. 179, 10 S. E. 285, 6 L. R. A. 621, 25 Am. St. Rep. 863. "It must be so exercised as not to deprive a citizen of life, liberty or property without due process of law, or to deny to any person the equal protection of the laws." People v. Luhrs, 195 N. Y. 377, 89 N. E. 171, 25 L. R. A. (N. S.) 473, aff'g 127 N. Y. App. Div. 634, 111 N. Y. Supp. 749. If the legislature passes an act ostensibly for the public health or safety, and thereby destroys or takes away the property of a citizen or interferes with his rights or personal liberty, it is for the courts to determine whether it is a proper and reasonable exercise of the power, and, if it is not, to declare it void. of the power is also limited to such measures as are designed to promote the public health, safety, morals or welfare,72 and, to come within it, a statute must have some real relation to these ends.73 The rights of property cannot be invaded under the guise of a police regu State v. Goodwill, 33 W. Va. 179, 10 S. E. 285, 6 L. R. A. 621, 25 Am. St. Rep. 863. 72 California. Ex parte Drexel, 147 Cal. 763, 82 Pac. 429, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 588, 3 Ann. Cas. 878. Illinois. People v. Wilson, 249 Ill. 195, 94 N. E. 141, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1074; Noel v. People, 187 Ill. 587, 58 N. E. 616, 52 L. R. A. 287, 79 Am. St. Rep. 238; City of Chicago v. Netcher, 183 Ill. 104, 55 N. E. 707, 48 L. R. A. 261, 75 Am. St. Rep. 93. Massachusetts. In re opinion of Justices, 208 Mass. 619, 94 N. E. 1044, 34 L. R. A. (N. S.) 771. New York. People v. Gillson, 109 N. Y. 389, 17 N. E. 343, 4 Am. St. Rep. 465. Utah. Saville v. Corless, 46 Utah 495, 151 Pac. 51, L. R. A. 1916 A 651, Ann. Cas. 1918 D 198. Virginia. Young v. Com., 101 Va. 853, 45 S. E. 327. The legislature cannot under the guise of police regulations enact laws which do not pertain to one or the other of these objects, and which impose onerous and unnecessary burdens upon business and property. Ex parte Hayden, 147 Cal. 649, 82 Pac. 315, 1 L. R. A. (N. S.) 184, 109 Am. St. Rep. 183. 73 United States. House v. Mayes, 219 U. S. 270, 55 L. Ed. 213, 31 Sup. Ct. 234, aff'g 227 Mo. 617, 127 S. W. 305; Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45, 49 L. Ed. 937, 25 Sup. Ct. 539; Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S. 623, 31 L. Ed. 205, 8 Sup. Ct. 273. California. Ex parte Drexel, 147 Cal. 763, 82 Pac. 429, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 588, 3 Ann. Cas. 878. Illinois. Noel v. People, 187 Ill. 587, 58 N. E. 616, 52 L. R. A. 287, 79 Am. St. Rep. 238. Louisiana. State v. Legendre, 138 La. 154, 70 So. 70, L. R. A. 1916 B 1270. Minnesota. State v. Donaldson, 41 Minn. 74, 42 N. W. 781. 'New Hampshire. State v. Ramseyer, 73 N. H. 31, 58 Atl. 958, 6 Ann. Cas. 445. New York. People v. Gillson, 109 N. Y. 389, 17 N. E. 343, 4 Am. St. Rep. 465. It must have some reasonable relation to the subjects included in the power, and it must be apparent that some such end is the one actually intended and that there is some connection between the provisions of the law and such purpose. People v. Wilson, 249 Ill. 195, 94 N. E. 141, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1074; City of Chicago v. Netcher, 183 Ill. 104, 55 N. E. 707, 48 L. R. A. 261, 75 Am. St. Rep. 93. A law enacted in the exercise of the police power must be in fact a police law. If it is apparent on the face of the act that its provisions cannot and will not conduce to any legitimate police purpose, it is the right and duty of the court to declare it invalid. Noel v. People, 187 Ill. 587, 58 N. E. 616, 52 L. R. A. 287, 79 Am. St. Rep. 238; State v. Donaldson, 41 Minn. 74, 42 N. W. 781. The purpose of the statute in this respect must be determined from the natural and legal effect of the language employed, and its constitutionality from its natural effect when put in operation, and not from its proclaimed purpose. Lochner v. New lation for the protection of health, etc., when it is manifest that such is not the object of the regulation.74 It must also appear that the interests of the public generally, as distinguished from those of a particular class, require the action taken, and that the means adopted are reasonably necessary for the accomplishment of the purpose intended, and are not unduly oppressive upon individuals.75 The police power does not justify the enactment of unreasonable, oppressive or unjust laws.76 § 47. Illustrations. The prevention of deception and fraud in trade and commerce has always been recognized as well within the police power.77 And so are laws regulating the practice of medicine, York, 198 U. S. 45, 49 L. Ed. 937, 25 Sup. Ct. 539, 3 Ann. Cas. 1133, rev'g 177 N. Y. 145, 69 N. E. 373, 101 Am. St. Rep. 773. 74 Ex parte Drexel, 147 Cal. 763, 82 Pac. 429, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 588, 3 Ann. Cas. 878; People v. Wilson, 249 Ill. 195, 94 N. E. 141, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1074; Eden v. People, 161 Ill. 296, 43 N. E. 1108, 32 L. R. A. 659, 52 Am. St. Rep. 365; Millett v. People, 117 Ill. 294, 7 N. E. 631, 57 Am. Rep. 869; People v. Gillson, 109 N. Y. 389, 17 N. E. 343, 4 Am. St. Rep. 465. 75 United States. Lawton v. Steele, 152 U. S. 133, 38 L. Ed. 385, 14 Sup. Ct. 499, aff 'g 119 N. Y. 226, 23 N. E. 878, 7 L. R. A. 134, 16 Am. St. Rep. 813. Colorado. Wilson v. City & County of Denver, 65 Colo. 484, 178 Pac. 17. Maryland. State v. Potomac Valley Coal Co. of Garrett County, 116 Md. 380, 81 Atl. 686. New Hampshire. State V. Ramseyer, 73 N. H. 31, 58 Atl. 958, 6 Ann. Cas. 445. New York. People v. Klinck Packing Co., 214 N. Y. 121, 108 N. E. 278, Ann. Cas. 1916 D 1051, aff'g 164 App. Div. 97, 149 N. Y. Supp. 504. Texas. St. Louis Southwestern R. Co. of Texas v. Griffin, 106 Tex. 477, 171 S. W. 703, L. R. A. 1917 B 1108. Virginia. Young v. Com., 101 Va. 853, 45 S. E. 327. The means employed must be appropriate and reasonably necessary for the accomplishment of the purpose in view, and not unduly oppressive. House v. Mayes, 219 U. S. 270, 55 L. Ed. 213, 31 Sup. Ct. 234, aff'g 227 Mo. 617, 127 S. W. 305; People v. Kane, 288 Ill. 235, 123 N. E. 265; People v. Warden of City Prison, 154 N. Y. App. Div. 413, 139 N. Y. Supp. 277, rev'g 74 N. Y. Misc. 151, 134 N. Y. Supp. 335. 76 McLean v. State of Arkansas, 211 U. S. 539, 53 L. Ed. 315, 29 Sup. Ct. 206, aff'g 81 Ark. 304, 98 S. W. 729, 126 Am. St. Rep. 1037, 11 Ann. Cas. 72; State v. Smith, 233 Mo. 242, 135 S. W. 465, 33 L. R. A. (N. S.) 179; State v. Bunting, 71 Ore. 259, 139 Pac. 731, L. R. A. 1917 C 1162, Ann. Cas. 1916 C 1003. Legislation passed in the exercise of the police power must be reasonable in the sense that it must be based on reason as distinct from being wholly arbitrary or capricious. People v. Griswold, 213 N. Y. 92, 106 N. E. 929, L. R. A. 1915 D 538, aff'g 151 N. Y. App. Div. 933, 135 N. Y. Supp. 1132. 77 State v. Richcreek, 167 Ind. 217, surgery, dentistry and the like,78 laws regulating the manufacture and sale of food, and prohibiting the adulteration of food products,79 usury laws,80 Sunday laws,81 laws regulating the taking or killing of game or fish,82 laws for the protection of the lives, health, safety and comfort of employees, 88 laws regulating places of amusement,84 laws regulating the operation of railroads,85 and motor vehicles,86 laws making it an offense to give a check without having funds in the bank to meet it,87 laws making it an offense to use the national flag for advertising purposes,88 or prohibiting the selling, giving away or advertising of drugs, articles or instruments for the prevention of conception,89 or prohibiting or restricting prize fighting or boxing contests,90 laws for the prevention of gambling,91 laws prohibiting seditious utterances or publications in time of war,92 laws regulating or prohibiting the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquor,93 and laws defining vagrancy and providing for its punish 77 N. E. 1085, 5 L. R. A. (N. S.) 874, 119 Am. St. Rep. 491, 10 Ann. Cas. 899; People v. Wagner, 86 Mich. 594, 49 N. W. 609, 13 L. R. A. 286, 24 Am. St. Rep. 141; People v. Luhrs, 195 N. Y. 377, 89 N. E. 171, 25 L. R. A. (N. S.) 473, aff'g 127 N. Y. App. Div. 634, 111 N. Y. Supp. 749; State v. Co-operative Store Co., 123 Tenn. 399, 131 S. W. 867, Ann. Cas. 1912 C 248. 78 Watson v. State of Maryland, 218 U. S. 173, 54 L. Ed. 987, 30 Sup. Ct. 644, aff'g 105 Md. 650, 66 Atl. 635; Fealy v. City of Birmingham, 15 Ala. App. 367, 73 So. 296. They emanate from that branch of the police power having to do with the public health. Smith v. People, 51 Colo. 270, 117 Pac. 612, 36 L. R. A. (N. S.) 158. 79 See § 1355 et seq., infra. 80 See § 1545 et seq., infra. 81 See § 1334 et seq., infra. 82 See § 1440 et seq., infra. 83 Booth v. State, 179 Ind. 405, 100 N. E. 563, L. R. A. 1915 B 420, Ann. Cas. 1915 D 987, aff'd 237 U. S. 391, 59 L. Ed. 1011, 35 Sup. Ct. 617. See § 1425, infra. 84 Thus, the legislature may prohibit the keeper of a billiard room or bowling alley from allowing playing therein after a certain time in the evening or night. Com. v. Colton, 8 Gray (Mass.) 488. 85 Requiring locomotives to be equipped with electric headlights of a certain power. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. State, 125 Ga. 545. 86 See § 1429 et seq., infra. 88 Such a statute does not infringe the personal liberty guaranteed by the fourteenth amendment of the federal constitution, or deprive citizens of any privilege impliedly granted by the constitution. Halter v. State of Nebraska, 205 U. S. 34, 51 L. Ed. 696, 27 Sup. Ct. 419, 10 Ann. Cas. 525, aff'g 74 Neb. 757, 105 N. W. 298, 7 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1079, 121 Am. St. Rep. 754. 89 See § 1123, infra. 90 See § 979 et seq., infra. 92 See § 955 et seq., infra. 93 Laws of this character were sustained as an exercise of the police power prior to the adoption of the ment.94 Further examples of laws which have been held to be within the police power will be found in other sections of this chapter,95 and in the chapters dealing with the various specific crimes.96 § 48. Classification. The legislature may make classifications of persons, subjects or localities for purposes of legislation, provided such classification has some reasonable and just relation to real differences with reference to the subject regulated, and the law operates equally upon all who come within the class to be affected. Such a eighteenth amendment. See: United States. Crane v. Campbell, 245 U. S. 304, 62 L. Ed. 304, 38 Sup. Ct. 98. aff'g In re Crane, 27 Idaho 671, 151 Pac. 1006, L. R. A. 1918 A 942; Mugler v. Kansas, 123 U. S. 623, 31 L. Ed. 205, 8 Sup. Ct. 273; Thurlow v. Com., 5 How. 504, 12 L. Ed. 256. Alabama. Dowda V. State, 203 Ala. 441, 83 So. 324; Jones v. State. 17 Ala. App. 444 85 So. 839. Arkansas. Woods v. State, 36 Ark. 36, 38 Am. Rep. 22. Florida. 417, 77 So. 533. Georgia. Rose v. State, 4 Ga. App. 588, 62 S. F. 117. Fine v. Moran, 74 Fla. Indiana. State v. Gerhardt, 145 Ind. 439, 44 N. E. 469, 33 L. R. A. 313; Hedderich v. State, 101 Ind. 564, 1 N. E. 47, 51 Am. Rep. 768. Iowa. Santo v. State, 2 Iowa 165, 63 Am. Dec. 487. Kansas. State v. Durein, 70 Kan. 13, 80 Pac. 987. Kentucky. Stickrod v. Com., Ky. 285, 5 S. W. 580. 86 Maryland. Keller v. State, 11 Md. 525, 69 Am. Dec. 226. Minnesota. State v. Hosmer, 144 Minn. 342, 175 N. W. 683; State v. Brothers, 144 Minn. 337, 175 N. W. 685. Missouri. State v. Pond, 93 Mo. 606, 6 S. W. 469. Montana. In re O'Brien, 29 Mont. 530, 75 Pac. 196, 1 Ann. Cas. 373. New York. People v. Willi, 109 Misc. 79, 179 N. Y. Supp. 542. Ohio. Stevens v. State, 61 Ohio St. 597, 56 N. E. 478; Gordon v. State, 46 Ohio St. 607, 23 N. E. 63, 6 L. R. A. 749. South Dakota. State v. Barber, 19 S. D. 1, 101 N. W. 1078. Tennessee. Motlow v. State, 125 Tenn. 547, 145 S. W. 177, L. R. A. 1916 F 177, appeal dismissed 239 U. S. 653, 60 L. Ed. 487, 36 Sup. Ct. 161 (mem. dec.). Virginia. Danville v. Hatcher, 101 Va. 523, 44 S. E. 723. West Virginia. State V. Woodward, 68 W. Va. 66, 69 S. E. 385, 30 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1004. Prohibiting the possession of intoxicating liquors for personal use. Crane v. Campbell, 245 U. S. 304, 62 L. Ed. 304, 38 Sup. Ct. 98, aff'g 27 Idaho 671, 151 Pac. 1006, L. R. A. 1918 A 942; People v. Willi, 109 N. Y. Misc. 79, 179 N. Y. Supp. 542. As to the eighteenth amendment, see § 1373 et seq., infra. 94 See § 1327 et seq., infra. 96 See the chapters dealing with particular offenses, particularly chapters 32, and 35 to 39, inclusive. |