books or pictures,26 conveying a pistol to her husband while he is in jail, for the purpose of aiding him to escape,27 and having possession of burglars' tools.28 They do not apply, however, to treason 29 or murder.30 Nor do they apply to such misdemeanors as keeping a bawdy house,31 or gaming house,32 or a liquor nuisance.33 And it has been doubted whether they apply to abducting girls by solicitation for immoral purposes.34 26 State v. Martini, 80 N. J. L. 685, 78 Atl. 12. 27 State v. Miller, 162 Mo. 253, 62 S. W. 692, 85 Am. St. Rep. 498. 28 State v. Potter, 42 Vt. 495. 29 4 Bl. Co. 29; 1 Hale P. C. 47. And see Morton v. State, 141 Tenn. 357, 209 S. W. 644, 4 A. L. R. 264. 30 Alabama. Bibb v. State, 94 Ala. 31, 10 So. 506, 33 Am. St. Rep. 88. Arkansas. Under the Arkansas statute the wife cannot be found guilty of murder if it is shown that she was acting under the threats, commands or coercion of her husband. Edwards v. State, 27 Ark. 493. Kansas. See State v. Hendricks, 32 Kan. 559, 4 Pac. 1050. Lousiana. State v. Barnes, 48 La. Ann. 460, 19 So. 251. Missouri. State v. Ma Foo (State v. Baker), 110 Mo. 7, 19 S. W. 222, 33 Am. St. Rep. 414. Tennessee. See Morton v. State, 141 Tenn. 357, 209 S. W. 644, 4 A. L. R. 264. England. 4 Bl. Com. 29; Anon., W. Kelyng, 28 Beale's Cas. 273 (citing the case of the Earl of Somerset and his wife, who were found equally guilty of the murder of Sir Thomas Overby, by poisoning him in the Tower of London. 2 How. St. Tr. 951, 3 Co. Inst. 49). Reg. v. Manning, 2 Car. & K. 887. Contra. State v. Kelly, 74 Iowa 589, 38 N. W. 503. 31 Georgia. See Hudson v. Jennings, 134 Ga. 373, 67 S. E. 1037. Iowa. State v. Gill, 150 Iowa 210, 129 N. W. 821. Massachusetts. Com. V. Cheney, 114 Mass. 281; Com. v. Tryon, 99 Mass. 442; Com. v. Lewis, 1 Metc. 151. And see Com. v. Hopkins, 133 Mass. 381, 43 Am. Rep. 527. But compare Com. v. Hill, 145 Mass. 305, 14 N. E. 124. Missouri. See State v. Bentz, 11 Mo. 27. Texas. See Barker v. State, 64 Tex. Cr. 106, 141 S. W. 529. West Virginia. State v. Jones, 53 W. Va. 613, 45 S. E. 916. England. Rex v. Dixon, 10 Mod. 335; Reg. v. Williams, 10 Mod. 63. "A wife," said Hawkins, "may be indicted together with her husband, and condemned to the pillory with him, for keeping a bawdy house; for this is an offense as to the government of the house, in which the wife has a principal share, and also such an offense as may generally be presumed to be managed by the intrigues of her sex.'' 1 Hawk. P. C. c. 1, § 12. And see 4 Bl. Com. 29. Quoted in State v. Gill, 150 Iowa 210, 129 N. W. 821; State v. Jones, 53 W. Va. 613, 45 S. E. 916. 32 Com. v. Tryon, 99 Mass. 442; Rex v. Dixon, 10 Mod. 335. 33 Com. v. Tryon, 99 Mass. 442. 34 State v. Nowell, 156 N. C. 648, 72 S. E. 590. II. INFANTS § 107. As affected by age-Conclusive presumption of incapacity. At common law, and in some states by statute, children under the age of seven years are conclusively presumed to be doli incapax, or incapable of entertaining a criminal intent, and no evidence at all can be received to show capacity in fact.35 And in some jurisdictions this age has been raised by statute.36 In Texas perjury is ex771, Ann. Cas. 1918 D 752; State v. Davis, 104 Tenn. 501, 58 S. W. 122; State v. Goin, 9 Humph. 175. 35 United States. United States v. Behrendsohn, 197 Fed. 953. Alabama. Darden v. State, 12 Ala. App. 165, 68 So. 550. New Jersey. State v. Schilling, N. J. L. 112 Atl. 400; State v. Aaron, 4 N. J. L. 231, 7 Am. Dec. 592. New York. Stone v. Dry Dock, E. B. & B. R. Co., 115 N. Y. 104, 21 N. E. 712; People v. Townsend, 3 Hill 479. North Carolina. State v. Hicks, 125 N. C. 636, 34 S. E. 247; State v. Yeargan, 117 N. C. 706, 23 S. E. 153, 36 L. R. A. 196. North Dakota. State v. Fisk, 15 N. D. 589, 108 N. W. 485, 11 Ann. Cas. 1061. Rhode Island. State v. McDonald, 14 R. I. 270. South Carolina. Dodd v. Spartanburg Railway, Gas & Electric Co., 95 S. C. 9, 78 S. E. 525; State v. Coleman, 54 S. C. 162, 31 S. E. 866. South Dakota. Ex parte Nesson, 25 S. D. 49, 125 N. W. 124, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 872. Tennessee. Juvenile Court Shelby Co. v. State, 139 Tenn. 549, 201 S. W. Utah. State v. Terrell, 55 Utah 314, 186 Pac. 108. Vermont. State v. Kelsie, 93 Vt. 450, 108 Atl. 391. England. Marsh v. Loader, 14 C. B. (N. S.) 535; Reg. v. Smith, 1 Cox C. C. 260. 36 See the statutes of the various states In Arkansas it is twelve years. Allen v. United States, 150 U. S. 551, 37 L. Ed. 1179, 14 Sup. Ct. 196; Dove v. State, 37 Ark. 261. In Illinois it is ten years. Angelo v. People, 96 Ill. 209, 36 Am. Rep. 132. In that state a child eight years of age cannot be guilty of any crime or misdemeanor. Harrold v. Clinton Gas & Electric Co., 205 Ill. App. 12. In Texas it is nine years. Pen. Code, art. 34; Smith v. State, 73 Tex. Cr. 273, 164 S. W. 838. A statute making it rape to have carnal knowledge of a female under the age of consent regardless of her consent does not affect the legal capacity of a female under that age to commit sexual crimes, or excuse her from the consequences of her acts, and a woman under that age who consents to sexual intercourse may be guilty of incest or adultery although the man would be guilty of rape notwithstanding her consent. Ex parte Nesson, 25 S. D. 49, 125 N. W. 124, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 872. cepted from the operation of the rule by express provision of the statute.87 § 108. - Rebuttable presumption of incapacity. At common law, and in some states by statute, children between the ages of seven and fourteen are presumed to be incapable of entertaining a criminal intent, but the presumption is not conclusive, as in the case of children under the age of seven. It may be rebutted by showing in the particular case that the accused was of sufficient intelligence to distinguish between right and wrong, and to understand the nature and illegality of the particular act, or, as it is sometimes said, that he was possessed of "a mischievous discretion. 37 The statute provides that no person shall be convicted of any offense committed before he was of the age of nine years, except perjury, and for that only when it shall appear by proof that he had sufficient discretion to understand the nature and obligation of an oath. Pen. Code, art. 34; Smith v. State, 73 Tex. Cr. 273, 164 S. W. 838. 38 Alabama. Reynolds v. State, 154 Ala. 14, 45 So. 894; Neville v. State, 148 Ala. 681, 41 So. 1011; McCormack v. State, 102 Ala. 156, 15 So. 438; Darden v. State, 12 Ala. App. 165, 68 So. 550. Indiana. Bottorff v. South Const. Co., 184 Ind. 221, 110 N. E. 977. Iowa. State v. Goodsell, 138 Iowa 504, 116 N. W. 605. Kentucky. Heilman v. Com., 84 Ky. 457, 1 S. W. 731, 4 Am. St. Rep. 207. Louisiana. State v. Lanassa, 125 La. 687, 51 So. 688; State v. Nickleson, 45 La. Ann. 1172, 14 So. 134. Mississippi. Miles v. State, 99 Miss. 165, 54 So. 946; Beason v. State, 96 Miss. 105, 50 So. 488; Joslin v. State, 75 Miss. 838, 23 So. 515. Missouri. State v. Tincher, 258 Mo. 1, 166 S. W. 1028, Ann. Cas. 1915 D 696. New Jersey. State v. Schilling, 38 In Tennessee. Juvenile Court Shelby Co. v. State, 139 Tenn. 549, 201 S. W. 771, Ann. Cas. 1918 D 752; State v. Davis, 104 Tenn. 501, 58 S. W. 122. Utah. State v. Terrell, 55 Utah 314, 186 Pac. 108. Vermont. State v. Kelsie, 93 Vt. 450, 108 Atl. 391. West Virginia. State v. Vineyard, 81 W. Va. 98, 93 S. E. 1034. England. 4 Bl. Com. 23; 1 Hale P. C. 26, 27. some jurisdictions the age at which this rebuttable presumption of incapacity arises has been changed by statute.39 The burden of showing capacity on the part of a child within these ages is upon the state, and if no evidence at all is introduced on this point, or if the evidence does not show a knowledge of right and wrong, there must be an acquittal.40 Capacity must be shown beyond any rea It is not sufficient merely to show that the defendant knew that the act was wrong, but it must be shown that he fully knew the nature and consequences of his act, and showed design and malice in its execution. State v. Vineyard, 81 W. Va. 98, 93 S. E. 1034. Under the express provision of the Texas statute the state must show that he understood the nature and illegality of the particular act constituting the crime. The fact that he knows good from evil, or right from wrong, or is possessed of the intelligence of ordinary children of the same age, is not sufficient. Wusnig v. State, 33 Tex. 651; Smith v. State, 73 Tex. Cr. 273, 164 S. W. 838; Scott v. State, 71 Tex. Cr. 41, 158 S. W. 814; Ragsdale v. State, 61 Tex. Cr. 145, 134 S. W. 234; Simmons v. State, 50 Tex. Cr. 527, 97 S. W. 1052; Price v. State, 50 Tex. Cr. 71, 94 S. W. 901; Carr v. State, 24 Tex. App. 562, 7 S. W. 328, 5 Am. St. Rep. 905. There must not only be evidence showing the history and character of the defendant, and the degree of intelligence possessed by him, but also evidence pertinently tending to show that he knew that the offense was wrong and criminal and would subject him to punishment. Binkley v State, 51 Tex. Cr. 54, 100 S. W. 780. A plea of guilty is evidence that the defendant committed the act, but is no proof of his capacity to understand its wrongfulness, and will not dispense with the necessity for such proof. People v. Domenico, 45 N. Y. Misc. 309, 92 N. Y. Supp. 390. 39 See the statutes of the various states. In Arkansas it is between twelve and fourteen. Allen v. United States, 150 U. S. 551, 37 L. Ed. 1179, 14 Sup. Ct. 196; Garner v. State, 97 Ark. 63, 132 S. W. 1010, Ann. Cas. 1912 C 1059; Dove v. State, 37 Ark. 261. In Georgia it is between ten and fourteen. Carroll v. State, 18 Ga. App. 203, 89 S. E. 176; Brown v. State, 12 Ga. App. 722, 78 S. E. 352. In Illinois it is between ten and fourteen. Angelo v. People, 96 Ill. 209, 36 Am. Rep. 132. In Minnesota the presumption ceases at twelve. Pen. Code, § 17. In New York the presumption ceases at twelve. Stone v. Dry Dock, E. B. & B. R. Co., 115 N. Y. 104, 21 N. E. 712; People v. Domenico, 45 N. Y. Misc. 309, 92 N. Y. Supp. 390; People v. Squazza, 40 N. Y. Misc. 71, 81 N. Y. Supp. 254. In Oklahoma, under the juvenile law, it is between seven and sixteen. In re Powell, 6 Okla. Cr. 495, 120 Pac. 1022. In Texas it is between nine and thirteen. Pen. Code, art. 34; Wusnig v. State, 33 Tex. 651; Miller v. State, 82 Tex. Cr. 495, 200 S. W. 389; Pyron v. State, 62 Tex. Cr. 639, 138 S. W. 705; Ragsdale v. State, 61 Tex. Cr. 145, 134 S. W. 234; Binkley v. State, 51. Tex. Cr. 54, 100 S. W. 780; Price State, 50 Tex. Cr. 71, 94 S. W. 901. V. 40 Alabama. Reynolds V. State, 154 Ala. 14, 45 So. 894; Martin v. State, 90 Ala. 602, 8 So. 858, 24 Am. St. Rep. 844; Godfrey v. State, 31 sonable doubt.41 It need not be Ala. 323, 70 Am. Dec. 494; Darden v. State, 12 Ala. App. 165, 68 So. 550. Arkansas. Garner v. State, 97 Ark. 63, 132 S. W. 1010, Ann. Cas. 1912 C 1059; Dove v. State, 37 Ark. 261. Georgia. Carroll v. State, 18 Ga. App. 203, 89 S. E. 176; Brown v. State, 12 Ga. App. 722, 78 S. E. 352. New Jersey. State V. Aaron, 4 N. J. L. 231, 7 Am. Dec. 592. New York. People v. Domenico, 45 Misc. 309, 92 N. Y. Supp. 390; People v. Squazza, 40 Misc. 71, 81 N. Y. Supp. 254. North Dakota. State v. Fisk, 15 N. D. 589, 108 N. W. 485, 11 Ann. Cas. 1061. Oklahoma. In re Powell, 6 Okla. Cr. 495, 120 Pac. 1022. South Carolina. State v. Nelson, 88 S. C. 125, 70 S. E. 445. Tennessee. Juvenile Court Shelby Co. v. State, 139 Tenn. 549, 201 S. W. 771, Ann. Cas. 1918 D 752; State v. Goin, 9 Humph. 175. Texas. Gardiner v. State, 33 Tex. 692; Miller v. State, 82 Tex. Cr. 495, 200 S. W. 389; Scott v. State, 71 Tex. Cr. 41, 158 S. W. 814; Pyron v. State, 62 Tex. Cr. 639, 138 S. W. 705; Ragsdale v. State, 61 Tex. Cr. 145, 134 S. W. 234; Binkley v. State, 51 Tex. Cr. 54, 100 S. W. 780; Simmons v. State, 50 Tex. Cr. 527, 97 S. W. 1052; Price v. State, 50 Tex. Cr. 71, 94 S. W. shown by direct and positive evi901; Carr v. State, 24 Tex. App. 562, 7 S. W. 328, 5 Am. St. Rep. 905. Vermont. State v. Learnard, 41 Vt. 585. Virginia. Law v. Com., 75 Va. 885, 40 Am. Rep. 750. West Virginia. State v. Vineyard, 81 W. Va. 98, 93 S. E. 1034. England. Rex v. Owen, 4 Car. & P. 236; Reg. v. Smith, 1 Cox C. C. 260; Reg. v. Vamplew, 3 Fost. & F. 520. The burden of proof of nonage, however, is on the prisoner. Broadnax v. State, 100 Ga. 62, 25 S. E. 844; State v. Arnold, 35 N. C. (13 Ired.) 184; Scott v. State, 71 Tex. Cr. 41, 158 S. W. 814; Binkley v. State, 51 Tex. Cr. 54, 100 S. W. 780; Ake v. State, 6 Tex. App. 398, 32 Am. Rep. 586. 41 Alabama. Godfrey v. State, 31 Ala. 323, 70 Am. Dec. 494. Illinois. Angelo v. People, 96 Ill. 209, 36 Am. Rep. 132. Missouri. 2 S. W. 269. State v. Tice, 90 Mo. 112, New Jersey. State v. Aaron, 4 N. J. L. 231, 7 Am. Dec. 592. New York. People v. Domenico, 45 Misc. 309, 92 N. Y. Supp. 390. North Carolina. State v. Hicks, 125 N. C. 636, 34 S. E. 247. Texas. Ragsdale v. State, 61 Tex. Cr. 145, 134 S. W. 234. Virginia. Law v. Com., 75 Va. 885, 40 Am. Rep. 750. The "'evidence of that malice which is to supply age ought to be strong and clear, beyond all doubt and contradiction." 4 Bl. Com. 24; Heilman v. Com., 84 Ky. 457, 1 S. W. 731, 4 Am. St. Rep. 207; State v. Vineyard, 81 W. Va. 98, 93 S. E. 1034. In Law v. Com., 75 Va. 885, 40 Am. Rep. 750, a conviction of a boy nearly twelve years old as principal in the second degree in the crime of attempt to rape was set aside, where the only |