ing this point. The frontispiece of Knapp's History of the Maumee Valley is what purports to be a view of Fort Industry. It represents a high clay bluff, rising steeply from the shore of the Maumee, seamed by rains, and crowned, on its summit, by a stockade, at one corner of which is a typical log blockhouse, like the old one still standing on Bois Blanc Island, in the Detroit river, near its mouth.

The engraving bears in one lower corner the name of O. J. Hopkins better known, perhaps, as the late Colonel Hopkins, whose death by accident occurred in Columbus a few months ago. In his earlier years he was a draughtsman and a wood engraver. He was asked as to his authority for the picture. His reply was, in effect, that he was asked to make it as a frontispiece for the Knapp book; that he found no picture of it was in existence, nor could he find any description of it, or any one who had seen it when it was intact; hence, he made a picture of it as he supposed it might be. When asked why he placed a blockhouse in it, he replied that he supposed that was the regular thing at such posts.

It is not at all probable there was any blockhouse. The "fort" was a simple stockade, made of logs planted vertically in the ground, and with one or more log houses in it to serve the purposes of the detachment of soldiers who were here temporarily.

THE TREATY OF GREENVILLE.

[The following article comprising the statement of facts, and the reprint of the wording of the treaty, was prepared by Frazer E. Wilson of Greenville, Ohio. The material is found largely in his little book, "The Treaty of Greenville." The reproduction of the signatures and the symbol signs inscribed by the chiefs to the treaty is from a photograph in exact size taken from the treaty itself, now carefully preserved in the archives at Washington, D. C. The photograph was taken by permission of the government authorities for the purposes of exhibition at the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the treaty, held at Greenville, Ohio, on August 3, 1895. This is the only time a photograph has been made from the original and the photograph is now in the possession of Hon. A. C. Robeson, Greenville, Ohio, by whose consent we have been able to produce the fac similes of the signatures. - E. O. R.]

After the battle on the Maumee, the Indians of the Northwest still hesitated to seek peace. The British agents, Simcoe, McKee, and Brant, stimulated them to continue hostilities. They strengthened their fort near the rapids, supplied the Indians from their magazines, called a council, and urged the Indians to propose a truce or suspension of hostilities until spring, in order to deceive the Americans, that they might neglect to keep sufficient troops to retain their position. They also advised the savages to convey their lands to the King in trust, so as to give the British a pretext for assisting them, and, in case the Americans refused to abandon all their posts and possessions on the west side of the Ohio, to make a general attack and drive them across that river. Brant also told them to keep a good heart; that he would return home, for the present, with his warriors, and come again in the spring, with a larger force, "to fight, kill and pursue the Americans." He also "advised them to amuse the Americans with a prospect of peace, until the tribes should collect in force to fall upon them early in the spring, and when least expected."

Notwithstanding all these preparations, the Indians began to understand their critical condition, and to lose faith in the British. Information was received from Kaskaskia, that they

were crossing the Mississippi every day, and despaired of withstanding the Americans.

The humane disposition of the victors, however, finally won their confidence, and, on the 28th and 29th of December, the chiefs of several tribes manifested their desire for peace to the commandant at Fort Wayne. Proceeding to Fort Greene Ville, representatives of the Chippewas, Ottawas, Sacs, Pottawattomies, and Miamis entered, together with the Shawanese, Delawares, and Wyandots, into preliminary articles with General Wayne on the 24th of January, 1795. The first article provided, "that, until articles for a permanent peace shall be adjusted, agreed to, and signed, all hostilities shall cease, and. the aforesaid sachems, and war chiefs, for and in behalf of the nations which they represent, do agree to meet the above named plenipotentiary of the United States, at Greene Ville, on or about the 15th day of June next, with all the sachems and war chiefs of their nations, then and there to consult and conclude upon such terms of amity and peace as shall be for the interest and to the satisfaction of both parties." Article two provided for the prompt report of any meditated or attempted hostilities of any nation or tribe, against any post or settlement, to the commander in chief, or to the officer commanding troops of the United States at the nearest post, should it come to the knowledge of the nations above mentioned. Also, that the commander in chief, and his subordinate officers, should do likewise on behalf of the said Indian Nations.

For the next few months prisoners were exchanged, and the Indians were preparing to meet in June as agreed. Early in that month a large number of Delawares, Ottawas, Pottawattomies, and Eel River Indians, arrived at Greene Ville. These were the chief men, the scions of many a proud and noted tribe. Some had met in former treaties with the United States, many had helped to rout the unfortunate army of St. Clair in 1791, and all had suffered a telling defeat at the hands of the Americans the summer previous. Let us picture to ourselves the scene and the occasion and then listen to some of the words of the principal participants. The council fire was kindled on the 16th of June and around its sacred embers gathered a picturesque group of frontier soldiers, scouts, spies, interpreters and officers. We note

especially the faces of Wayne, and W. H. Harrison, his aide, of Wells, Miller and Zane the scouts, and a coterie of French Canadian interpreters. Without the council house and beyond the artillery park and parade ground appear the long and regular rows of soldier's cabins and beyond these, on all sides, the log palisades and guarded bastions of the frontier fort. Gen. Wayne has extended a cordial greeting in these words: "I have cleared this ground of all brush and rubbish, and opened roads to the east, to the west, to the north, and to the south, that all nations may come in safety and ease to meet me. The ground on which the council house stands is unstained with blood, and is as pure as the heart of General Washington, the great chief of America, and of his great council as pure as my heart, which now wishes for nothing so much as peace and brotherly love. I have this day kindled the council fire of the United States; we will now cover it up, and keep it alive, until the remainder of the different tribes assemble, and form a full meeting and representation. now deliver to each tribe present a string of white wampum, to serve as record of the friendship that is this day commenced between us."

I

For several weeks the chiefs and warriors kept dropping in, a few at a time from their distant homes on the Wabash, the Maumee, and the lake region farther north. They expressed sentiments of peace and on the 15th of July, the general, after explaining his commission urged the last treaty with St. Clair at Ft. Harmar as a basis of lasting peace and advised them to deliberate a few days. The fire was then raked up and the council adjourned to the 18th. On that day the Little Turtle observed that the treaty at Ft. Harmar "was effected altogether by the Six Nations, who seduced some of our young men to attend it, together with a few of the Chippewas, Wyandots, Ottawas, Delawares, and Pottawattomies," and "that he was entirely ignorant of what was done at that treaty." Mash-i-pi-nash-i-wish also stated that he "knew nothing of the treaty in question" on account of his remote situation on Lake Michigan. Tarke (or Crane), the Wyandot chief, arose and remarked that he wished it to be determined what nation should speak, and that a day be appointed when all present, together with those on the way, should meet.

The General answered that he had paid attention to their remarks, and that he would endeavor to fully explain to them, two days hence, the treaty of Muskingum, (Ft. Harmar), of which so many plead ignorance. Also, that he would recall to "the Wyandots, Delawares, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawattomies, and Sac nations, what they did at that treaty," and show the names of those who witnessed it. Council adjourned to meet on the 20th.

On the evening of the 18th, Blue Jacket and thirteen Shawanese, and Massas with twenty Chippewas, arrived, and were received into the council house. When the council opened on the 20th, the Shawanese and Chippewas were present in addition to the rest, and the General read to them his message to the hostile Indians on the 13th of August, 1794. He also read and explained the treaty of Fort Harmar, and pointed out a number of chiefs who were present and signed both that and the treaty of Fort McIntosh, and asked them to consider seriously what he had said, and upon their next meeting, make known their thoughts. After Pe-ke-te-le-mund, a Delaware chief, and Mashi-pi-nash-i-wish had spoken, the council adjourned, and on the 21st Massas spoke in behalf of the Ottawas, Chippewas and Pottawattomies. He spoke in favor of peace, and stated that the Three Fires which he represented had poor interpreters at the treaty of Muskingum, and that if their uncles, the Wyandots, and grandfathers, the Delawares, had received presents and compensation, they were never informed of it. Tarke, Mash-i-pinash-i-wish, the General, and Massas then made some remarks. On Wednesday, the 22nd, the tall and crafty Mishikinakwa, the Little Turtle, chief of the Miamis, who had led in the attack on St. Clair, arose and said: "General Wayne! I hope you will pay attention to what I now say to you. I wish to inform you where my younger brothers, the Miamis, live, and also the Pottawattomies of St. Joseph, together with the Wabash Indians. You have pointed out to us the boundary line between the Indians and the United States; but I now take the liberty to inform you that that line cuts off from the Indians a large portion of country which has been enjoyed by my fore-fathers, time immemorial, without molestation or dispute. The prints of my ancestor's houses are