ECONOMICS

CHAPMAN, HERMAN H. Forest Valuation. Pp. xvi, 310. Price, $2.00. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1916.

A book dealing in general with forest valuation, though but one of the fourteen chapters is devoted specifically to the methods of forest valuation. The first four chapters are given to a superficial and occasionally inexact restatement of elementary economics. The remaining chapters are devoted to the author's specialty and are inclusive and authoritative. The topics covered include: Investments and Costs in Forest Production, The Valuation of Forests, Forest Statics-The Balance-Sheet Profits, The Appraisal of Damages, Forest Taxation, Stumpage Values, Future Value of Forests, Risks, Field Appraisals of Timber Stumpage, and Comparison of Forest Values with Agricultural Values. Formulae are given for cost of damages, depreciation, interest earned, profits, stumpage values, forest valuation, and compound interest.

On the whole the book is a creditable piece of scholarly work.

C. L. K.

FILLEBROWN, C. B. The Principles of Natural Taxation. Pp. xx, 281. Price, $1.50. Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company, 1917.

This volume is intended as "a revision and enlargement of the Single Tax Handbook for 1913, . . issued with the idea of permanence." Like its predecessor it is more a series of essays than a well-rounded treatise.

Part I deals with the "authorities" for single tax doctrines. To excerpts from the writings of Smith, Mill, George, McGlynn and Shearman are added citations from Patrick Edward Dove, Edwin Burgess and Sir John Macdonell. The work of the latter is given particular attention on account of its close relationship in spirit and form to that of Henry George.

Part II deals with "side-lights." Here are reprinted many of Mr. Fillebrown's well-known articles, such as Henry George and the Economists, A Burdenless Tax, the 1916-17 Catechism of Natural Taxation, etc. More recent contributions entitled Land: The Rent Concept-The Property Concept, and Taxation and Housing: The Taxation of Privilege are also included.

The appendix contains the author's analysis of the "real views" concerning rent and its taxation developed by the Physiocrats, Thomas Spencer, William Ogilvie, Thomas Paine and Herbert Spencer. These writers are relegated to the appendix because Fillebrown considers, quite justly, that while their names have been associated with Henry George they "cannot claim classification with him when tested by the tenets which they have advocated."

Needless to say, the author still remains an advocate of the "single tax limited." His arguments do not need explanation or comment here as they are already well advertised among all interested persons. The volume is dedicated to the economists of America.

F. T. S.

MUKERJEE, RADHAKAMAL. The Foundations of Indian Economics. Pp. xxvi, 515. Price, $3.00. New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1916.

Here is a study of Indian industrial life by a young Indian economist, who not only gives a description of the economic life of the people, but also sets forth a program for the future industrial expansion of the Empire. Book I, The Social Environment, discusses the economic transformation that is going on in rural India, and describes the various social factors at the basis of India's economic life, viz. the family, caste and religion. Book II, comprising 200 pages, describes the various cottage and village industries and since these industries dominate the industrial life this section is of special importance. Here is a great amount of new data in regard to Indian life, gathered by first hand investigation by the author. Book III describes the Credit and Trade Systems which have developed in India as a necessary result of, or support to, the cottage industries. Here rural credit systems, means of buying and selling, transportation means and methods are treated. Book IV, on the Economic Progress of India, is the constructive portion of the volume. The present system of village life and industry as it has developed in India, the author maintains, is a result of evolution responding to the geographical, historical and social environment of the people. The future, he believes, must proceed along the line of the past. The attempt to force systems and methods of industrial organizations, which originated in the West under different environmental conditions, will be futile in India. Not that large scale production under the factory system may not develop, for the author points out where this may be both inevitable and desirable, but the small workshop and the cottage industry can be made the very center and foundation of industrial expansion in India. By means of proper organization, coöperation and technical education, he believes that the village life of India can form the basis of a modern industry of vast economic importance, and at the same time preserve the best in what is peculiar to Indian civilization and avoid the great evils that have accompanied the industrial revolution in western countries. In other words, India's economic salvation lies not in bodily taking over the industrial system of the West, but in developing and modernizing her own industrial system which, because it fits the environment, will most assure a prosperous, progressive and contented population.

University of Pennsylvania.

G. B. ROORBACH.

OGG, FREDERIC AUSTIN. Economic Development of Modern Europe. Pp. xvi, 657. Price, $2.50. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1917.

With the growing interest in economic and social history, the need of a book which should adequately describe these phases in the development of modern Europe has been keenly felt. Rand's Selections was the best single volume available, but was incomplete and one-sided. In the present book, Professor Ogg has presented a comprehensive and fairly well-balanced picture of the economic development of England, France and Germany, which is certainly the best single volume on the subject. There is little attempt at economic analysis or

causal explanation, but a clear description of the surface phenomena is given. A knowledge of the political background is taken for granted.

The volume is divided into four parts, of which the first, comprising about one-fifth of the book, describes succinctly the antecedents of nineteenth century growth. A third of the work is devoted to part two, Agriculture, Industry, and Trade since 1815, and this seems to the reviewer to constitute the most important portion of the book. There is an over-emphasis of commerce and a relative neglect of manufactures; this is probably due to the fact that so much literature is available on the former, especially on the subject of the tariff which appears in the legislative records, and so little on the latter. But it would have been a worthwhile task if the author had filled in the gaps. The interrelations of agriculture, manufactures, transportation, and commerce are not adequately brought out, but each topic is traced separately.

In the latter half of the book, which deals with Population and Labor and Socialism and Social Insurance, the author is more at home. Here there is a story to tell which needs no economic analysis, and the sources are historical and legislative. The author's interest would seem to have been greatest in the last part, to which one-fourth of the book is given, and here he has done some of his best work.

Professor Ogg has depended for the most part upon secondary sources and most of these are written in English. Thus, in the bibliography on German Socialism, seventeen of the references are English, three French, and only five German. Indeed, it is clear that the author has not depended upon German sources, and that his citation of these references is purely formal, for they are never cited by chapter and page, as are the English works. In the chapter on Russia there is not a single reference to a German authority, although that is the chief source of information for one who does not read Russian. The bibliographies at the end of each chapter are well arranged and will prove of great assistance to those who wish to go beyond this book. It is evident, however, that they have not received the same careful attention which the author gave to the text, for there are not infrequent errors in titles, in spelling, etc. But these are minor blemishes. Taken as a whole, the work is a clear and interesting account of an important field, written in a facile style.

E. L. BOGART.

University of Illinois.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

DOMINIAN, LEON. The Frontiers of Language and Nationality in Europe. Pp. xviii, 375. Price, $3.00. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1917.

As a comprehensive popular survey of the linguistic and racial areas in the countries of western and southern Europe and in Asia Minor, Mr. Dominian's book is of unusual interest. His discussion reviews a wide range of literaturemuch wider it appears than the selected bibliography which concludes the book— and there are presented a large number of tables, maps and illustrations without which visual aids the reader, in spite of the easy style of the author, would find the chapters hard reading and difficult to follow. Geographic influences in

shaping nationality and language location are given special emphasis. Approximately one-third of the book deals with the more familiar contrasts between linguistic and political boundaries in western Europe, but, as is quite natural, because of their number and intricacy the problems of the countries to the southeast receive major attention. This portion of the work, especially in view of the developments of the European war, will receive the greater attention. A knowledge of eastern languages and a familiarity with social conditions in eastern Europe enable the author to draw a picture of conditions unfamiliar but of great interest to western readers.

When the author leaves the task of analysis to outline the application of what racial and linguistic conditions he considers the proper bases for boundarymaking and their application to present-day political problems, his discussion becomes less convincing. The controlling influence, he thinks, should be nationality measured by common language. He recognizes the presence of economic, strategic, historic and other influences which cut down the probability of readjustment of international boundaries in accord with this standard, but he is disposed to minimize their importance. In view of the mosaic appearance of the linguistic and racial maps which illustrate his chapters, many of his readers will have concluded that in south eastern Europe and Asia Minor particularly, any attempt to apply these standards in the formation of political units would produce chaos rather than order. Still linguistic frontiers "having developed naturally, correspond to national aspirations." Maps are presented showing the "languages having political significance," but this basis shows detached areas which obviously could not be put under the same government. Who, further, is to decide what linguistic units are to be disregarded because they are politically insignificant? A discussion follows, which outlines what the author feels to be a defendable adjustment. It contemplates a general rearrangement of frontiers and a creation of buffer states highly unlikely of realization.

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However much one sympathizes with the ideal that the world should be reorganized on the basis of units of geographic unity with people of ethnic unity, the evidence does not show the standard practicable even when it is presented, as it is here, by an able advocate.

University of Wisconsin.

CHESTER LLOYD JONES.

ROSENBAUM, SAMUEL. The Rule Making Authority in the English Supreme Court. Pp. xiv, 321. Price, $3.50. Boston: The Boston Book Company, 1917. Science of Legal Method. (Select essays by various authors.) Pp. lxxxvi, 593. Price, $5.00 Boston: The Boston Book Company, 1917.

Mr. Rosenbaum's work is a critical and historical analysis of the rules adopted under the English Judicature Act, beginning with the Act of 1875, and including the amendments of 1883, and the rules of 1885, 1893, and 1902. Mr. T. Willes Chitty of the Royal Courts of Justice, London, who writes the introduction, speaks in highest praise of the painstaking research and labor which the author has devoted to his task, and of "the practical, detailed, and accurate knowledge of our procedure which he has acquired" and lays before his readers. This estimate by

an English jurist is an estimate that can be taken at its face value, as it comes from one who is thoroughly familiar with the rules which Mr. Rosenbaum describes and discusses. Mr. Rosenbaum's conclusion is that the regulation of civil procedure should be entrusted to a professional body rather than to a well-intentioned but overworked legislature.

Essays by various authors comprise the volume on the Science of Legal Method. The translators are Ernest Bruncken of Washington, D. C., and Layton B. Register of the University of Pennsylvania Law School. The most important topics discussed are the following: Judicial Freedom of Decision: Its Necessity and Method, by François Gény; Judicial Freedom of Decision: Its Principles and Objects, by Eugen Ehrlich; Dialecticism and Technicality: The Need of Sociological Method, by Johann Georg Gmelin; Equity and Law: Judicial Freedom of Decision, by Géza Kiss; The Perils of Emotionalism: Sentimental Administration of Justice-Its Relation to Judicial Freedom of Decision, by Fritz Berolzheimer; Judicial Interpretation of Enacted Law, by Josef Kohler; Courts and Legislation, by Roscoe Pound; The Operation of the Judicial Function in English Law, by Heinrich B. Gerland; Codified Law and Case Law: Their Part in Shaping the Policies of Justice, by Édouard Lambert; Methods of Judicial Thinking, by Karl Georg Wurzel; Methods for Scientific Codification, by Alexandre Alvarez; The Legislative Technic of Modern Civil Codes, by François Gény; Scientific Method in Legislative Drafting, by Ernst Freund. No comments are necessary as to the high standing and as to the scholarship of the authors of these essays. The volume is a splendid contribution to the science of law.

University of Pennsylvania.

SATOW, SIR ERNEST. A Guide to Diplomatic Practice. heim.) 2 vols. Pp. xxii, 407, ix, 405. Price, $9.00. Green and Company, 1917.

CLYDE L. KING.

(Edited by L. OppenNew York: Longmans,

This is the second installment in an admirable series of contributions to the literature of international law and diplomacy now being issued under the editorship of Professor Oppenheim of Cambridge University. The author of the present work is a distinguished English diplomat and his treatise bears the earmarks both of erudition and of knowledge gained from long experience in the diplomatic service. There are numerous guides diplomatiques and treatises on diplomatic law and practice in other languages but aside from Foster's Practice of Diplomacy there is no other work in English which may be compared with this, either in its scope or purpose. In Volume I, the author considers in turn the organization of the diplomatic service, the selection of diplomatic representatives, diplomatic immunities, rank, precedence, ceremonial, titles, language credentials, termination of missions, and the like. Volume II is devoted to a study of the great international Congresses (twenty-eight altogether are considered, beginning with the Congresses of Münster and Osnabrück in 1648 and ending with that of Berlin in 1878); international conferences (twenty-eight, in all, beginning with that of 182732 on the affairs of Greece and ending with that of Bucharest in 1913) treaties; conventions and other international acts (of which there are, according to the author's classification, fifteen different forms); good offices; and mediation.