classification does not violate the fourteenth amendment to the federal constitution,97 nor provisions of state constitutions that no person 97 United States. Patsone v. Pennsylvania, 232 U. S. 138, 58 L. Ed. 539, 34 Sup. Ct. 281, aff'g 231 Pa. 46, 79 Atl. 928; Griffith v. Connecticut, 218 U. S. 563, 54 L. Ed. 1151, 31 Sup. Ct. 132, aff'g 83 Conn. 1, 74 Atl. 1068; United States v. Heinze, 218 U. S. 532, 54 L. Ed. 1139, 31 Sup. Ct. 98, 21 Ann. Cas. 884, rev'g 161 Fed. 425; Watson v. State of Maryland, 218 U. S. 173, 54 L. Ed. 987, 30 Sup. Ct. 644, aff'g 105 Md. 650, 66 Atl. 635; McLean v. Arkansas, 211 U. S. 539, 53 L. Ed. 315, 29 Sup. Ct. 206, aff'g 81 Ark. 304, 98 S. W. 729, 126 Am. St. Rep. 1037, 11 Ann. Cas. 72; Halter v. State of Nebraska, 205 U. S. 34, 51 L. Ed. 696, 27 Sup. Ct. 419, 10 Ann. Cas. 525, aff'g 74 Neb. 757, 105 N. W. 298, 7 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1079, 121 Am. St. Rep. 754; St. Louis Consol. Coal Co. v. Illinois, 185 U. S. 203, 46 L. Ed. 872, 22 Sup. Ct. 616; Barbier v. Connolly, 113 U. S. 27, 28 L. Ed. 923, 5 Sup. Ct. 357. California. In re Spencer, 149 Cal. 396, 86 Pac. 896, 117 Am. St. Rep. 137, 9 Ann. Cas. 1105. Colorado. Robertson v. People, 20 Colo. 279, 38 Pac. 326. Delaware. State v. Wickenhoefer, 6 Pennew. 120, 64 Atl. 273. Florida. State v. Philips, 70 Fla. 340, 70 So. 367, Ann. Cas. 1918 A 138; Harper v. Galloway, 58 Fla. 255, 51 So. 226, 26 L. R. A. (N. S.) 794, 19 Ann. Cas. 235. Georgia. King v. State, 136 Go. 709, 71 S. E. 1093; Nance v. State, 128 Ga. 661, 57 S. E. 889. Illinois. Biffer v. City of Chicago, 278 Ill. 562, 116 N. E. 182; People v. Gordon, 274 Ill. 462, 113 N. E. 864. Indiana. Hammer V. State, 173 Ind. 199, 89 N. E. 850, 24 L. R. A. (N. S.) 795, 140 Am. St. Rep. 248, 21 Ann. Cas. 1034; State v. Richcreek, 167 Ind. 217, 77 N. E. 1085, 5 L. R. A. (N. S.) 874, 119 Am. St. Rep. 491, 10 Ann. Cas. 899; Parks v. State, 159 Ind. 211, 64 N. E. 862, 59 L. R. A. 190. Iowa. Huston v. City of Des Moines, 176 Iowa 455, 156 N. W. 883; Hubbell v. Higgins, 148 Iowa 36, 126 N. W. 914, Ann. Cas. 1912 B 822. Maine. State v. Dodge, 117 Me. 269, 104 Atl. 5; State v. Mayo, 106Me. 62, 75 Atl. 295, 26 L. R. A. (N. S.) 502, 20 Ann. Cas. 512. Maryland. State v. J. M. Seney Co., 134 Md. 437, 107 Atl. 189. Massachusetts. Com. v. Riley, 210 Mass. 387, 97 N. E. 367, Ann. Cas. 1912 D 388. Minnesota. State v. Bridgeman & Russell Co., 117 Minn. 186, 134 N. W. 496, Ann. Cas. 1913 D 41. Missouri. Ex parte Berger, 193 Mo. 16, 90 S. W. 759, 3 L. R. A. (N. S.) 530, 112 Am. St. Rep. 472, 5 Ann. Cas. 383. Nebraska. Norris v. City of Lincoln, 93 Neb. 658, 142 N. W. 114, Ann. Cas. 1914 B 1194. New York. People v. Klinck Packing Co., 214 N. Y. 121, 108 N. E. 278, Ann. Cas. 1916 D 1051, aff'g 164 App. Div. 97, 149 N. Y. Supp. 504; People v. Davis, 160 N. Y. Supp. 769. North Carolina. State v. Davis, 157 N. C. 648, 73 S. E. 130, 39 L. R. A. (N. S.) 136; State v. Call, 121 N. C. 643, 28 S. E. 517. Ohio. State v. Hogan, 63 Ohio St. 202, 58 N. E. 572, 52 L. R. A. 863, 81 Am. St. Rep. 626. Oregon. State v. Muller, 48 Ore. 252, 85 Pac. 855, 120 Am. St. Rep. 805, 11 Ann. Cas. 88, aff'd 208 U. S. 412, 52 L. Ed. 550, 28 Sup. Ct. 324. shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law,98 or that all laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation throughout the state,99 or that the legislature shall not grant to any citizen or class of citizens privileges or immunities which, upon the same terms, shall not equally belong to all citizens,1 or prohibiting the granting of special or exclusive rights, privileges or immuni South Carolina. State v. Mullins, 87 S. C. 510, 70 S. E. 9. Texas. Ex parte Leslie, 87 Tex. Cr. 476, 223 S. W. 227. Vermont. Lawrence v. Rutland R. Co., 80 Vt. 370, 67 Atl. 1091, 15 L. R. A. (N. S.) 350, 13 Ann. Cas. 475; State v. Scampini, 77 Vt. 92, 59 Atl. 201. West Virginia. State V. Peel Splint Coal Co., 36 W. Va. 802, 15 S. E. 1000, 17 L. R. A. 385. Wisconsin. State v. Evans, 130 Wis. 381, 110 N. W. 241. Wyoming. State v. Sherman, 18 Wyo. 169, 105 Pac. 299, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 898, Ann. Cas. 1912 C 819. 98 Alabama. Youngblood v. Birmingham Trust & Savings Co., 95 Ala. 521, 12 So. 579, 20 L. R. A. 58, 36 Am. St. Rep. 245. Colorado. Robertson v. People, 20 Colo. 279, 38 Pac. 326. Georgia. King v. State, 136 Ga. 709, 71 S. E. 1093. Illinois. Braceville Coal Co. v. People, 147 Ill. 66, 35 N. E. 62, 22 L. R. A. 340, 37 Am. St. Rep. 206; Frorer v. People, 141 Ill. 171, 31 N. E. 395, 16 L. R. A. 492. New York. People v. Davis, 160 N. Y. Supp. 769. 99 People v. Jordan, 172 Cal. 391, 156 Pac. 451; Ex parte Stephan, 170 Cal. 48, 148 Pac. 196, Ann. Cas. 1916 E 617; People v. Finley, 153 Cal. 59, 94 Pac. 248; In re Spencer, 149 Cal. 396, 86 Pac. 896, 117 Am. St. Rep. 137, 9 Ann. Cas. 1105; Ex parte Sohncke, 148 Cal. 262, 82 Pac. 956, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 813, 113 Am. St. Rep. 236, 7 Ann. Cas. 475; In re Zhizhuzza, 147 Cal. 328, 81 Pac. 955; Ex parte Burke, 59 Cal. 6, 43 Am. Rep. 231; King v. State, 136 Ga. 709, 71 S. E. 1093; Vance v. State, 128 Ga. 661, 57 S. E. 889; Pennsylvania Co. v. State, 142 Ind. 428, 41 N. E. 937; State v. Hogan, 63 Ohio St. 202, 58 N. E. 572, 52 L. R. A. 863, 81 Am. St. Rep. 626. 1 Arizona. State v. Dominion Hotel, 17 Ariz. 267, 151 Pac. 958. Arkansas. Jonesboro, L. C. & E. R. Co. v. Adams, 117 Ark. 54, 174 S. W. 527. California. Ex parte Stephan, 170 Cal. 48, 148 Pac. 196, Ann. Cas. 1916 E 617; Ex parte Jentzsch, 112 Cal. 468, 44 Pac. 803, 32 L. R. A. 664. Indiana. Cleveland, C., C. & St. L. R. Co. v. Schuler, 182 Ind. 57, 105 N. E. 567, L. R. A. 1915 A 884; Hammer v. State, 173 Ind. 199, 89 N. E. 850, 24 L. R. A. (N. S.) 795, 140 Am. St. Rep. 248, 21 Ann. Cas. 1034; State v. Richcreek, 167 Ind. 217, 77 N. E. 1085, 5 L. R. A. (N. S.) 874, 119 Am. St. Rep. 491, 10 Ann. Cas. 899. Iowa. Huston V. City of Des Moines, 174 Iowa 455, 156 N. W. 883; Hubbell v. Higgins, 148 Iowa 36, 126 N. W. 914, Ann. Cas. 1912 B 822. Oregon. State v. Savage, 96 Ore. 53, 184 Pac. 567, 189 Pac. 427; State v. Muller, 48 Ore. 252, 85 Pac. 855, 120 Am. St. Rep. 805, 11 Ann. Cas. 88, aff'd 208 U. S. 412, 52 L. Ed. 550, 28 Sup. Ct. 324. Nor does such a ties, or the enactment of special or local laws. classification in an act of congress violate the fifth amendment. But a classification which is without any reasonable basis and is unjustly discriminatory or merely arbitrary is void. All reasonable doubts 2 Ex parte Berger, 193 Mo. 16, 90 S. W. 759, 3 L. R. A. (N. S.) 530, 112 Am. Št. Rep. 472, 5 Ann. Cas. 383; People v. Goldberger, 163 N. Y. Supp. 663. 3 California. 170 Cal. 48, 148 Pac. 196, Ann. Cas. 1916 E 617; In re Spencer, 149 Cal. 396, 86 Pac. 896, 117 Am. St. Rep. 137, 9 Ann. Cas. 1105; Ex parte Sohncke, 148 Cal. 262, 82 Pac. 956, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 813, 113 Am. St. Rep. 236, 7 Ann. Cas. 475; Ex parte Jentzsch, 112 Cal. 468, 44 Pac. 803, 32 L. R. A. 664; Ex parte Burke, 59 Cal. 6, 43 Am. Rep. 231. Ex parte Stephan, Florida. State v. Philips, 70 Fla. 340, 70 So. 367, Ann. Cas. 1918 A 138. Georgia. King v. State, 136 Ga. 709, 71 S. E. 1093. Illinois. People v. Gordon, 274 Ill. 462, 113 N. E. 864; Douglas v. People, 225 Ill. 536, 80 N. E. 341, 8 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1116, 116 Am. St. Rep. 162. Indiana. Pennsylvania Co. V. State, 142 Ind. 428, 41 N. E. 937. Maine. State v. Mayo, 106 Me. 62, 75 Atl. 295, 26 L. R. A. (N. S.) 502, 20 Ann. Cas. 512. Minnesota. State v. Bridgeman & Russell Co., 117 Minn. 186, 134 N. W. 496, Ann. Cas. 1913 D 41; State v. Rogers, 93 Minn. 55, 100 N. W. 659; State v. Cooley, 56 Minn. 540, 58 N. W. 150. Missouri. State v. Swagerty, 203 Mo. 517, 102 S. W. 483, 10 L. R. A. (N. S.) 601, 120 Am. St. Rep. 671, 11 Ann. Cas. 725; Ex parte Handler, 176 Mo. 383, 75 S. W. 920; State v. Walsh, 136 Mo. 400, 37 S. W. 1112, 35 L. R. A. 231. Nevada. Ex parte Boyce, 27 Nev. 299, 75 Pac. 1, 65 L. R. A. 47, 1 Ann. Cas. 66. New Jersey. Paul v. Gloucester County, 50 N. J. L. 585, 15 Atl. 272, 1 L. R. A. 86. Oregon. Ladd v. Holmes, 40 Ore. 167, 66 Pac. 714, 91 Am. St. Rep. 457. Pennsylvania. Com. v. Middleton, 210 Pa. 582, 60 Atl. 297. Texas. Green v. State, 49 Tex. Cr. 380, 92 S. W. 847. Wyoming. State v. Sherman, 18 Wyo. 169, 105 Pac. 299, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 898, Ann. Cas. 1912 C 819. 4 C. A. Weed & Co. v. Lockwood, 266 Fed. 785; United States v. Armstrong, 265 Fed. 683. V. 5 United States. McFarland American Sugar Refining Co., 241 U. S. 79, 60 L. Ed. 899, 36 Sup. Ct. 498, aff'g 229 Fed. 284; Connolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Co., 184 U. S. 540, 46 L. Ed. 679, 22 Sup. Cf. 431; C. A. Weed & Co. v. Lockwood, 266 Fed. 785; United States v. Armstrong, 265 Fed. 683. California. Ex parte Sohncke, 148 Cal. 262, 82 Pac. 956, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 813, 113 Am. St. Rep. 236, 7 Ann. Cas. 475; Ex parte Jentzsch, 112 Cal. 468, 44 Pac. 803, 32 L. R. A. 664; In re Finley, 1 Cal. App. 198, 81 Pac. 1041. Delaware. State v. Wickenhoefer, 6 Pennew. 120, 64 Atl. 273. Florida. Harper v. Galloway, 58 Fla. 255, 51 So. 226, 26 L. R. A. (N. S.) 794, 19 Ann. Cas. 235. Idaho. In re Mallon, 16 Idaho 737, 102 Pac. 374, 22 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1123. Illinois. People v. Gordon, 274 Ill. will be resolved in favor of a classification made by the legislature, however, and it must clearly appear to be unreasonable and arbitrary to justify the court in declaring the statute void.6 Subject to the 462, 113 N. E. 864; Miller v. Sincere, 273 Ill. 194, 112 N. E. 664; People v. Schencke, 257 Ill. 384, 100 N. E. 994, 44 L. R. A. (N. S.) 46, Ann. Cas. 1914 A 1129; Eden v. People, 161 Ill. 296, 43 N. E. 1108, 32 L. R. A. 659, 52 Am. St. Rep. 365; Braceville Coal Co. v. People, 147 Ill. 66, 35 N. E. 62, 22 L. R. A. 340, 37 Am. St. Rep. 206. Indiana. Cleveland, C., C. & St. L. R. Co. v. Schuler, 182 Ind. 57, 105 N. E. 567, L. R. A. 1915 A 884. Iowa. Dunahoo v. Huber, 185 Iowa 753, 171 N. W. 123; Hubbell v. Higgins, 148 Iowa 36, 126 N. W. 914, Ann. Cas. 1912 B 822; State v. Garbroski, 111 Iowa 496, 82 N. W. 959, 56 L. R. A. 570, 82 Am. St. Rep. 524. Maine. State v. Latham, 115 Me. 176, 98 Atl. 578, L. R. A. 1917 A 480. Minnesota. State v. Bridgeman & Russell Co., 117 Minn. 186, 134 N. W. 496, Ann. Cas. 1913 D 41. Missouri. State v. Julow, 129 Mo. 163, 31 S. W. 781, 29 L. R. A. 257, 50 Am. St. Rep. 443. New Jersey. In re Van Horne, 74 N. J. Eq. 600, 70 Atl. 986. North Carolina. State v. Davis, 157 N. C. 648, 73 S. E. 130, 39 L. R. A. (N. S.) 136. Tennessee. Sibley V. State, 107 Tenn. 515, 64 S. W. 703. Texas. Ex parte Leslie, 87 Tex. Cr. 476, 223 S. W. 227; Owens v. State, 53 Tex. Cr. 105, 112 S. W. 1075, 126 Am. St. Rep. 772. Wisconsin. State v. Evans, 130 Wis. 381, 110 N. W. 241. "It must rest upon some substantial, inherent, intrinsic difference or distinction in the relation of the particular class toward the lives, safety, property, health, happiness, or convenience of the public, when con trasted with the relation, duties, responsibilities, position or situation of other persons or classes toward the same matters of public concern." In re Finley, 1 Cal. App. 198, 81 Pac. 1041. The legislature cannot split what may be termed a natural class of persons in two, and then arbitrarily designate the dissevered factions of the original unit as two classes, and enact different rules for the government of each. State v. Miksicek, 225 Mo. 561, 125 S. W. 507, 135 Am. St. Rep. 597; State v. Julow, 129 Mo. 163, 31 S. W. 781, 29 L. R. A. 257, 50 Am. St. Rep. 443. 6 California. Ex parte Stephan, 170 Cal. 48, 148 Pac. 196, Ann. Cas. 1916 E 617. Florida. State v. Philips, 70 Fla. 340, 70 So. 367, Ann. Cas. 1918 A 138; Edwards v. State, 62 Fla. 40, 56 So. 401; Harper v. Galloway, 58 Fla. 255, 51 So. 226, 26 L. R. A. (N. S.) 794, 19 Ann. Cas. 235. Illinois. Biffer v. City of Chicago, 278 Ill. 562, 116 N. E. 182; People v. Gordon, 274 Ill. 462, 113 N. E. 864. Indiana. Parks v. State, 159 Ind. 211, 64 N. E. 862, 59 L. R. A. 190. Maryland. State v. J. M. Seney Co., 134 Md. 437, 107 Atl. 189; Mt. Vernon-Woodberry Cotton Duck Co. v. Frankfort Marine Accident & Plate Glass Ins. Co., 111 Md. 561, 75 Atl. 105, 134 Am. St. Rep. 636. Nevada. Ex parte Spinney, 10 Nev. 323. Oregon. State v. Bunting, 71 Ore. 259, 139 Pac. 731, L. R. A. 1917 C 1162, Ann. Cas. 1916 C 1003. Wisconsin. State v. Evans, 130 Wis. 381, 110 N. W. 241. Wyoming. State v. Sherman, 18 limitation above stated there may be a classification as to localities,7 as in the case of local option laws. And generally a classification may be based on population, where the distinction is relevant to the purposes of the legislation and founded upon rational differences of situation or condition. A classification may also be based on the ways by which a law may be defeated.10 And the power may be determined by degrees of evil, or exercised in cases where detriment Wyo. 169, 105 Pac. 299, 27 L. R. A. (N. S.) 898, Ann. Cas. 1912 C 819. And see generally, § 36, supra. 7 United States. Missouri v. Lewis, 101 U. S. 22, 25 L. Ed. 989; United States v. Ronan, 33 Fed. 117. Arkansas. Jonesboro, L. C. & E. R. Co. v. Adams, 117 Ark. 54, 174 S. W. 527. Delaware. State v. Wickenhoefer, 6 Pennew. 120, 64 Atl. 273. Illinois. Biffer v. City of Chicago, 278 Ill. 562, 116 N. E. 182. Maryland. Mt. Vernon-Woodberry Cotton Duck Co. v. Frankfort Marine Accident & Plate Glass Ins. Co., 111 Md. 561, 75 Atl. 105, 134 Am. St. Rep. 636. Minnesota. State v. Stoffels, 89 Minn. 205, 94 N. W. 675. New York. People v. Warden of City Prison, 183 N. Y. 223, 76 N. E. 11, 2 L. R. A. (N.. S.) 859, 5 Ann. Cas. 325, aff'g 107 App. Div. 617, 95 N. Y. Supp. 1152. Wisconsin. State v. Evans, 130 Wis. 381, 110 N. W. 241. It is not necessary in order to make a law affecting municipal corporations a general law that it should affect every city in the state. Cities may be classified, and, if the classification is a proper one, a law affecting only a single class will be general and of uniform operation throughout the state. Adams v. City of Beloit, 105 Wis. 363, 81 N. W. 869, 47 L. R. A. 441. 8 Florida. Fine v. Moran, 74 Fla. 417, 77 So. 533. Illinois. People v. Gordon, 274 Ill. 462, 113 N. E. 864. Missouri. Ex parte Handler, 176 Mo. 383, 75 S. W. 920; State v. Pond, 93 Mo. 606, 6 S. W. 469. New Jersey. Paul V. Gloucester County, 50 N. J. L. 585, 15 Atl. 272, 1 L. R. A. 86. Ohio. Gordon v. State, 46 Ohio St. 607, 23 N. E. 63, 6 L. R. A. 749. Texas. Ex parte Francis, 72 Tex. Cr. 304, 165 S. W. 147. Wisconsin. Adams v. City of Beloit, 105 Wis. 363, 81 N. W. 869, 47 L. R. A. 441. 9 Budd v. People of New York, 143 U. S. 517, 36 L. Ed. 247, 12 Sup. Ct. 468, aff'g 117 N. Y. 1, 22 N. E. 670, 5 L. R. A. 559, 15 Am. St. Rep. 460; People V. Warden of City Prison, 183 N. Y. 223, 76 N. E. 11, 2 L. R. A. (N. S.) 859, 5 Ann. Cas. 325, aff'g 107 N. Y. App. Div. 617, 95 N. Y. Supp. 1152; Green v. State, 49 Tex. Cr. 380, 92 S. W. 847; State v. Evans, 130 Wis. 381, 110 N. W. 241. Such a classification does not violate a constitutional provision prohibiting the enactment of local or special laws. Douglas v. People, 225 III. 536, 80 N. E. 341, 8 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1116, 116 Am. St. Rep. 162; Ex parte Handler, 176 Mo. 383, 75 S. W. 920; Paul v. Gloucester County, 50 N. J. L. 585, 15 Atl. 272, 1 L. R. A. 86; Green v. State, 49 Tex. Cr. 380, 92 S. W. 847. 10 Shevlin-Carpenter Co. v. State of Minnesota, 218 U. S. 57, 54 L. Ed. 930, 30 Sup. Ct. 663, aff'g 102 Minn. |