Perhaps the most important bearing of this work at present is on the question of reciprocity in trade with foreign nations, which question concerns the live stock and meat-producing interests of the United States more fully than it does any other industry of the country, and more vitally to-day than ever before in the history of the trade. It is for this reason, among others, that the leaders of the movement headed by the International Live Stock Exposition are doing everything in their power to encourage producers throughout the country to improve their live stock, and are endeavoring to attract and interest producers and consumers every where, at home and abroad, in their great annual International shows, hoping thereby to improve production on one hand and encourage consumption on the other.

animals and meat products and through wise measures of reciprocity, we must accept and endure the inevitable consequences of a restricted market, which are lower prices and decreased production, which mean, of course, less business for transportation companies, commission men, stock yards, packers, exporters and others directly concerned in the trade in live stock, meats and meat products, and for bankers, merchants, manufacturers and other interests indirectly concerned, because of the large support which they constantly derive from the same trade.

MUST RECAPTURE FOREIGN MARKETS.

Here is where the work of the International comes in. It not only recognizes the necessity of removing artificial barriers to trade with foreign nations, but its chief aim is through the education of producers to better methods of breeding and feeding, to reduce the cost of production and raise the standard of quality of American animals and meats to a point where their superior excellence will not only induce foreign markets to again open their doors to our products, but where also they will be chosen by foreign consumers in preference to the inferior products of other nations, and thus enable American producers not only to recapture foreign markets for their surplus and to hold those markets against all foreign competition, but also to enjoy better prices at home for their whole output of animals and meats because consumers will be better satisfied and because of having a foreign outlet provided for their surplus. "NO QUESTION IS EVER SETTLED UNTIL IT IS SETTLED RIGHT.” The only way to successfully overcome the opposition of the enemies of reciprocity, is for farmers and stockmen everywhere throughout the country to first study the situation until they fully recognize what it demands of them, then unite on a single definite policy, and agitate and work unceasingly, collectively, and individually, for its adoption, until Congress sees that they can no longer be ignored, and grants them their just rights to participate fairly in the benefits of foreign trade.

Farmers and stock raisers should agitate this question of reciprocity constantly among themselves and urge upon their representatives in Congress prompt consideration and adequate action for the protection of their interests, which are at the same time the best interests of the nation as a whole. With the active assistance of farmers and stockmen to keep it before the people and the legislature, this question cannot be kept in the background and will not be allowed to rest until it is properly settled. And all parties should remember that "No question is ever settled until it is settled right."

BENEFITS GENERAL AGRICULTURE.

It is easily demonstrated that these great annual shows of the International Live Stock Exposition are vastly beneficial to agriculture in general; that by encouraging expansion and improvement in live stock production they contribute directly to increased

and improved crop growing. The reason is plain. The raising and feeding of live stock on the farm enhances soil fertility. Soil fertility is the foundation of agricultural prosperity, and agricultural prosperity is the basis of general prosperity. Live stock on the farm consumes farm waste and converts it into money, and at the same time throws back upon the farm added elements of soil fertility that increase its productive powers and its value, while well-bred live stock brings a quicker and larger return for the feed consumed. Hence, those farmers who have made first-class stock growing a considerable part of their business are to-day the most thrifty and prosperous portion of the population of these mighty and prosperous United States.

INTERDEPENDENCE OF LIVE STOCK INTERESTS.

Producers, shippers, railroads, markets, packers and consumers are closely dependent upon each other for mutual benefits from the live stock industry. Co-operation, or concerted action toward a given definite purpose, is the secret of all great success. Organization is the spirit of the age. Organized capital is followed by organized labor. Organizations offensive, defensive, and constructive, growing more and more comprehensive in their scope and more effective in their purposes, merge into organizations of organizations, in ever widening circles, with still greater efficiency and power for good if properly used, or power for evil if abused.

But a new and corrective force is arising in the early morning of the twentieth century, destined to be the greatest factor for good in this the greatest period of history for human achievement and advancement. Through recognition of the fact of mutual interdependence, between organizations as well as between individuals, there is rapidly growing in the minds of all thoughtful men the idea. of co-operation as the best means of accomplishing all justly conceived objects.

TEACHES A GREAT LESSON.

Herein lies the explanation of the remarkable success of the great movement headed by the International Live Stock Exposition. Each successive show has been superior in all respects to any of its predecessors. Better housed, better managed, more complete in its details, with a greater number and higher standard of excellence in its exhibits, and a large attendance of those for whom it was especially designed; with more comfort and convenience, better opportunities for exhibition of animals and better entertainment of audiences, both day and evening, each annual event has proved more and more interesting and valuable to the great industry which it represents, exerting an ever-deepening interest and an everwidening circle of influence, until at last it is attracting the serious attention of nations abroad, as well as increased attention at home, all of which cannot help but prove favorable to the universal demand for American animals and meats. The practical benefits of this great show to everybody-breeders, farmers, feeders, marketmen, slaughterers, and consumers at home and abroadcan no longer be questioned. All this gratifying and beneficial success was brought about through co-operation

of those forces immediately concerned, and active

in building up this great show and sustaining

Plans are already being made for the Eighth annual event, whic will take place November 30 to December 7, 1907, when it is proposed to bring together the largest number of agricultural visitor ever yet assembled, to witness the most interesting, instructive, an brilliant series of events ever provided at a live stock exhibition.

England had a direct exhibit at the 1906 show, in the entries o His Majesty King Edward VII., Lord Rothschild, and Sir Thoms Lipton, and it is expected that at the next show will be seen als direct exhibits from the German Empire, France, and Belgium, as well as other countries. One evening of each show is dedicated to the foreign countries which produced animals on exhibition, and the program is specialized by international features and by giving prominence to the products of the breeders' art from those countries Intending exhibitors should send now for the preliminary classi fication, containing information as to rules, conditions, premiums etc., to the general superintendent, who will cheerfully answer all correspondence.

INFORMATION FOR VISITORS.

Visitors who have not heretofore attended the International Live Stock Exposition are informed that low, special railroad rates of fare are granted for this show each year; that ample accommodations for rooms and board, at very reasonable rates and within easy access, are provided by an official bureau appointed by the manage ment; that the transportation facilities to and from all railroad depots, hotels, leading stores, places of amusement, and all parts of the city are abundant and continuous day and night, consisting of steam, elevated, and electric cars which run directly to the entrance of the Exposition; that in addition to the daily general exhibition of single animals and carload lots, the interesting contests in the ring. the students' judging contests and many other interesting and instructive features of the daily program, in all the departments of horses, cattle, sheep and swine, besides visits to the vast Union Stock Yards and to the packing-houses, there are also a series of brilliant evening horse fairs at which the finest horses on earth, from the tiniest Shetland to the enormous stallion weighing over a ton, disport themselves in the arena, and ponderous but intelligent two, four, and six horse draft, teams in harness strive for honors and liberal premiums in artistic evolutions and intricate driving contests, followed by a grand parade of the leading prize-winners of the day in both cattle and horse rings - a veritable pageant composed of the animal aristocrats of the world.

It is a'l well worth se ing and when the combined facilities for obtaining information, entertainment, amusement, and a pleasure trip, all in one, are considered, the stock growers of America and Canada will not hesitate to avail themselves of the opportunities for visiting Chicago this season.

38

Copyright 1907 by Opportunities of To-day Publishing Company.

HE great revival of the mining industry of Nevada, which began with the discovery of Tonopah, six years ago last. May, is now attracting the attention of the entire mining world, and the wonderfully rich camps of Tonopah, Goldfield, Bullfrog, Manhattan, Round Mountain. Fairview, Wonder, Searchlight, Johnnie, Rosebud, Ramsey, and Greenwater are at the present writing the center of attraction for all who are JIM BUTLER AND HIS BURRO interested in the seductive pursuit of mining for the precious metals. Before considering the remarkable discoveries in Southwestern Nevada, it will be interesting, not only for purposes of comparison, but from a historical point of view, briefly to refer to the great discoveries of the past which placed Nevada for many years in the front rank of gold and silver producing states.

The first great discovery of the precious metals in Nevada was that of the Comstock, which occurred in 1859. Alfred Doten, the well-known authority of Virginia City, recently deceased, in the Report of the Director of the Mint for the year 1902 gave this account of the Comstock discovery:

"Commencing with the few weeks of prospective work with pans and rockers, before winter interfered, although black sulphurets were found secondarily commingled with the rich free-gold discovery, no one fully understood its real value or importance, or how to utilize it; therefore only gold to the extent of about $30,000 was washed out of the surface diggings. The result of virtually the first year's real mining operations, in 1860-three regular stamp mills being brought over the mountains from California-was $780,000, considerably over one half of which was gold. The next year $3,500,000 was the product, and the next $7,000,000, and it was not until the fourth year that silver predominated in the first silver mine of the United States discovered as a gold mine, the yield for that year (1863) aggregating $12,400,000, or nearly $24,000,000 for the first four years. In 1864 the rich yield was $16,000,000, and in 1877 culminated the grand height and glory of the big bonanza days, the product for that calendar year being $36,000,000, the best year's record of the old Comstock. And it was during that year that the thousands of visitors were shown the famous 'long drift' on the 1550-foot level of the Consolidated Virginia and California Mine. The great bonanza was a regular shaped oblong body of high-grade ore, carrying high values in silver and gold, three-fifths being silver. It was about 1,300 feet in length, and the aforesaid long drift was a crosscut through its widest part, the 'heart' of the big bonanza, the drift being over 100 feet long, with top, bottom, and sides all in very high-grade ore, $1,000 per ton, without a pound of waste anywhere throughout its entire length. John Mackay, one of its principal owners, claimed it to be 'the longest, richest drift anybody in the whole world ever saw, or would ever see again.' No wonder, at the magnificent bullion yield and the liberal regular bonanza dividends of $1,080,000 per month. . . . . The total yield of the Comstock Lode to date foots up to over $371,000,000, as given by the official table; yet all who are familiar with the old-time mining and milling methods know that millions were handled with perfect looseness, with surreptitious leakages, especially in the flush and rapid early times, and that the square actual yield of the Comstock should amount to nearer $500,000,000. Some, in fact, guess it up to $800,000,000 or more, and one of our sanguine-minded Congressmen recently published it at $600,000,000. The table, however, is not responsible for illegitimate estimates, any more than for the $60,000,000 tailings' loss arson River. It is simply an honest record of what bullion was in sight,' and none other."

After the exhaustion of the big bonanza in 1878, a long, gradual decline followed, and in 1895, for the first time in thirty-four years, the production of the Comstock fell below the million mark, and in recent years it has fallen as low as $171,000 per annum.

The White Pine district, in Eastern Nevada, which was discovered in 1868, is credited with a production of $25,000,000. The Pioche district, discovered the same year, has produced $45,000,000, and the Eureka district, which was contemporaneous with White Pine and Pioche, has produced $160,000,000. For several years in the '70's Eureka controlled the lead market of the world. The Reese River district (Austin), which was discovered in 1866, produced about $70,000,000, mostly gold. Other districts, famous in the years from 1870 to 1890, are credited by trustworthy authority with production as follows: Belmont, $14,000,000; Tybo, $6,000,000; Tuscarora, $25.000.000; Aurora, $13,500,000; Candelaria, $18,000,000; Pine Grove, $5,000,000; Cortez, $3,000, 000; Silver Peak, $3,500,000; Hawthorne, $1,250,000; DeLamar, $7,000,000.

With the demonetization of silver in 1873, the decline of the mining industry in Nevada, outside of the Comstock, began, and from 1878, when the big bonanza was practically exhausted, the decline was rapid until 1893, when the repeal of the Sherman Act sounded the death-knell of silver mining. From that time until the discovery of Tonopah no mining of importance was carried on, and so far as cutting any figure in the mining world was concerned, Nevada was dead.

The great discovery at the base of Mt. Oddie, which has resulted in the development of four or five of the greatest mines in the world, resurrected Nevada, and transformed the Desert within the short space of six years, was made by James L. Butler, on May 19, 1900. Butler's original locations embraced eight claims, which were sold in June, 1901, to Philadelphia capitalists for $336,000. During the winter of 1900-1 Butler let 112 leases on his claims, about twentyfive of which paid well, while five or six made their holders rich. Nearly all of the leasers made wages, not more than half a dozen failing to pay expenses. Most of the leasers began work about the 1st of June, 1901, and the leases expired December 31st of that year; so that the period of active operation, was about seven months. The most productive lease was that of the O'Meara-Lynch ComIt was secured by that company in June by purchase for $9,000. The first rich shoot of ore struck in this lease was 5 feet in width, 80 feet in depth and 60 feet in length, and ran from $150 to $500 a ton. A winze on the 150-foot level opened up an ore-shoot from 16 to 18 feet wide that averaged $250 a ton. On the 200foot level a body of ore 6 feet wide and 90 feet long averaged $300 a ton. This lease produced 3,500 tons of ore of an average value of more than $100. After the expiration of the lease the O'MearaLynch Company took a contract to sink the Mizpah shaft for the ore extracted, and in seven months took out 4,000 tons of ore, averaging about the same as that produced under the lease. So that in a little over a year the three young men comprising this company made considerably more than half a million dollars. The lease of Brown & Cutting produced about $300,000; that of Golden & Sinclair about $280,000, and that of Brougher Brothers about $250,000, while there were several others that produced from $25,000 to $100,000 each. The total production up to the expiration of the leases on December 31, 1901, is conservatively estimated at $4,500,000.

Since the Tonopah Company took charge of the property, the main working shaft on the Mizpah claim, has been sunk to the 900-foot level, and the mine has been thoroughly proved to the 700 level, where the ore-bodies are larger and richer than above The 300 level in the Mizpah and Buckboard claims is 1,750 feet long, and is in ore the entire distance, the ledge being from 5 to 16 feet in width and carrying uniform values running close to $50 a ton. The Valley View shaft, 850 feet south of the Mizpah shaft, has been sunk to the 500 level and connected with the Mizpah by cross-cuts which intersect three large veins. The Valley View ledge is 38 feet wide and carries some of the richest ore in the camp. There are more than 35,000 feet of workings in the Tonopah Company's property, fully 20,000 feet of which are in ore. The company has produced about $12,000,000 in the course of development, and there is $150,000,000 worth of ore blocked out in the mine. The company