67; convict labor law, 79; secrecy
regarding wages, 170; minimum
wage law, 177, 181, 182, 184,
188, 189, 191-194, 197-199; hours
of labor for women, 211, 215, 218,
222-224, 426, 427; social survey,
214; hours of labor in manu-
facturing, 225, 230, 236, 237,
245, 246; eight-hour day, 229;
night work of women, 249, 250;
Sunday law, 256; supreme court,
256; child labor, 313; workmen's
compensation, 369, 382. See also
Portland.

Orientals, exclusion of, 69, 74-76.
Orphans, special regulations for
employment of, 307; social in-
surance for, 365, 406-408.

P

Pacific railroad, completion, 3.
Padrone system, 46, 47, 81.
Palmer-Owen child labor bill, 317.
Panama Canal Zone, workmen's
compensation for government em-
ployees, 375.
Panic of 1837, 26.

Paper industry, hours of labor, 201.
Parasitic industries, 182, 183.
Paris, industrial courts, 87; labor
clause in subway franchise, 234,
259; exposition of 1900, 419.
Parliament, treatment of seamen,
44; enacts trade disputes act,
123; fixes wages, 141; opposes
labor combinations, 142; in re-
lation to trade boards, 174. See
also Great Britain.
Parties, in New Zealand, 149, 150;

in Australia, 150, 151, 155, 156;
in United States, 156, 157; in
Great Britain, 174.
Partnerships, distinguished from
trade unions, 116, 117, 123.
Paterson, N. J., ten-hour strikes,

210.

Patria potestas, 12.
Pawnbrokers, abuses by, 81.
Peacock, Sir Alexander, on mini-
mum wage boards, 172.
Penalties for violating labor laws,
454-462; cumulative, 455, 456;
civil and criminal actions, 456.
Pennsylvania, railroad employees'

law, 45; anti-truck law, 56; me-
chanics' liens and wage prefer-
ence, 61; convict labor law, 79,
80; attempt to establish indus-
trial courts, 88; decisions on
strikes, 105; anthracite coal strike,
138; ten-hour law for children,
205, 206; ten-hour law for women,
210, 211, 213, 215, 252; public
employment, 238; night work of
women, 249; public employment
offices, 270, 272, 273, 293; ac-
cident reporting, 300; occupa-
tional disease reporting, 303;
child labor, 305, 310, 311; women
forbidden to work in mines, 318;
lead poisoning, 321, 322; safety,
324; factory ventilation, 333;
seats for women, 334; tenement
house manufacture, 337; rail-
road full crew law, 347, 348;
workmen's compensation, 369,
381; investigates woman and
child labor, 421; industrial com-
mission, 436. See also Phila-
delphia, Pittsburgh.
Pennsylvania-East River tunnels,

341.

Peonage, as stage in industry, 36-
41; characteristics, 37; causes,
39, 40, 81; in relation to contract
labor, 42.

Père Marquette railroad strike,
137.

Petroleum refineries, hours of labor,

200.

Philippines, contract labor, 42;
anti-truck law, 56; payment of
benefits to injured employees, 58;
wage preference, 61; conciliation
and arbitration, 131, 132; safety,
323; workmen's compensation,
369. See also Manila.
Philadelphia, American Federation
of Labor convention, 229; street
railroads, 232; association of em-
ployment managers, 291; Work-
ing Men's Party congress, 306.
Phoenix, Ariz., municipal employ-
ment office, 270.

Phosphorus, prohibition of poison-
ous, II, 15, 296, 297, 302, 325,
326, 380, 420.
Picketing, in relation to executive,
21; as used against intangible

property, 96; illegal in Califor-
nia, 100, 110; judicial views on,
108-112; when legal, 110, III;
in Sherman antitrust act, 121;
in English law, 123; in South
Australia, 154.
Pittsburgh, Pa., conference of legal
aid societies, 82; steel workers, 202,
204; women textile workers, 209;
municipal employment office, 270.
Plumbers, registration and examina-
tion of, 323.

Poisons, list of industrial, 302. See
also Lead, Occupational Disease,
Phosphorus.

Police power, belongs to states, II,
15; in relation to guardianship,
12, 14; defined, 13; in relation
to labor legislation, 13-15, 441;
in relation to eminent domain,
14; in relation to taxing power,
14; in relation to liberty and
property, 14, 15; indefinite char-
acter, 16, 17; in relation to other
governmental powers, 17; in re-
lation to public benefit, 25; in
relation to health, 27; in relation
to shifting population, 25; in
relation to inequality of bargain-
ing power, 33; in coal screening
laws, 53; in minimum wage laws,
196-198; in relation to hours of
labor, 237, 256, 257; in child
labor legislation, 309; in relation
to investigation, 428, 429.
Policemen, excluded from eight-
hour law, 228.

Political offenders, not excluded
from United States, 69.
Politics, in relation to labor con-

Portugal, abolishes colonial slavery,
37; night work of women, 248;
one day of rest in seven, 254;
health in glass industry, 326, 327;
workmen's compensation, 367.
Postal employees, unionism among,

161-163; hours of labor, 227;
one day of rest in seven, 254.
Preferential union shop. See Union
preference.

President, powers regarding media-
tion and arbitration, 133, 135,
136, 139, 157, 158; issues execu-
tive orders, 162; memorial to,
on occupational diseases, 302;
appoints members of industrial
commission, 421.

Price bargain, history, 92, 93; con-
trasted with wage bargain, 116–
118.

Printing industry, hours of labor,

204; employment offices, 265.
Prison labor. See Convict labor.
Profits, in relation to minimum
wage, 182-184.

Property, varying conceptions, I,
7-9, 25, 26, 95, 96; in relation
to labor contract, 7-10; in rela-
tion to police power, 14, 15.
Prosecutions, for violating labor
laws, 417, 454-462.
Prostitutes, forbidden to enter
United States, 69.

Prussia, railroad employees, 164;
labor homes for unemployed, 286;
decree recommending municipal
work for unemployed, 289. See
also Berlin, Germany.

Public benefit, as a principle of
government, 24-28, 441; stage
in labor legislation, 27.
Public domain, in relation to home-
stead laws, 3.

Public employment,

mechanics'
liens, 61; unions, 160-166; mini-
mum wage, 176, 177, 197; hours
of labor, 225-229; annual vaca-
tions, 258, 259; as remedy for
unemployment, 284-290; work-
men's compensation, 369, 375;
pensions, 404.

Public opinion, on labor, 25-28; in-
fluences judicial opinion, 25, 28.
Public utilities, controlled by gov-
ernment, 13; laws regulating, 29;

labor clauses in franchises, 233,
234; commissions, 440, 448.
Pullman strike, 134.

Q

Quarrying industry, accidents, 300;
occupational disease, 303.
Quebec, private employment offices,
269.

Queensland, compulsory arbitra-
tion, 143, 154; labor ministry,
151; minimum wage, 173; work-
men's compensation, 367. See
also Australasia, Australia.

R

charters

Raiffeisen banks, 67.
Railroad brotherhoods, oppose com-
pulsory arbitration, 159; in re-
lation to corporations, 164; se-
cure reduction of hours, 230.
Railroad commission laws, 118, 348,
349; compared with minimum
wage laws, 199; origin of, 431;
compared with industrial com-
mission laws, 432.
Railroad corporations,
granted to, 92.
Railroads, terms of service, 15, 45,
46; work accidents, 33, 300, 301;
payment of benefits, 58;
chanics' liens, 61; hours of labor,
200, 201, 229-232, 238-240, 247,
254; in Germany, 289; accident
reporting, 299; safety regula-
tions, 323, 342, 344-349.
Reasonableness, as a standard for
labor legislation, 30, 31, 432, 436,
443, 446.

me-

Referendum, used against full-crew
law, 347.

Representation of interests, in wage
boards, 188, 446, 447; in employ-
ment offices, 272, 281, 282, 445,
446; in adminstration of labor
laws, 443-450; in mediation and
conciliation, 445; in social insur-
ance, 445; in safety work, 445,
446; in workmen's compensa-
tion, 446.
Republican government, guaranteed
by constitution, 6.
Responsible government, in relation

Rhine territory, industrial courts,
86.

Rhode Island, suffrage, 4; weekly
wage payment law, 51; wage
preference, 61; early child labor
laws, 205; hours of labor for
women, 215, 252; hours on street
railways, 233; public employ-
ment offices, 270; accident re-
porting, 298; occupational dis-
ease reporting, 303; child labor,
306, 310; workmen's compensa-
tion, 369.

Richmond, Va., municipal employ-
ment office, 270.

Right to work, Idaho, law, 288.
Rolling mills, hours of labor, 200.
Roman_law, on slavery, 36. See
also Patria potestas.
Roosevelt, President, appoints an-
thracite coal strike commission,
138.

Rossi, D., on padrone system, 46.
Roumania, mediation and arbitra-
tion, 131; government employees,
161; one day of rest in seven,
254; health insurance, 388; ma-
ternity insurance, 393; invalidity
and old age insurance, 400.
Rubinow, I. M., study of work ac-
cidents, 374.

Russia, agricultural credits, 67; em-
igration from, 72; government
employees, 161; lead poisoning,
321; workmen's compensation,
367; health insurance, 388; ma-
ternity insurance, 393; govern-
ment employees' pensions, 404;
government life insurance, 406.

S

Sacramento, Cal., municipal em
ployment office, 270.

Safety, adoption of devices, 15; a
social question, 295-297; pro-
hibitive method, 304-327; in re-

lation to employers' liability,
327, 358; regulative methods,
327-349; defects of early legis-
lation, 349-352; administrative
orders, 352, 353; movement for,
353, 355; encouraged by work-
men's compensation legislation,
413; employers' work for, 462.
St. Gall, industrial courts, 87..
Saloons, women forbidden to work
in, 318.

San Francisco, Cal., municipal em-
ployment office, 270.

Saturday half-holiday, 251-253.
Sawmilling, mechanics' liens, 61.
Scandinavia, emigration from, 72.
See also Norway, Sweden.
Schultze Delitsch banks, 67.
Scientific management. See Time
study.

Scotland, employment offices, 282.
Seamen, contracts of, 4, 36, 44, 45,
342, 343; hours of labor, 234;
safety, 323, 342-344; early mu-
tual accident insurance among,
357.

Seattle, Wash., municipal employ-
ment office, 270, 274; provision
for itinerant workers, 286; cham-
ber of commerce, 286.
Seats, legislation providing, 334,
335.

Senate committee on labor and
capital, 421.

Separation of powers, 22.
Serfdom, as stage in industry, 35-
37, 53.

Servia, wage payment law, 53;
mediation and arbitration, 131;
health insurance, 388.
Servitude, gradual transition from,
31, 32.
Shaw, Chief Justice, decision on
fellow servant rule, 360.
Sherman antitrust act, 96, 103,

121.

Silk weaving, occupational disease
in, 303.

Sjostrand, Erik, on Swedish em-
ployment offices, 279.
Slavery, in southern states, 3, 41;
as stage in industry, 35-37, 53;
in England, 36; abolition, 36-38.
Sleeping in workrooms forbidden,
336,

Social insurance, against unemploy-
ment, 263, 276, 282, 294, 409-
414; defined, 354, 457; against
industrial accidents, 356-385;
against illness, 385-397; mater-
nity, 393, 394; against old age and
invalidity, 397-405; for widows
and orphans, 406-408; coopera-
tive character of, 462-464.
Socialism, development of, 26;
movement for, in New Zealand,
150; in relation to eight-hour day,
229; in relation to social insur-
ance, 387.

Solidarism, in labor legislation,
463, 464.

South Africa, coolie labor in, 42;
immigration law, 73, 74. See also
Good Hope, Cape of.

South Australia, medium of pay-
ment law, 54; compulsory arbi-
tration, 143, 154; labor ministry,
151; minimum wage, 173; work-
men's compensation, 367, 368.
Southern states, slavery 3, 41; pe-
onage, 39, 40; indentured service,
41; enforcement of labor laws,
417.

South Dakota, wage preference, 61;
state loans to farmers, 67; hours
of labor for women, 216, 220;
public employment offices, 270;
child labor, 313.

South Carolina, contract labor law,
44; payment of benefits to in-
jured employees, 58; hours of
labor for women, 216, 252; hours
of labor in textile mills, 236; night
work of women, 249; child labor,
307, 314.

Sovereignty, in American constitu-
tional system, 15.

Spain, industrial courts, 86, 87;
mediation and arbitration, 131;
night work of women, 248, 249;
one day of rest in seven, 254;
protection of women and chil-
dren, 319; prohibition of poison-
ous phosphorus, 325; workmen's
compensation, 367; old age in-
surance, 399; International Asso-
ciation for Labor Legislation, 420.
Spaniards, in Mexico, 37.
Specific performance of contracts,
4, 32.