engaged in trade to ports not in North or Central America, and a few specified adjacent places (except fishing and pleasure vessels), pay a tax on entry of six cents per ton of their burden, but the maximum aggregate tax in any one year does not exceed thirty cents. This is called a tonnage tax. Foreign vessels pay the

TURBINE STEAMSHIP MAURETANIA

Length 790 feet-horse power 70,000-displacement 43,000 tons. Leaving Liverpool Sept 10th, 1910 for New York, she made the trip in 4 days, 10 hours, 41 minutes breaking all records.

same tax, but an American vessel is forced to pay an additional tax of fifty cents per ton if one of her officers is an alien. Materials for the construction of vessels for foreign trade may be imported free of duty, but the duty must be paid if the vessel engages for more than two months a year in the coasting trade. POINTS ON CRIMINAL LAW

Ignorance No Excuse.-Every person is presumed to know what the law is, and ignorance is no excuse for crime.

Arrests.-No one can be legally arrested without a warrant unless the person making the arrest has personal knowledge that the one he arrests has committed a crime. Any one without a warrant may arrest a person committing a felony in his presence, and any peace officer may arrest a person while committing a breach of the peace or immediately afterwards.

The rule, "Every man's house is his castle," does not hold good in criminal cases, and an officer may break open doors of the criminal's house to execute a warrant; and he may do so without a warrant, as also may a private person, in fresh pursuit, under circumstances which authorize him to make an arrest.

Warrants.-No warrant shall be issued but upon probable cause, supported by oath, or affirmation.

Innocence Presumed.-Every one is presumed to be innocent until the contrary is proved.

Bound to Aid the Sheriff.-Every man is bound to obey the call of a sheriff for assistance in making an arrest.

An Accident is not a crime, unless criminal carelessness can be shown.

Arson is the malicious burning of another's house. In some States by statute it is an indictable offense to burn one's own house to defraud insurers.

"Settling" an Offense.-It is an indictable offense for the party immediately aggrieved to agree with a thief or other felon that he will not prosecute him, on condition that he return the stolen goods, or to take a reward not to prosecute.

Embezzlement is the wrongful appropriation of the money or goods of another by one entrusted therewith. It was not indictable at common law, but has been made a felony by vari ous statutes. Public officers, bank cashiers, clerks, and others acting in a fiduciary capacity are peculiary liable to be charged with this offense.

Drunkenness is not a legal excuse for crime, but sometimes is evidence of the absence of malice.

Self-Accusation.-No one ought to accuse himself except be

fore God.

A Married Woman who commits a crime in the presence of her husband, unless it is of a very aggravated character, is presumed to act by his coercion, and, unless the contrary is proved, she is not responsible. Under other circumstances she is liable, criminally, as if she were a single woman.

Insane Persons and others who are incapable of judging between right and wrong are usually absolved from criminal responsibility, though they may be liable civilly for damage done by their wrongful acts.

MINES AND MINING

Laws Governing. The laws governing mines and mining vary in the different States, and a person intending to engage in the mining business should consult the statutes of the particular State in which he desires to operate.

HOW TO LOCATE A MINE

Who May Locate.—All valuable mineral deposits in lands belonging to the United States, whether surveyed or unsurveyed, are "free and open to exploration and purchase by citizens of the United States, or those who have declared their intention to become such."

Requisites of Location. To stake off a claim so as to entitle a prospector to a patent requires considerable care. Unless the boundaries are given correctly, and the claim located strictly in accordance with the statutory provisions, the application for a patent will be refused.

For existing regulations governing the requisition of mineral lands, the title to which is in the government, see Revised Statutes of the United States, Sections 2318-2352, and Supplement of Revised Statutes, pp. 166-67; 276, 324, 948, 950. An examination of these regulations is absolutely essential to the successful location of a claim, for it is not priority of discovery, but priority of compliance with the various requirements of the statutes that gives the right to the mine. As laws and regulations for the location, development and working of mines may be made by the different States, as well as by the general government, the statutes of the particular State where the mine is to be located should also be consulted.

BUREAU OF MINES

From an exhaustive and carefully prepared report of the Committee on mines and mining submitted to the House of Representatives in March, 1910, the following is manifest; that among the industries of the country, in magnitude and importance, mining ranks second. Agriculture being first. The former contributes $2,000,000,000 annually to our national wealth. It contributes 65 per cent of the freight traffic of the country. In 1910, the wages paid men engaged in mining amounted to $864,158,487. It employs more than 3,000,000

men in mines and in performing labor connected with mining. It is the basis of a large portion of the nation's varied manufacturing interests, and of its supplies of light and heat. Nevertheless, there has been found to be an excessive and increasing waste in the resources of American mines-250,000,000 tons of coal annually. More deplorable than this, is the ever increasing death roll-from 8,000 to 10,000 miners killed or seriously injured every year, most of them leaving widows and fatherless children. Each year our mines are becoming more dangerous as the work extends deeper and gases increase. It has been ascertained that in the United States, nearly three times the number are killed and injured in mines, to the 1,000, than in European countries. For the purpose of discovering some means of remedying this intolerable condition at the Second Session of the Sixty-first Congress, a Bill was passed and became a Law creating the ''Bureau of Mines" for the purpose of providing such scientific inquiries and investigations as would enable Congress and states to provide legislation that would materially lessen this waste, and loss of life.

LAWS GOVERNING PUBLIC ROADS

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

1. To prevent collisions, and to secure the safety and convenience of travelers meeting and passing each other upon the highway, a code of rules has been adopted which constitutes what is called the law of the road. These rules, originally established by custom, have, in many instances, been re-enacted and declared by statute, and are of general and uniform observ. ance in all parts of the United States. In general, they apply to private ways, as well as public roads, and, indeed, extend to all places appropriated, either by law or in fact, for the purposes of travel.

2. Public Roads are those which are laid out and supported by officers entrusted with that power. Their care and control is regulated by the statutes of the different States, and in detail will

Note-For Road Petitions see page 88.

not be referred to here, as they can be easily looked up by those who desire information so entirely local.

3. Ownership.-The soil and the land remain in the owner, who may put the land to any use, and derive from it any profit, not inconsistent with the rights of the public. If the road is at any time discontinued, the land reverts back to the owner.

4. Liability. The repair of highways is usually imposed upon towns, and they are made liable by statute for all damages against persons or estates, from injuries received or happening in consequence of a neglect of duty on the part of the officers having the same in charge.

5. The Primary law of the road is that all persons using the same must exercise due care to prevent collisions and accidents. No one can claim damages for an injury mainly caused by his own negligence.

6. Persons traveling with carriages or vehicles of transportation, meeting on any public way, are required to turn their carriages or wagons to the right of the center of the road, so far as to permit such carriages or wagons to pass without interruption. Any unreasonable occupation of the public way, whether arising out of a refusal to turn out and allow a more rapid vehicle to pass, or from an unjustifiable occupancy of such a part of the road as to prevent others from passing, will render the party so trespassing liable for damages to any suffering injuries therefrom. A loaded vehicle must turn out, and allow those to pass who may reasonably and lawfully travel faster.

7. Riders are not governed by any fixed rules, but are required to use reasonable prudence at all times to prevent accidents. They need less room and can make quicker movements, and are, therefore, not under as well defined rules as vehicles.

8. Pedestrians have a right to use the carriage-way as well as the sidewalk, and drivers must exercise reasonable care to avoid injuring them, but a foot passenger in crossing the street of a city has no prior right of way over a passing vehicle; both are bound to act with prudence to avoid an accident, and it is as much the duty of the pedestrian to look out for passing vehicles as it is for the driver to see that he does not run over any one; nor does the rule requiring vehicles to keep to the right apply to carriages and foot passengers, for, as regards a foot passenger, a carriage may go on either side.