practice of medicine, surgery, dentistry, and the like,52 or the business of banking,53 or prescribe reasonable regulations in respect to employment agents,54 or prohibit the sale of loaves of bread weighing less than a prescribed standard,55 or prohibit dealing in futures,56 or the telling of fortunes for compensation,57 or the keeping of billiard or pool halls,58 or prohibit or restrict prize fighting or boxing contests.59 And statutes prohibiting the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors were universally held to be within the police power even before the adoption of the eighteenth amendment.60 It may also make it an offense to carry on a particular business or employment without a license.6 61 And it may require a certain degree of skill and learning as a condition of being permitted to engage in certain callings or pursuits, to be ascertained by an examination for the purpose, or inferred from a diploma or certificate issued by an institution established for instruction on the subjects with which the pursuit in question has to deal, provided the qualifications required are appropriate to the calling or profession, and are attainable by reasonable study or application.62 Further illustrations of the power 1915 D 538, aff'g 151 N. Y. App. Div. 933, 135 N. Y. Supp. 1132. Ohio. Allion v. City of Toledo, 99 Ohio St. 416, 124 N. E. 237, 6 A. L. R. 426; State v. Gravett, 65 Ohio St. 289, 62 N. E. 325, 55 L. R. A. 791, 87 Am. St. Rep. 605; State v. Gardner, 58 Ohio St. 599, 51 N. E. 136, 41 L. R. A. 689, 65 Am. St. Rep. 785. Wisconsin. Price v. State, 168 Wis. 603, 171 N. W. 77. "When a vocation, naturally lawful, or the mode of exercising it, inflicts injury to the rights of others, or is inconsistent with the public welfare, it may be regulated or restrained by the state, by the exercise of its police power." State v. Snowman, 94 Me. 99, 46 Atl. 815, 50 L. R. A. 544, 80 Am. St. Rep. 380. 52 See § 1388 et seq., infra. 53 Youngblood v. Birmingham Trust & Savings Co., 95 Ala. 521, 12 Sq. 579, 20 L. R. A. 58, 36 Am. St. Rep. 245; State v. Richcreek, 167 Ind. 217, 77 N. E. 1085, 5 L. R. A. (N. S.) 874, 119 Am. St. Rep. 491, 10 Ann. Cas. 899. A statute making it an offense for a banker to receive deposits while insolvent is valid. See § 1290, infra. But it has been held that the legislature cannot constitutionally deprive a person of the right to carry on the business of banking, other than that of issuing paper to circulate as money. State v. Scougal, 3 S. D. 55, 51 N. W. 858, 15 L. R. A. 477, 44 Am. St. Rep. 756. 54 See § 1424, infra. 62 United States. Dent V. West Virginia, 129 U. S. 114, 32 L. Ed. 623, 9 Sup. Ct. 231. California. Ex parte Whitley, 144 Cal. 167, 77 Pac. 879, 1 Ann. Cas. 13. of the legislature in this regard will be found in the chapters dealing specifically with the various regulatory statutes.68 § 46. The police power-In general. Both liberty and property are held upon such reasonable conditions and subject to such reasonable regulations as may be imposed by the governing power of the states in the exercise of their police powers, and with such conditions and regulations the prohibition in the fourteenth amendment against depriving any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law was not designed to and does not interfere.64 The Kentucky. Kentucky Board of Pharmacy v. Cassidy, 115 Ky. 690, 74 S. W. 730; Driscoll v. Com., 93 Ky. 393, 20 S. W. 431. Louisiana. Allopathic State Board of Medical Examiners v. Fowler, 50 La Ann. 1358, 24 So. 809. Minnesota. State v. Vandersluis, 42 Minn. 129, 43 N. W. 789, 6 L. R. A. 119. Montana. State v. Hopkins, 54 Mont. 52, 166 Pac. 304, Ann. Cas. 1918 D 956. North Carolina. State v. Call, 121 N. C. 643, 28 S. E. 517. Ohio. State v. Gravett, 65 Ohio St. 289, 62 N. E. 325, 55 L. R. A. 791, 87 Am. St. Rep. 605; State v. Gardner, 58 Ohio St. 599, 51 N. E. 136, 41 L. R. A. 689, 65 Am. St. Rep. 785. Wisconsin. Price v. State, 168 Wis. 603, 171 N. W. 77. For a further discussion of statutes of this character, see ch. 38, infra. 63 See particularly chapters 36 to 39, inclusive. 64 United States. Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45, 49 L. Ed. 937, 25 Sup. Ct. 539, 3 Ann. Cas. 1133, rev'g 177 N. Y. 145, 69 N. E. 373, 101 Am. St. Rep. 773; In re Kemmler, 136 U. S. 436, 34 L. Ed. 519, 10 Sup. Ct. 930. Alabama. Jones v. State, 17 Ala. App. 444, 85 So. 839. Colorado. Bland v. People, 32 Colo. 319, 76 Pac. 359, 65 L. R. A. 424, 105 Am. St. Rep. 80. Illinois. People v. Kane, 288 Ill. 235, 123 N. E. 265; Ritchie & Co. v. Wayman, 244 Ill. 509, 91 N. E. 695, 27 L. R. A (N. S.) 994; Meadowcroft v. State, 163 Ill. 56, 45 N. E. 991, 35 L. R. A. 176, 54 Am. St. Rep. 447; Frorer v. People, 141 Ill. 171, 31 N. E. 395, 16 L. R. A. 492. Indiana. State v. Richcreek, 167 Ind. 217, 77 N. E. 1085, 5 L. R. A. (N. S.) 874, 119 Am. St. Rep. 491, 10 Ann. Cas. 899; Parks v. State, 159 Ind. 211, 64 N. E. 862, 59 L. R. A. 190. Kansas. State v. Durein, 70 Kan. 13, 80 Pac. 987. Kentucky. Kentucky Board of Pharmacy v. Cassidy, 115 Ky. 690, 74 S. W. 730. Louisiana. State v. Judge, 39 La. Ann. 132, 1 So. 437. Maine. State v. Latham, 115 Me. 176, 98 Atl. 578, L. R. A. 1917 A 480. Maryland. State v. J. M. Seney Co., 134 Md. 437, 107 Atl. 189; State v. Hyman, 98 Md. 596, 57 Atl. 6, 64 L. R. A. 637, 1 Ann. Cas. 742. Massachusetts. Com. v. Alger, 7 Cush. 53. Minnesota. State v. Hovorka, 100 Minn. 249, 110 N. W. 870, 8 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1272, 10 Ann. Cas. 398. Missouri. State v. Smith, 233 Mo. police power of a state is an attribute of sovereignty which is founded on the duty of the state to protect its citizens and provide for the safety and good order of society. It exists without any reservation in the constitution,65 and it has been said that the whole body of the criminal law is but a branch of it.66 Under it the legislature may constitutionally enact laws for the protection of the safety, health, morals and general welfare of all persons within the state and for the protection of all property within the state. 67 And, subject to 242, 135 S. W. 465, 33 L. R. A. (N. S.) 179; State v. Cantwell, 179 Mo. 245, 78 S. W. 569. Nebraska, In re Anderson, 69 Neb. 686, 96 N. W. 149, 5 Ann. Cas. 421. New York. People v. Luhrs, 195 N. Y. 377, 89 N. E. 171, 25 L. R. A. (N. S.) 473, aff'g 127 App. Div. 634, 111 N. Y. Supp. 749; People v. King, 110 N. Y. 418, 18 N. E. 245, 1 L. R. A. 293, 6 Am. St. Rep. 389, aff'g 42 Hun 186, 5 N. Y. St. Rep. 138; People v. Willi, 109 Misc. 79, 179 N. Y. Supp. 542; Fitzsimmons v. New York State Athletic Commission, 146 N. Y. Supp. 117. Oregon. State v. Bunting, 71 Ore. 259, 139 Pac. 731, L. R. A. 1917 C 1162, Ann. Cas. 1916 C 1003; State v. Muller, 48 Ore. 252, 85 Pac. 855, 120 Am. St. Rep. 805, 11 Ann. Cas. 88, aff'd 208 U. S. 412, 52 L. Ed. 550, 28 Sup. Ct. 324. West Virginia. State v. Peel Splint Coal Co., 36 W. Va. 802, 15 S. E. 1000, 17 L. R. A. 385; State v. Goodwill, 33 W. Va. 179, 10 S. E. 285, 6 L. R. A. 621, 25 Am. St. Rep. 863. Wisconsin. State v. Heinemann, 80 Wis. 253, 49 N. W. 818, 27 Am. St. Rep. 34. Wyoming. State v. Sherman, 18 Wyo. 169, 105 Pac. 299, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 898, Ann. Cas. 1912 C 819. See also the other cases cited in the following notes and standard works on constitutional law. 65 People v. Johnson, 288 Ill. 442, 123 N. E. 543, 4 A. L. R. 1535. "It is not granted by or derived from the federal constitution but exists independently of it, by reason of its never having been surrendered by the state to the federal government."' House v. Mayes, 219 U. S. 270, 55 L. Ed. 213, 31 Sup. Ct. 234, aff'g 227 Mo. 617, 127 S. W. 305. 66 Motlow v. State, 125 Tenn. 547, 145 S. W. 177, L. R. A. 1916 F 177, appeal dismissed 239 U. S. 653, 60 L. Ed. 487, 36 Sup. Ct. 161 (mem. dec.). Congress has no general power to enact police regulations operative within the territorial limits of a state, but that power has been left with the states. See § 329, infra. 67 United States. House v. Mayes, 219 U. S. 270, 55 L. Ed. 213, 31 Sup. Ct. 234, aff'g 227 Mo. 617, 127 S. W. 305; Lochner v. New York, 198 U. S. 45, 49 L. Ed. 937, 25 Sup. Ct. 539, 3 Ann. Cas. 1133, rev'g 177 N. Y. 145, 69 N. E. 373, 101 Am. St. Rep. 773. Alabama. Jones v. State, 17 Ala. App. 444, 85 So. 839. California. Ex parte Drexel, 147 Cal. 763, 82 Pac. 429, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 588, 3 Ann. Cas. 878. Illinois. People v. Kane, 288 Ill. 235, 123 N. E. 265; Ritchie & Co. v. Wayman, 244 Ill. 509, 91 N. E. 695, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 994; Meadowcroft v. State, 163 Ill. 56, 45 N. E. 991, 35 L. R. A. 176, 54 Am. St. Rep. 447. Indiana. State v. Richcreek, 167 the limitations hereinafter stated, it is generally for the legislature to determine what laws and regulations are needed for these purposes, and the exercise of its discretion in this respect will not be reviewed or interfered with by the courts unless it has clearly and palpably exceeded or abused its power.68 But while the power which Ind. 217, 77 N. E. 1085, 5 L. R. A. (N. S.) 874, 119 Am. St. Rep. 491, 10 Ann. Cas. 899; Parks v. State, 159 Ind. 211, 64 N. E. 862, 59 L. R. A. 190. Kansas. State v. Durein, 70 Kan. 13, 80 Pac. 987. Kentucky. Kentucky Board of Pharmacy v. Cassidy, 115 Ky. 690, 74 S. W. 730. Maryland. State v. J. M. Seney Co., 134 Md. 437, 107 Atl. 189. Michigan. Locke v. Ionia Circuit Judge, 184 Mich. 535, 151 N. W. 623. Missouri. State v. Smith, 233 Mo. 242, 135 S. W. 465, 33 L. R. A. (N. S.) 179. New York. People v. King, 110 N. Y. 418, 18 N. E. 245, 1 L. R. A. 293, 6 Am. St. Rep. 389, aff'g 42 Hun 186; People v. Willi, 109 Misc. 79, 179 N. Y. Supp. 542. Oklahoma. Ex parte Mayes, 64 Okla. 260, 167 Pac. 749. Oregon. State v. Bunting, 71 Ore. 259, 139 Pac. 731, L. R. A. 1917 C 1162, Ann. Cas. 1916 C 1003. Tennessee. Leeper v. State, 103 Tenn. 500, 53 S. W. 962, 48 L. R. A. 167. Virginia. Young v. Com., 101 Va. 853, 45 S. E. 327. West Virginia. State V. Goodwill, 33 W. Va. 179, 10 S. E. 285, 6 L. R. A. 621, 25 Am. St. Rep. 863. Wisconsin. State V. Heinemann, 80 Wis. 253, 49 N. W. 818, 27 Am. St. Rep. 34. Wyoming. State v. Sherman, 18 Wyo. 169, 105 Pac. 299, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 898, Ann. Cas. 1912 C 819. Subject to constitutional limitations, a state may "provide not only for the health, morals and safety of its people, but for the common good, as involved in the well-being, peace, happiness and prosperity of the people.' Halter v. State of Nebraska, 205 U. S. 34, 51 L. Ed. 696, 27 Sup. Ct. 419, 10 Ann. Cas. 525, aff'g 74 Neb. 757, 105 N. W. 298, 7 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1079, 121 Am. St. Rep. 754. "Any practice or business the tendency of which, as shown by experience, is to weaken or corrupt the morals of those who follow it, or to encourage idleness instead of habits of industry, is a legitimate subject for regulation by the state." Ex parte Tuttle, 91 Cal. 589, 27 Pac. 933; In re McCue, 7 Cal. App. 765, 96 Pac. 110. 68 United States. Armour & Co. v. State of North Dakota, 240 U. S. 510, 60 L. Ed. 771, 36 Sup. Ct. 440, aff'g 27 N. D. 177, 145 N. W. 1033, L. R. A. 1916 E 380, Ann. Cas. 1916 B 1149; Erie R. Co. v. Williams, 233 U. S. 685, 58 L. Ed. 1155, 34 Sup. Ct. 761, 51 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1097, aff'g 199 N. Y. 108, 525, 92 N. E.1084; Schmidinger v. City of Chicago, 226 U. S. 578, 57 L. Ed. 364, 33 Sup. Ct. 182, Ann. Cas. 1914 B 284, aff'g 245 Ill. 317, 92 N. E. 244, 243 Ill. 167, 90 N. E. 369, 44 L. R. A. (N. S.) 632, 17 Ann. Cas. 614; McLean v. Arkansas, 211 U. S. 539, 53 L. Ed. 315, 29 Sup. Ct. 206, aff'g 81 Ark. 304, 98 S. W. 729, 126 Am. St. Rep. 1037, 11 Ann. Cas. 72; Lawton v. Steele, 152 U. S. 133, 38 L. Ed. 385, 14 Sup. Ct. 499, aff'g 119 N. Y. 226, 23 N. E. 878, 7 L. R. A. 134, 16 Am. St. Rep. 813. resides in the legislature in regard to the exercise of this discretion is a Alabama. Jones v. State, 17 Ala. App. 444, 85 So. 839. California. Ex parte Tuttle, 91 Cal. 589, 27 Pac. 933; In re McCue, 7 Cal. App. 765, 96 Pac. 110. Georgia. Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v. State, 125 Ga. 545. Illinois. People v. Johnson, 288 Ill. 442, 123 N. E. 543, 4 A. L. R. 1535; People v. Kane, 288 Ill. 235, 123 N. E. 265. Indiana. State v. Richcreek, 167 Ind. 217, 77 N. E. 1085, 5 L. R. A. (N. S.) 874, 119 Am. St. Rep. 491, 10 Ann. Cas. 899; Parks v. State, 159 Ind. 211, 64 N. E. 862, 59 L. R. A. 190; State v. Gerhardt, 145 Ind. 439, 44 N. E. 469, 33 L. R. A. 313. Louisiana. State v. Judge, 39 La. Ann. 132, 1 So. 437. Maine. State v. Mayo, 106 Me. 62, 75 Atl. 295, 26 L. R. A. (N. S.) 502, 20 Ann. Cas. 512. Minnesota. State v. Donaldson, 41 Minn. 74, 42 N. W. 781. Missouri. State v. Smith, 233 Mo. 242, 135 S. W. 465, 33 L. R. A. (N. S.) 179. 1 Nevada. Ex parte Boyce, 27 Nev. 299, 75 Pac. 1, 65 L. R. A. 47, Ann. Cas. 66. New Hampshire. State V. Ramseyer, 73 N. H. 31, 58 Atl. 958, 6 Ann. Cas. 445. New York. People v. King, 110 N. Y. 418, 18 N. E. 245, 1 L. R. A. 293, 6 Am. St. Rep. 389, aff'g 42 Hun 186; People v. Gillson, 109 N. Y. 389, 17 N. E. 343, 4 Am. St. Rep. 465. Ohio. Allion v. City of Toledo, 99 Ohio St. 416, 124 N. E. 237, 6 A. L. R. 426. Oregon. State v. Bunting, 71 Ore. 259, 139 Pac. 731, L. R. A. 1917 C 1162, Ann. Cas. 1916 C 1003; State v. Muller, 48 Ore. 252, 85 Pac. 855, 120 Am. St. Rep. 805, 11 Ann. Cas. 88, aff'd 208 U. S. 412, 52 L. Ed. 550, 28 Sup. Ct. 324. Pennsylvania. Powell v. Com., 114 Pa. St. 265, 7 Atl. 913, 60 Am. Rep. 350, aff'd 127 U. S. 678, 32 L. Ed. 253, 8 Sup. Ct. 992, 1257. Rhode Island. State v. Foster, 22 R. I. 163, 46 Atl. 833, 50 L. R. A. 339. Tennessee. Motlow v. State, 125 Tenn. 547, 145 S. W. 177, L. R. A. 1916 F 177, appeal dismissed 239 U. S. 653, 60 L. Ed. 487, 36 Sup. Ct. 161 (mem. dec.). Laws denouncing certain acts will not be interfered with by the courts unless they can say that they have no real or substantial relation to the protection of the public morals but are a clear, unmistakable infringement of rights secured by the fundamental law. Ah Sin v. Wittman, 198 U. S. 500, 49 L. Ed. 1142, 25 Sup. Ct. 756; Booth v. State of Illinois, 184 U. S. 425, 46 L. Ed. 623, 22 Sup. Ct. 425, aff'g 186 Ill. 43, 57 N. E. 798, 50 L. R. A. 762, 78 Am. St. Rep. 229. An exertion of the police power by the legislature should not be held void if there are any considerations relating to the public welfare by which it can be supported. State v. J. M. Seney Co., 134 Md. 437, 107 Atl. 189. Whether the law is a wise one and will accomplish the purpose for which it was intended is not for the courts to determine. People v. Griswold, 213 N. Y. 92, 106 N. E. 929, L. R. A. 1915 D 538, aff'g 151 N. Y. App. Div. 933, 135 N. Y. Supp. 1132; People v. Warden of City Prison, 154 N. Y. App. Div. 413, 139 N. Y. Supp. 277, rev'g 74 N. Y. Misc. 151, 134 N. Y. Supp. 335. And if it is within the power of the |