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by visitors, including the magnates of the land, both in church and state, and the carriages of the beau monde were to be seen in front of her hotel, at all fashionable hours. Presents of all sorts were showered upon her. Milliners, mantuamakers, and shopkeepers, vied with each other in calling her attention to their wares, of which they sent her many valuable specimens, delighted if in return they could receive her autograph in acknowledgment. Songs, quadrilles, and polkas, were dedicated to her, and poets wrote in her praise. There were Jenny Lind gloves, Jenny Lind bonnets, Jenny Lind riding hats, Jenny Lind shawls, mantillas, robes, chairs, sofas, pianos-in fact, everything was Jenny Lind." Her movements were constantly watched, and the moment her carriage appeared at the door, it was surrounded by multitudes, eager to catch a glimpse of the fair "nightingale."

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Jenny Lind's first concert was fixed to come off at Castle Garden, Wednesday evening, September eleventh, and most of the tickets were sold at auction on the previous Saturday and Monday. Genin, the hatter, purchased the first ticket at two hundred and twenty-five dollars. The arrangements of the concert room were very complete. The great parterre and gallery of Castle Garden were divided by imaginary lines into four compartments, each of which was designated by a lamp of a peculiar color. The tickets were printed in colors corresponding with the location. which the holders were to occupy, and there were one hundred ushers, with rosettes, and bearing wands tipped with ribbons of the same hue; and, though five thousand persons were present, their entrance was marked by the most perfect order and quiet.

The reception of Jenny Lind on this her first appearance, in point of enthusiasm, was probably never before equaled in the world. As Mr. Benedict led her towards the foot-lights, the entire audience rose to their feet and welcomed her with three cheers, accompanied by the waving of thousands of hats and handkerchiefs,

and the casting of bouquets before her. This was by far the largest audience that Jenny had ever sung in the presence of. She was evidently much agitated, but the orchestra commenced, and before she had sung a dozen notes of "Casta Diva," she began to recover her self-possession, and long before the scene was concluded, she was calm as if sitting in her own drawing-room. Towards the last portion of the cavatina, the audience were so completely carried away by their feelings, that the remainder of the air was drowned in a perfect tempest of acclamation. Enthusiasm had been wrought to its highest pitch, but the musical powers of Jenny Lind exceeded all the brilliant anticipations which had been formed, and her triumph was complete. At the conclusion of the concert, Jenny Lind was loudly called for, and was obliged to appear three times before the audience could be satisfied. They then called vociferously for "Barnum," who reluctantly responded to their demands; and, on his concluding by saying that the whole proceeds of the concert were to go to charitable objects, it seemed as though the audience would go frantic with applause.

From New York, Jenny Lind went to Boston, Providence, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington,-to all the chief cities in the Union, east, west, north, and south; vast audiences everywhere awaiting her,

municipal, musical, and other deputations, tendering their honors,—and, during every performance, there was a constant succession of hurrahs, encores, and other demonstrations of intense delight. In Boston, the highest price paid for a ticket was six hundred and twenty-five dollars, by Ossian E. Dodge; in Providence, six hundred and fifty dollars, by Col. William C. Ross; in Philadelphia, six hundred and twenty-five dollars, by M. A. Root; in New Orleans, two hundred and forty dollars, by Mr. D'Arcy; in St. Louis, one hundred and fifty dollars, by the keeper of a refreshment saloon; in Baltimore, one hundred dollars, by a daguerreotypist.

It was in one of the beautiful environs

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of Boston, that Jenny took her first out-door walk in America. Her love for the charms of nature was always intense, as the following incident which occurred on another occasion, as related by a stagedriver, will show. A bird of brilliant plumage perched itself on a tree near, as they drove slowly along, and trilled out such a complication of sweet notes as perfectly astonished her. The coach stopped, and, reaching out, Jenny gave one of her finest roulades. The beautiful creature arched his head on one side, and listened deferentially; then, as if determined to excel his famous rival, raised his graceful throat and sang a song of rippling melody that made Jenny rapturously clap her hands in ecstasy, and quickly, as though she were before a severely critical audience, delivered some Tyrolean mountain strains, that set the echoes flying; whereupon little birdie took it up, and sang and trilled and sang, till Jenny, in happy delight, acknowledged that the pretty woodland warbler decidedly outcaroled the "Swedish nightingale."

To say nothing of her numerous heavy benefactions to societies and individuals,amounting to some fifty thousand dollars, during her brief stay in America,here is an illustration of her sweet tenderness. One night, while giving concerts in Boston, a girl approached the ticket-office, and laying down three dollars for a ticket, remarked, "There goes half a month's earnings, but I am determined to hear Jenny Lind sing." Her secretary heard the remark, and in a few minutes afterwards, coming into Jenny's room, he laughingly related to her the circumstance. "Would you know the girl again?" asked Jenny, with an earnest look. Upon receiving an affirmative reply, she placed a twenty-dollar gold coin in his hand, and said, "Poor girl! give her that, with my best compliments."

While in the same city, a poor Swedish girl, a domestic in a family at Roxbury, called on Jenny. Jenny detained her visitor several hours, talking about "home" and other matters, and in the evening took her in her carriage to the concert,

Jenny Lind's generosity was unbounded. gave her a seat, and sent her back to Rox

bury in a carriage at the close of the performance. Doubtless the poor girl carried with her substantial evidences of her countrywoman's bounty.

On the morning after her arrival at Washington, President Fillmore called, and left his card, Jenny being out. She returned his call the next day, and subsequently, by presidential request, passed an evening at the White House, in the private circle of the president's family.

Both concerts in Washington were attended by the president and his family, and every member of the cabinet. It happened that, on the day of one of these concerts, several members of the cabinet and senate were dining with Mr. Bodisco, the Russian minister, whose good dinner and choice wines had kept the party so late that the concert had progressed quite far when Webster, Crittenden, and others, came in. Whether from the hurry in which they came, or from the heat of the room, their faces were a little flushed, and they all looked somewhat flurried. After the applause with which these dignitaries were received had subsided, and silence was once more restored, the second part of the concert was opened by Jenny Lind, with "Hail Columbia." At the close of the first verse, Webster's patriotism boiled over. He could stand it no longer, and, rising like Olympian Jove, he added his deep, sonorous, bass voice to the chorus. Mrs. Webster, who sat immediately behind him, kept tugging at his coat-tail to make him sit down or stop singing; but it was of no earthly use. At the close of each verse, Webster joined in; and it was hard to say whether Jenny Lind, Webster, or the audience was the most delighted. At the close of the air, Mr. Webster arose, hat in hand, and made her such a bow as Chesterfield would have deemed a fortune for his son, and which eclipsed D'Orsay's best. Jenny Lind, sweetly blushing at the distinguished honor, courtesied to the floor; the audience applauded to the very echo. Webster, determined not to be outdone in politeness, bowed again; Jenny

Lind re-curtesied, the house re-applauded; and this was repeated several times.

And So, in the case of Mr. Clay. Scarcely had the overture been half played through, than a murmur was heard from the end of the building. It was hushed instantly, and the overture was played to its close. And now burst out a long and loud shout of applause. For a moment, Benedict, the conductor, looked around, somewhat astonished. He, however, saw immediately that this applause had not been called forth by the orchestra. The tall, slim, thin figure of an aged manwith a grayish blue eye, vivid and sparkling, and a capacious, broad mouth-was slowly advancing up the room. It was Henry Clay. As he moved on, the shouts and applause redoubled. He, bowing on every side, continued his path feebly, and somewhat cautiously. At length he reached his seat, and the applause ceased for a moment. Then a voice at the upper end of the hall cried out, "Three cheers for Harry Clay!" The building almost rocked with the vehemence of the response.

While in Washington, Jenny Lind was called on by hosts of the eminent men of the land, including Mr. Webster, Mr. Clay, General Cass, and Colonel Benton. And, indeed, wherever she went, from one end of the country to the other, the same scene presented itself, of distinguished. honors to this Divinity of Song,-admiring and enthusiastic communities turning out to welcome, and crowded audiences rapturous under the overpowering enchantment of her voice. Jenny Lind's net avails of the ninety-five concerts given by her under Mr. Barnum's auspices, in the short space of eight months, were little short of $177,000, or nearly double the amount, per concert, named in their original contract. Subsequently, she gave a few concerts on her own account. February, 1852, she was married, in Boston, to Mr. Otto Goldschmidt, a young German composer and pianist, who had studied music with her in that country, and who played several times in her Amer

In

ican concerts. Shortly after her marriage, | cian, she suffered herself to revel in all the they left for Europe. Her professional tour in America was far more brilliant and successful than that of any other performer, male or female, musical, theatrical, or operatic, who ever appeared before an American audience. The names of Kemble, Malibran, Celeste, Ellsler, Tree, Kean, Garcia, Ole Bull, Paganini, Rossini, Julien, Ristori, Rachel, Parepa, Alboni, Dean, Phillips, Kellogg, Sontag, Wood, Gottschalk, etc., etc., all pale before that of the fair Swede.

Describing Jenny Lind's voice scientifically, it should be spoken of as a soprano, embracing a register of two and a half octaves. Clear and powerful, susceptible of the greatest variety of intonation, it met all the demands of the composer with the greatest facility to its possessor. No difficulties appalled her; a perfect musi

roulades of which the time and occasion
admitted. Her upper notes filled the
vastest area with an effect to which noth-
ing but the striking of a fine-toned bell
could be compared, while her most gentle
and subdued passages were audible at the
greatest distances.
greatest distances. In a word, there was
a rare combination of qualities which
raised her above all other singers ever
heard. Her voice-sweet, powerful, mel-
low, resonant, faultless in tone, and full of
sympathetic emotion; her execution-
ready and facile; her manner-earnest not
only in the expression of every word, but in
her looks, her air, her abstraction from ev-
ery surrounding object;-to have seen and
heard this, even once, was, in the language
of one who had been thus favored, " a treat
to last until we go to heaven, where, and
where alone, such music can be heard."

XLIX.

REIGN OF THE VIGILANCE COMMITTEE IN CALI

FORNIA.-1851.

Revolution in the Administration of Justice.-Powerlessness and Indifference of the Regular Authorities.-Robbery, Arson, and Murder, Alarmingly Prevalent.-The Committee's Secret Chamber of Judgment.-Sudden Seizure and Trial of Noted Criminals.-Solemn Tolling of the Signal Bell.Swift and Terrible Executions.-Renovation of Society.-Swarming of Desperate Felons.-England's Penal Colonies Emptied.-Organized Society of "Hounds."-A Band of Cut-throats-Society at Their Mercy.-Harvests Reaped by Them -Corrupt Courts and Officers -The Vigilance Committee Formed-Prompt, Resolute, Powerful.-The Criminals Taken Unawares.-Instant Summons to Death.-A Gallows at Midnight.-Extraordinary Horrors.-Confessions by the Victims.-Astounding Revelations -Magistrates Implicated.-Warnings by the Committee-A Double Execution.Thousands of Spectators.-Wild Shouts of Approval.-The Lawless Classes Terrified.-The Results of the Movement.

"We are determined that no thief, burglar, incendiary, assassin, ballot-box stuffer, or other disturber of the peace, shall escape punishment, either by the quibbles of the law, the insecurity of prisons, the carelessness or corruption of the police, or a laxity of those who pretend to administer justice."-ADDRESS OF THE VIGILANCE COMMITTEE.

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VIGILANCE committees, and "lynch law," are terms of similar and famil

iar meaning, in the American vocabulary. But nowhere else within the borders of the great republic has the operation of this summary method of dealing with offenders who would otherwise go "unwhipped of justice," been so resolute, so frequent, and so effective, as in California. Nor, perhaps, has it ever been more excusable, as an extreme public necessity. Such was the unsettled condition of society in that remote territory, during the earlier years of its mining history, so multiplied and daring the crimes against life and property, and so inefficient as well as glaringly corrupt, the courts and judges, that, for a time, robbery, murder, arson, and violence were completely in the ascendant, so that every

DOUBLE EXECUTION IN SAN FRANCISCO.

man not actually in league with the perpetrators of these outrages, was put on the defensive,-carrying his weapons by day, and sleeping on them

at night. Bold and defiant in their successful career of crime, numbers of these outlaws formed themselves into a mutual organization, with regular head-quarters, and assumed the name of "hounds." They swarmed the city and the country, and, in their skilled arts of villainy, as thieves, pickpockets, gamblers, incendiaries, and assassins, numbered their victims by hundreds. In addition to this,

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