trians in Memmingen, and investment of Ulm, 93.-Combat at Elchingen,
95.-Surrender of eight thousand men, 96.-Surrender of Mack, 97.-Feel-
ings of the two armies, 98.-Napoleon's proclamation, 99, note.-Errors of
the cabinet of Vienna, 100.-The Archduke Charles in Italy, ib.-Forcing
of the bridge of Verona, 101.-Actions at Caldiero, 102.-Conduct of the
Austrian rear-guard, 103.-The Archduke retreats to Laybach, 104.-Ad-
vance of Napoleon through Bavaria, ib.-Measures of the Austrians, ib.—
Irritation of Prussia, 105.-Arrival of Alexander at Berlin, and treaty with
Russia, 106.-Visit to the tomb of the Great Frederick, 107.-Prussia re-
lapses into her temporising system, ib.-Landing of the Allies in Hanover,
108.-Operations in the Tyrol, ib.-Napoleon advances into Upper Austria,
110. His measures at Lintz to envelop Kutusoff, ib.-Action at Dürren-
stein, 113.-Napoleon advances rapidly on Vienna, 114.-Description of that
city, 115.-Seizure of the bridge, ib.-Finesse of Kutusoff, 117.-Action of
Bagrathion, 118.-Junction of the Russian armies, ib.-Measures of Napo-
leon, 119.-Conduct of the French at Vienna, ib.-Forces on the two sides,
120.-Battle of Austerlitz, 128.-Dangers of Napoleon's situation, 132.-
Interview of the Emperor Francis with Napoleon, 133.-Armistice of Aus-
terlitz, 134.-Dissimulation of Prussia, ib.-Treaty of alliance with Prussia,
which gains Hanover, 135.-Affairs of Naples, 136.-And of the north of
Germany, 137.-Peace of Pressburg, ib.-Dethronement of the King of
Naples, 139.-Napoleon's return to Vienna, Munich, the Rhine, and Paris,
140.-Importance of the valley of the Danube, 141.-Growth of the military
power of France, 142.-Abilities displayed by Napoleon in the arrangements
for this campaign, 144.-Errors of the Allies, ib.-Effects of the indecision of
Prussia, 145.-Ability displayed by Pitt in the formation of this confederacy,
146.-His last illness and death, 147.-His character, 148.-Principles of his
domestic administration, ib.-Growth of his fame, 149.-Views of foreign
writers on his designs, 150.-His errors, 151.-Funeral honours paid to
him, 153.
Importance of the subject, 153.-Financial efforts of England during the war,
154.-Historical details, ib.-Financial aspect of the country on Pitt's
accession, 157.-Establishment of the sinking-fund, 159.-Results of the
sinking-fund, 162.-Obloquy to which it became exposed, 164.-Merit of
Pitt's system, 166.-Decay of this system, 169.-Remission of indirect
taxes since 1816, 171.-Advantages which would have attended keeping up
the sinking-fund, 173.-Lord Castlereagh's error regarding the income-tax,
174.-Advantages of the funding system, 175.-Trebling of the assessed
taxes, 178.-Introduction of the income-tax, 179.-Advantages of the new
system, 181.-Arguments for indirect taxation, 182.-Character of Pitt's
financial measures, 185.-Effects of the suspension of cash payments, 190.
CHAPTER XLII.-FROM THE PEACE OF PRESSBURG TO THE RENEWAL OF THE
CONTINENTAL WAR. JANUARY-OCTOBER, 1806.
Results of the campaign of Austerlitz, 196.-Coalition of parties, 197.-Com-
position of the cabinet, 198.-The budget, 199.-Return of Napoleon to
Paris financial crisis there, 200.-Financial changes in France, 204.-
Imposition of the French armies as a burden on foreign states, ib.-Exposition
of the triumphs of France, 205.-Erection of the column in the Place
Vendôme, 206.-Advance of the French against Naples, ib.-Joseph Buona-
parte created King of the Two Sicilies, 207.-Battle of Maida, 209.-Surrender
of Gaeta, 211.—Retreat of the English: suppression of the insurrection, ib.—
Reforms of Joseph, ib.-State of Holland since its conquest by France, 212.-
Napoleon's measures to place his brother Louis on the throne of that
country, ib.-Creation of military fiefs in Italy, ib.—Audience to the Turkish
ambassador, 213.-Naval operations, 214.-Napoleon's change of system in
regard to the naval war, 216.-Growth of the English maritime power, 217.
-Character of the French navy, ib.—Reduction of the Cape of Good Hope,
218.-Attack on Buenos Ayres, 219.—Buenos Ayres retaken, 220.-Differences
with America in regard to neutral rights, ib.—Coldness between France and
Prussia, 223.-Prussia seizes on Hanover, ib.-Measures of retaliation by
Great Britain, 224.-Napoleon's measures of aggression on Germany, 225.—
Confederacy of the Rhine, 226.-The Emperor renounces the crown of
Germany, 228.-Warlike preparations of Prussia, 229.-Renewed discord
between France and Russia, 230.-Negotiations between France and England,
233. The negotiation is broken off, 236.—Prussia's ultimatum, and pre-
parations for war on both sides, 237.-Murder of Palm, ib.-Death of Fox:
his character, 240.
CHAPTER XLIII.-CAMPAIGN OF JENA.-FALL OF PRUSSIA.
Natural disadvantages of Prussia, 243.-Statistical details, 246.—Manners and
court of Berlin, 249.-Efforts of Prussia to obtain the aid of Russia and
England, ib.—The cabinet of Vienna resolves to remain neutral, 251.-The
lesser German powers incline to France, 252.-Preparations of Prussia, ib.—
Proclamation of Napoleon, 254.-Manifesto of Prussia, 255.-Preparatory
movements, 256.-Counter-movement of Napoleon, 257.-The theatre of
war, ib.-Death of Prince Louis, 259.-Movements preparatory to a general
action, 260.-Battle of Jena, 263.-Battle of Auerstadt, 267.-Disasters of
the retreat, 271.-Capture of Erfurth with fourteen thousand men, ib.—
Measures of Napoleon to follow up the victory, 272.-Saxony overrun by the
French, 274.-Hohenlohe compelled to surrender, 276.-Escape of the Duke
of Saxe-Weimar, ib.-Surrender of Stettin and Cüstrin, 277.-Blucher made
prisoner, 280.-Fall of Magdeburg, ib.-Fall of Hameln and Nienburg, 281.—
Napoleon detaches Saxony from the coalition, ib.-Refuses to treat with
Prussia, 282.-Visits Potsdam and the tomb of Frederick, 283.-Berlin,
Spandau, and Charlottenburg occupied by the French, ib.—Affair of Prince
Hatzfeld, 284.-Severity of Napoleon to the Duke of Brunswick, 286.—And
to the Queen of Prussia and the Elector of Hesse-Cassel, ib.-Contributions
levied on Prussia, 288.-Negotiations and first demands of Napoleon, 289.-
Berlin decree against English commerce, 290.-Affairs of Poland, 291.-
New conscription in France, 292.-Treaty between France and Saxony, ib.— Results of the campaign, ib.
Advance of the French and Russians to the Vistula, 296.-Preparations of
Russia, ib.-Embarrassment of Napoleon on the Polish question, 298.-He
rouses only Prussian Poland, 301.-Excitement in Poland, 302.-Napoleon's
declaration in favour of Turkey, 303.-His proclamation on the anniversary
of Austerlitz, 304.-Formation of the Temple of Glory at Paris, ib.—Efforts
of Napoleon to recruit his army, 306.-Contributions on the conquered
states, 307.-Positions and force of the French, ib.—And of the Russians,
308. Their evacuation of Warsaw : Alexander's proclamation to his soldiers,
ib.-Application for assistance to England, 309.-The Russians resume the
offensive, ib.-Napoleon advances to Warsaw, ib.-Forcing of the passage of
the Ukra by the French, 311.-Kamenskoi orders the sacrifice of the artillery,
ib.-Battle of Pultusk, 313.-Combat of Golymin, 314.-Results of this
winter campaign, 316.-Reduction of the fortresses in Silesia, 317.-Opera-
tions towards Pomerania and Dantzic, 318.-Operations of Marmont in Illyria,
319.-Napoleon's efforts to stimulate the Turks, ib.-Residence of the French
at Warsaw, 320.-Benningsen assumes the command: he advances against
Bernadotte, 321.-He surprises Ney's corps, 322.-Bernadotte escapes with
difficulty, 323.-Graudentz relieved, and the French left driven back, ib.-
Danger of Napoleon, 324.-He marches to the rear of Benningsen, 325.-
Combat of Landsberg, 326.-Combat of Leibstadt, 327.-Combats round
Eylau the day before the battle, 328.-Battle of Eylau, 330.-Losses on both
sides, 334.-Losses of the French after the battle, 335.-Napoleon proposes
peace, 336.-Which is refused by Prussia, ib.-Napoleon retreats, 337.-Both
parties claim the victory, ib.-Combat of Ostrolenka, 338.-Sensation excited
by the battle of Eylau, ib.-Refusal of succour by England, 339.-Consterna-
tion at Paris, 340.-A third conscription, ib.-Activity of Napoleon to repair
his losses, 341.-Effect of the surrender of the Prussian fortresses, 342.
CHAPTER XLV.-DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN MEASURES OF MR FOX'S ADMINISTRA-
TION. FEBRUARY 1806-MARCH 1807.
Civil changes during the war, 343.-Effects of the accession of the Whigs, 344.
-Their plan for recruiting the army, ib.-Abolition of the slave trade, 352.
-Effects of the change hitherto on the negro race, 356.-Present extent and
horrors of the slave trade, 357.-Effects of emancipation of negroes, 358.-
Lord Henry Petty's plan of finance, 361.-Character of the Whig measures
of domestic administration, 366.-Expedition to South America, and capture
of Monte Video, 367.-Second expedition against Buenos Ayres, ib.-Capture
of Curaçoa, and establishment of the republic of Hayti, 369.-State of affairs
in Turkey, 370.-Rupture between Turkey and Russia, ib.-Rapid progress
of the Russians, 372.-Description of the Dardanelles, 373.-The Straits are
forced, 375.-Intrepid conduct of Sebastiani, ib.-The British fleet repass
the Straits, 377.-Blockade of the Dardanelles, 378.-—Naval actions off Tene-
dos, ib.-Descent by the British on Egypt, ib.-Discontent at these repeated
defeats, 379.-Measure for introducing the Catholics into the army and navy,
ib.-Change of ministry, 382.-Arguments in parliament against the King's
conduct, 383.-And in support of it, ib.-Dissolution of parliament, 385.—
Biography of Lord Eldon, ib.-Character of the Whig ministry, 387.—Their
foreign measures, ib.-Their neglect of the Russian war, 388.-APPENDIX,
FROM THE OPENING OF THE WAR WITH SPAIN TO THE BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR. JAN.-OCT. 1805.
1. "THE world," said Napoleon, | destruction. He fell at last, not be"believe me the enemy of peace; but cause he opposed, but because he I must fulfil my destiny. I am forced yielded to, the evil spirit of his times; to combat and conquer in order to pre- because, instead of checking, he fanserve. You must accomplish some- ned the flame of revolutionary ambithing new every three months in order tion converted by his genius into that to captivate the French people. With of military conquest; and continually them, whoever ceases to advance is advanced before a devouring fire, lost." Continual progress, fresh suc- which precipitated him in the end cessions of victories, unbounded glory, upon the snows of Russia and the were the conditions on which he held rout of Waterloo. the throne. He knew well that, the 2. But although well aware that it moment these failed, his authority was on such perilous conditions, and would begin to decline. With him, such alone, that he held the throne, therefore, constant wars and evident no man knew better than Napoleon advances towards universal domi- the importance of concealing their exnion, were not the result merely of istence from the eyes of mankind, and individual ambition, or dictated by representing himself as compelled, on an insatiable desire to extend the every occasion, to take uparms in order boundaries of France; they were the to defend the dignity or independence necessary consequence of the circum- of the Empire. It was his general postances in which he was placed, and licy, accordingly, when he perceived the temper of the times in which he that unceasing encroachments during lived. They arose inevitably from a peace had roused a general spirit of remilitary conqueror arriving at the su-sistance to his ambition, and that a preme direction of a nation, when it general war was inevitable, to make was heated by the pursuit of revolu- proposals of accommodation to the tionary ambition. As this system, however, required a continual sacrifice of the rights and interests of other nations, in order to feed the vanity and gratify the passions of one, it involved in itself, like every other irregular indulgence, whether in nations or individuals, the principles of its own
most inveterate of his enemies, in order to gain the credit of moderate intentions, and throw upon them the odium of actually commencing hostilities. In pursuance of this system, he was no sooner convinced, from the turn which his diplomatic relations with Russia and Sweden had
taken, that a third coalition was ap- | enough and to spare of those posses
proaching, than he made pacific overtures to the English government. His letter on this subject, addressed, according to his custom, to the King of England in person, was of the following tenor :
sions. Upon reflection you must, I am persuaded, yourself arrive at the conclusion, that the war is maintained without an object; and what a melancholy prospect for two great nations to combat merely for the sake of fighting! The world is surely large enough for both to live in; and reason has still sufficient power to find the means of reconciliation, if the inclination only is not wanting. I have now at least discharged a duty dear to my heart. May your Majesty trust to the sincerity of the sentiments which I have now expressed, and the reality of my desire to give the most convincing proofs of it!
4. The forms of a representative government would not permit the King of England to answer this communication in person; but Lord Mulgrave, the minister for foreign affairs, on the 14th January, addressed the following answer to M. Talleyrand:-"His Britannic Majesty has received the letter addressed to him by the chief of the French government. There is nothing which his Majesty has more at heart than to seize the first opportunity of restoring to his subjects the blessings of peace, provided it is founded upon a basis not incompatible with the permanent interests and security of his dominions. His Majesty is persuaded that that object cannot be attained but by arrangements which may at the same time provide for the future peace and security of Europe, and prevent a renewal of the dangers and misfortunes by which it is now overwhelmed. In conformity with these sentiments, his Majesty feels that he cannot give a more specific an
3. "Sire, my brother,-Called to the throne by Providence and the suffrages of the senate, the people, and the army, my first feeling was the desire for peace. France and England abuse their prosperity: they may continue their strife for ages; but will their governments, in so doing, fulfil the most sacred of the duties which they owe to their people? And how will they answer to their consciences for so much blood uselessly shed, and without the prospect of any good whatever to their subjects? I am not ashamed to make the first advances. I have, I flatter myself, sufficiently proved to the world that I fear none of the chances of war. It presents nothing which I have occasion to fear. Peace is the wish of my heart; but war has never been adverse to my glory. I conjure your Majesty, therefore, not to refuse yourself the satisfaction of giving peace to the world. Never was an occasion more favourable for calming the passions, and giving ear only to the sentiments of humanity and reason. If that opportunity be lost, what limit can be assigned to a war which all my efforts have been unable to terminate? Your Majesty has gained more during the last ten years than the whole extent of Europe in riches and territory: your subjects are in the very highest state of prosperity: what can you expect from a war? To form a coalition of the Continental powers? Be assured the Con-swer to the overture which he has retinent will remain at peace. A coalition will only increase the strength and preponderance of the French empire. To renew our intestine divisions? The times are no longer the same. To destroy our finances? Finances founded on a flourishing agriculture can never be destroyed. To wrest from France her colonies? They are to her only a secondary consideration; and your Majesty has already
ceived, until he has had time to com. municate with the Continental powers, to whom he is united in the most confidential manner, and particularly the Emperor of Russia, who has given the strongest proofs of the wisdom and elevation of the sentiments by which he is animated, and of the lively interest which he takes in the security and independence of Europe."
5. This reply, which in a manner
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