able by death when committed on land, in order to amount to piracy if committed on the ocean; but as two judges (for both of whom the court entertained the highest respect) had pronounced opposite decisions upon it, the court could not undertake to say that it was not at least doubtful.

Mr. Murdaugh contended, that the acceptance of these commissions amounted to an act of expatriation. Mr. Wirt, on the other hand, insisted that it was not competent to any one to change his national character by his own act alone, without the concurrent act of the government he adopted.

[548] The COURT indicated an opinion against Mr. Murdaugh, founded chiefly upon the opinion already pronounced, that the government of Buenos Ayres could not be recognized by the court as existing at all.

The facts were commented on by all the counsel at considerable length.

The jury retired at candle-light on Friday evening, and in about ten minutes returned a verdict of not guilty.

NOTE. INTERNATIONAL LAW-RIGHTS OF SOVEREIGNTY.-The doctrine as laid down in the above case, that a nation becomes independent from its declaration, as respects its own government, and as to other nations, when it is recognized by them, was again pronounced under similar circumstances in Consul of Spain v. Schooner Conception, post, 497, and The Maria Josepha, post, 500.

UNITED STATES v. AARON BURR.

[U. S. Circuit Court, District of Kentucky, 1806.-2 Wheel. C. C. 573.]

CRIMINAL LAW-PROCESS, WHEN AWARDED.- Courts will not award criminal process on the mere motion and suggestion of the district attorney unsupported by oath.

Present, HON. H. INNES, Judge.

The attorney for the United States, on the 3d day of this term, having made a motion for the caption and examination of the said Burr, etc.

The COURT this day delivered the following opinion, which is ordered to be entered of record, to wit:

The motion made by Mr. Attorney on the 3d day of this term is predicated upon the fifth section of the act of Congress, entitled an act in addition to the act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States. "That if any person shall within the territory or jurisdiction of the United States, begin or set on foot, or provide or prepare the means for any military expedition or enterprise to be carried on from thence against the territory or dominions of any foreign prince or State, with whom the United States are at peace, every such person so offending shall, upon conviction, be adjudged guilty of a high misdemeanor, and shall suffer fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court in which the conviction shall be had, so as that such fine shall not exceed three thousand dollars, nor the term of imprisonment be more than three years."

The evidence in support of the motion is in the following words, viz., J. H. Daviess, attorney for said United States, in and for said district, upon his corporal oath, doth depose and say, that the deponent is informed, and doth verily believe, that a certain Aaron Burr, Esq., late Vice-President of the said United States, for several months past, hath been, and is now, engaged in preparing and setting on foot, and in providing and preparing the means (574) for a military expedition and enterprise, within this district, for the purpose of descending the Ohio and Mississippi therewith, and making war upon the subjects of the King of Spain, who are now in a state of peace with the people of the United States, to wit, on the province of Mexico, on the westwardly side of Louisiana, which appertain and belong to the king of Spain, a European prince, with whom the United States are at peace.

And said deponent further saith, that he is informed and fully believes, that the above charge can and will be fully substantiated by evidence, provided this honorable court will grant compulsory process to bring in witnesses to testify thereto.

And this deponent further saith, that he is informed, and verily believes, that the agents and emissaries of the said Burr have purchased up, and are continuing to purchase, large stores of provisions, as if for an army, while the said Burr seems to conceal

in great mystery from the people at large his purposes and projects; and while the minds of the good people of this district seem agitated with the current rumor, that a military expedition against some neighboring power is preparing by the said Aaron Burr.

Wherefore, said attorney, on behalf of said United States, prays that due process issue to compel the personal appearance of the said Aaron Burr in this court, and also of such witnesses as may be necessary in behalf of the said United States; and that this honorable court will duly recognize the said Aaron Burr, to answer such charge as may be preferred against him in the premises. And in the mean time, that he desist aud refrain from all further preparation and proceeding in the said armament within the said United States, or the territories or dependencies thereof. J. H. DAVIESS, A. U. S.

Affirmed to in open court.

(Attest.) T. TUNSTALL, C. K. D. C.

Has this court power to

November 5, 1806. The question to be considered: award process against the accused, and to compel the attendance of witnesses upon this motion; and if the [575] court has such power, is the evidence adduced sufficient to warrant the measure?

Four kinds of proceeding have been known and pursued in order to convict persons of crimes and misdemeanors:

1st. By an application to a justice or judge out of court.

2d. By preferring an indictment to a grand jury. 3d. By a presentment of the grand jury. And the

4th. By information.

The present application is not embraced oy either of those modes of proceeding. It is a new case resting on the discretion of the court; and as this decision may be considered a precedent in future, I have thought it my duty to take time and mature the subject; because the proposed measure being prevention, no injury could arise by a little delay.

No instance has occurred (within my recollection, since I have become acquainted with judicial proceedings, when a crime or misdemeanor has been committed) of a motion being made to a court to award process to arrest the offender in the first instance; neither have I knowledge of the existence of a law to authorize it.

In any case where a court awards process, it is predicated upon some previous act already done, which gives the court cognizance of the subject, and brings the case in a legal shape before that tribunal; this being performed, the power to adopt every necessary measure to attain the object and end of the law, and to perfect justice, is vested in a court.

The magnitude of this cause, not only as it relates to the community, but to the accused, requires that the proceeding be pursued with regularity, caution, and circumspection. If the facts stated in the affidavit be true, the project ought to be prevented, and the offender punished. Yet, in doing this, the regular legal steps pointed out by usage, or by law, ought to be pursued. If, on the other hand, the accused be innocent, the strong arm of power ought to be confined within its proper limits, the known rules of proceeding; and on no occasion but extreme necessity ought a judge to be induced to exercise a power which rests on discretion. The law then becomes unknown, and the best judge may be considered [570] a tyrant, because it then depends upon his whim and his caprice. It will not be uniform, but it is liable to change with the opinion of every judge.

These reflections extend to the general principle arising out of the case. Admit, however, that they are erroneous; to award process, would be improper; it would be an act of oppression, because there is not legal evidence before the court to authorize an arrest of the person accused. The evidence is the oath of a person who has been informed by one not upon oath; and the deponent believes the fact to be true. I make no doubt of the truth of the affidavit; that is, that the deponent has been informed that the fact stated is true; yet it is not legal evidence, and not being legal evidence, the court cannot act upon it.

Upon this view of the subject, I am compelled to declare, that as the cause is a new one, as no precedent has been shown to justify such a proceeding, as the law is silent upon the subject, and as there are two other modes of proceeding which are regular and well understood, viz., by applying to the judge out of court, and obtaining a warrant upon legal evidence, or by the court ordering a grand jury to be summoned instanter, and preferring an indictment, this motion is overruled.

The attorney for the United States then prayed the judge to

issue his warrant to the marshal, to summon a grand jury, which was done accordingly.

CONSUL OF SPAIN v. SCHOONER CONCEPTION AND CARGO.

[U. S. Circuit Court, District of South Carolina, 1819.-2 Wheel. C. C. 597.1

INTERNATIONAL LAW-RIGHTS OF SOVEREIGNTY.-The fact of national independence may be deduced from history by courts exercising jurisdiction of international law; no explicit official recognition is necessary.

JOHNSON, J.-This vessel and cargo are clearly Spanish property, and the Corvette La Union, by which she was captured, was a commissioned cruiser of the republican or revolted province (for names prove nothing) of Buenos Ayres. The prize put into this port in distress, was libelled by the Spanish consul in behalf of the Spanish owners, and by the decree of the District Court ordered to be restored on two grounds: First. That the courts of this government cannot recognize the commission under Buenos Ayres. Second. That the capturing vessel had recruited men while lying in the mouth of the Mississippi in the month of April last, which men were on board at the time of this capture. As to the second ground, I cannot think that the evidence was such as sanctioned the decree of the District Court; for, besides that the fact is but feebly established by the witnesses who swear to it, when their testimony is compared with each other, and with that of the officers, the only witness who testifies to the national character of the four men said to have been enlisted, proves them to have been foreigners, not Americans, and to have come on board the capturing vessels to enter. The case has never been included in any of the penal laws passed by Congress on this subject, nor have foreign governments any ground for claiming from the United States that such a case should have been included. The fact of illegal equipment, therefore, I consider as unsubstantiated. With regard to the first and principal ground on which the decree is founded, I am of opinion that it is one of more delicacy than real difficulty.

To have dismissed the libel it was not necessary to recognize

BRUN. C. C.-32.