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civil affairs of the Government during that crisis that a distinguished citizen of Ohio, who was an eminent member of Congress, and a general in the Civil War, has said that "eight Ohio men in civil life did as much or more probably to ensure the success of the Union cause than any eight of the generals whom the state sent to the field. Those were Edwin M. Stanton, Salmon P. Chase, John Sherman, Benjamin F. Wade, William Dennison, David Tod, John Brough and Jay Cooke."

A single reference will illustrate the prominence of Ohio men in the political affairs of the country. In the attempt to impeach President Johnson, the Chief Justice who presided at the trial was from Ohio. If the President had been convicted, Senator Wade of Ohio would have succeeded to the Presidency. The manager of the impeachment proceedings was the eloquent John A. Bingham, of Ohio, one of the foremost members of the House of Representatives. Among the eminent counsel for the President were Henry Stanbery and William S. Groesbeck, each from Ohio, and each among the most eminent lawyers of the nation.

At the very beginning of the great Civil War, Governor Dennison telegraphed this patriotic message to President Lincoln, which deserves to be engraved on the front door of our State capitol: "Ohio must lead throughout this war." How prophetic were those words, for Ohio did lead throughout the war and she has led the nation ever since. Her ascendency has universally been recognized, and her future promises to be as glorious as her past.

The marvelous success of our State is not due to the wheel of chance. Chance is fickle, but our State has maintained her supremacy for a hundred years, not only in the distinction which her sons have achieved in every avenue of life, but by the great body of her people. Her sons have been honest, laborious, frugal, and constant to the best instincts and purposes of life. Her daughters have been noble, Christian, virtuous and beautiful in every attribute of womanhood, while almost every home was consecrated to education, patriotism and the refining influences of Christianity. The people of Ohio believed in the schoolhouse and the church. They educated in the one and worshipped in

9 Vol. XII-3

the other. It would, perhaps, be impossible to assign any special cause for the remarkable success of our State as represented by her sons in public estimation, but I have always felt that it was largely the result of the different characteristics of the early settlers of the State. There poured into northeastern Ohio the shrewd, far-seeing, calculating, intellectual New Englander; while into the southern portion of the State there went the warm-blooded, impulsive, passionate, generous, brave, and eloquent Virginian. The representatives of these civilizations became distinguished men. In the order of time their children intermarried and produced the best combination of brain and blood and heart the nation has seen, and to this cause I largely attribute the ascendency of our State.

Daniel Webster once said, in speaking of Massachusetts: "I have no encomium to pronounce upon Massachusetts. She needs none. There she stands." I have an encomium to pronounce upon Ohio, not because she needs it, but because she deserves it:

Union.

There she stands, the foremost state in the American

ARE THE HOPEWELL COPPER OBJECTS PREHIS

TORIC?*

BY WARREN K. MOOREHEAD.

At the Washington meeting of the American Anthropological Association, held conjointly with Section H of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, I read a brief paper on the Hopewell copper objects, and it is now my wish to present a more extended communication on the subjest.

Mr. Clarence B. Moore, whose valuable work in southeastern United States is so favorably known to all who are interested in American archæology, has recently called my attention to two sentences in my review of Mr. Fowke's Archaeological History of Ohio, published in the American Anthropologist (volume IV, No. 3), which might be regarded by some as evidence that European objects were found in the Hopewell mounds of Ohio. If any one so construes these sentences, he gives to them an interpretation exactly the opposite of that which I wish to convey.

When the land on which the Hopewell group of mounds is situated was cleared, about the year 1800, it was covered with a heavy forest growth of oak, walnut, etc., but on the upper one of the two terraces of the enclosure the growth was largely of oak. Evidence based on the age of timber is very unsatisfactory, and one cannot say with certainty whether the largest trees growing from the mounds were two hundred or four hundred years of age. The fields have been cultivated for many years, and the height of each tumulus has been reduced and the diameter greatly extended. Our best evidence as to the antiquity of the mounds, therefore, is obtained from the excavations. These evidences

are:

First. Five or six of the mounds contain peculiarly shaped altars of burnt clay. These are confined to Southern Ohio and are not mentioned by the earliest travelers who witnessed the *The above article appeared in American Anthropologist (n. s.), Vol. 5, January, March, 1903. - E. O. R.

Southern Indians building mounds. The altars here referred to are those of the type described by Squier and Davis and in my own writings, and not those formed of blocks of wood, squares of stone, and similar structures.

Second. The presence of chalcedony from Flint Ridge. So far as can be ascertained the Flint Ridge material was not used in historic times.

Third. Substances not native to Ohio. In reviewing Mr. Fowke's book I used the term "foreign" in allusion to objects found outside of Ohio; if I had been writing on the United States in general, I should not have employed the word, for in matters of such importance as the antiquity of the Hopewell group, one cannot be too careful in the use of explanatory terms. In no other mounds have so many different substances been found. Without going into detail I may mention as having been unearthed during the Hopewell excavations, copper, mica, obsidian, galena, a fossil, sea-shells, sharks' teeth, and Tennessee flint. Cannel coal, Flint Ridge material, and graphite slate were also found, but these cannot be considered to have come from a distance exceeding eighty or a hundred miles. Excepting the copper, these materials in themselves, whether obtained by barter or by travel, might not be evidences of antiquity, but the copper alone is sufficient to prove the pre-Columbian origin of the Hopewell group. The careful analysis made by Mr. Moore and published some years ago in his "As to Copper from the Mounds of the St. John's River, Florida,” showed that copper'not only from other mounds but that from the Hopewell group contained a higher percentage of pure copper than the European commercial copper of two centuries or more ago. This cannot be gainsaid. The presence of half-hammered nuggets in the Hopewell effigy mound was, to my mind, conclusive evidence. These nuggets do not present the smooth surface of copper beaten with an iron hammer, nor are the forms regular. They have undoubtedly been rudely shaped with stone hammers, showing a process but begun. In June last I visited Wisconsin and was astonished at the amount of drift-copper occurring on the surface between Two Rivers and Princeton, a distance of about one hundred miles. I obtained a hundred and thirty-eight pounds of specimens of varying sizes,

some of which have been partly worked by man. The hammered pieces were larger than those found in the Hopewell group.. None of them was cut from European commercial bars; all are from the drift or were mined in the Superior-Michigan region.

Can the advocate of the modern origin of all our moundgroups, in which the highest culture is in evidence, claim that French, Spanish, English, Dutch, or American traders obtained metal carrying a higher percentage of copper than the European copper of the times in which they lived, worked some of it into such strange symbols as the swastika and many cosmic figures and combinnations, or into thin sheets; made immense copper axes (one of which weighed nearly thirty-eight pounds), and long bar-shaped objects of solid copper weighing from ten to. thirty pounds, such as have been found in Wisconsin; and after doing this skillful work have hammered with stones some illshaped nuggets and traded these masses of varying forms, representing many stages of workmanship, to the natives to be placed by them in the mounds? Is there any field evidence of such a contention? Can we logically conceive of an illiterate trader (for not one in a dozen of the early traders could either read or write) knowing aught concerning the swastika or the cosmic symbols? It is well known that traders did carry brass, beads, kettles, and the like into the Indian country; but imagine a trader visiting the Hopewell group with sixty-eight copper axes in his possession ranging from four ounces to thirty-eight pounds in weight! And there is no European or American axe of white man's make of the peculiar form of the Hopewell specimens.

The designs in sheet-copper are so intricate that up to the present no one has been able to correctly interpret them. Professor Putnam and Mr. Willoughby have published a paper on these strange designs which, up to the present time, is the only attempt at explanation that has been made.* To assert that any of the objects found during the Hopewell explorations are of Euorpean origin, or that the art products of these mounds were inspired by a knowledge of the white man's methods, is to assume

* "Symbolism in Ancient American Art," Proceedings of the A. A. A. S., 1896.

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