propose. If the question be decided in the nega- try, take precedence over the the private and indi tive, the supplies will be continued from the Unit-vidual interests of persons, whose occupations may ed States and our shipping will be benefitted.

thereby be somewhat effected,

If the articles heretofore supplied from this coun- Touching the last point, whether we shall intry can be obtained elsewhere, we must find out crease our own navigation and seamen, by passing other markets for our exports, or the labor employ. the bill, it may be observed: If England meet us in ed in preparing them must be applied to some other the temper that we hope she may do, and enter branch of industry. We have the power, and here- into a reciprocally beneficial arrangement, concernafter it may become our policy, as it is that of ing the navigation of the two countries, our shipother countries, to resort to a regulation, the effect ping will acquire thereby a portion of the carof which would go far to balance any disadvantage rying trade, now exclusively possessed by Engarising from the loss of the English colonial mar- land; if she persists in her exclusive system, and kets. We import annually upwards of six million thus compel us to meet restriction with restriction, gallons of West India rum, more than half of which we shall not be the loosers by this course, but shall comes from the English colonies; we also import ultimately be gainers. According to the English every year nearly seven million gallons of molas navigation act, as well as the act of parliament, ses, as every gallon of molasses yields, by distila-that depart from it, and opens an intercourse betion, a gallon of rum; the rum imported, added to tween the English colonies and the United States, that distilled from imported molasses, is probably we are excluded from any share in the navigation equal to twelve million gallons, which enormous between these colonies and the United States. No quantity is chiefly consumed by citizens of the notice is taken of the occasional relaxation of the United States latter act, because, by the double competition created by the Americans themselves, as sellers and buyers in the English colonies, the intercourse is probably disadvantageous, rather than beneficial to us. According to the permanent law, English shipping only brings to us her West India supplies, and takes in return the articles wanted in these colonies. If English shipping be no longer employ.

If the importation of rum and molasses, for distillation, be prohibited, it would require four million bushels of grain for distillation to supply an equal quantity of ardent spirits; and in this way, our agriculture would be indemnified for any loss it might suffer by loosing the English colonial mar

kets.

these colonies, are exported to other markets, or the supplies received from them are sought for and imported into the United States from other places, the vessels of the United States will be employed in this service, and so the navigation and mariners of the country will be encouraged and increased.

As respects the timber and lumber trade included in this service, and the articles formerly sent to ing staves and wood in all the forms in which we prepare them for exportation, should no foreign markets be found to supply those which, by the imposition of high duties, we have lost in England, and those which by the passing of this bill, we may loose in the English and India colonies, those who are engaged in this precarious, and, generally, ill paid and unprofitable business, will hereafter con fine their supplies to our domestic wants, which constantly increase, and to the foreign markets, that are neither effected by English duties, nor the bill before us.

It will be found, as it has been heretofore that new markets will be discovered, as well to purchase our surplusses, as to supply our wans, should those be lost with which we have formerly had intercourse. But, why has a measure of this The timber of the country is becoming scarce, importance been so long deferred? The explana. and more and more an object of public concern.tion which this question requires cannot be made The forests upon the frontier of the ocean, and on the great rivers leading to it, are nearly destroyed. In other countries, and even in Russia, the improvident waste of their timber, especially in the neighborhood of their great iron works, is becom-affairs. ing a national inconvenience.

withot some reference to the history of our commu nications with England, since the peace of 1783, as well as to the views and policy of men and parties, that have in succession influenced our public

As, according to the powers of England, notwithMasts, spars, pine and oak timber, fit for naval standing the acknowledgment of our independence, purposes, and for the numerous uses for which neither trade nor intercourse could be carried on timber and wood are wanted, were far more abun-between the United States and her dominions, it dant, and of better quality formerly, and within the memory of men now living, than they are at the present day; and a little more care and economy in the use of our timber even now, will confer an important benefit on posterity. The probability, however, is, that as respects our valuable timber, we shall not want foreign markets for all we have to spare.

became necessary after the treaty of peace to pass some act whereby this trade and intercourse might be prosecuted-a bill for this purpose was introduced into the house of commons by the adminis tration which concluded the treaty of peace with the United States. The general scope and provisions of the bill correspond with the liberal principles which were manifested in the treaty of peace; As a general rule it is correct, that every person they plainly shew that the authors of this bill unshould be free to follow the business he may pre-derstood that the true basis of the trade and interfer, since, by the freedom, sagacity, and enterprise of individuals the general welfare is commonly promoted. There are, however, exceptions to this principle; and as general rules affect uneaqually individual concerns, and measures adopted for the common welfare may sometimes interfere with private pursuits, from the nature and end of society, the latter must give way for, and yield to, the former: and, in this case, the general welfare, and the interest that all have in the encouragement and protection of the shipping and seamen of the coun

course between nations, is reciprocity of benefit; a foundation on which, alone the friendly intercourse between men and nations can be permanently established. The preamble of this bill declares "that it was highly expedient, that the intercourse bctween Great Britain and the United States should be established on the most enlarged principles of reciprocal benefit to both countries," and as, from the distance between them, it would be a considera. ble time before a treaty of commerce placing then trade and intercourse on a permanent foundation,

The policy that manifested itself in the treaty

could be concluded, the bill for the purpose of a can vessels, on the same footing as the like article temporary regulation thereof, provided, that Ame-imported in foreign ships from other foreign coun rican vessels should be admitted into the ports of tries. This new footing of our trade with England, Great Britain, as those of other independent states, the importance whereof, is well understood by and that their cargoes should be liable to the same those who are engaged in supplying her markets duties only as the same merchandize would be sub-with masts, spars, timber, naval stores, and pot and ject to if the same were the property of British pearl ashes, may be regarded as decisive evidence subject's, and imported in British vessels-and, of a complete change of policy concerning the further, that the vessels of the United States should American trade and intercourse-which, however be admitted into the English plantations, and co-unsatisfactory, as respected the colonial trade, has lonies, in America, with any articles the growth or become more so, by the foregoing provision of this manufacture of the United States, and, with liber-act of parliament. ty to export from such colonies and plantations to the United States any merchandise whatsoever, of our independence, and which is seen in the bill subject to the same duties only, as if the property to regulate the trade and intercourse between Engof British subjects, and imported or exported in land and the United States, prepared by the adBritish vessels; allowing, also, the same bounties, ministration that made the treaty of peace, was to drawbacks, and exemptions, on goods exported unite in a firm bond of friendship, by the establishfrom Great Britain, to the United States, in Ame- ment of trade and intercourse on the solid basis of rican vessels, as on the like exportations in Bri-reciprocal benefit, a people politically separate, tis vessels to the English colonies and plantations. living under different governments, but, having a The persons benefitted by the English exclusive common origin, a common language, a common system of trade and navigation, were put in motion law, and kindred blood; circumstances so peculiar, by this bill, which was earnestly opposed, and, af- as not to be found between any other nation. ter a variety of discussion, postponed or rejected. stead of this policy, one of a different sort is preAbout this period, Mr. Pitt, who had supported ferred-one that England has a right to prefer; and, this bill in the house of commons, resigned his against the many evils of which, we must protect office of chancellor of the exchequer, as his col- ourselves as well as we are able to do. The intri leagues, in lord Shelburne's administration, had cate, countervailing, and perplexing code of combefore done. The coalition administration that mercial intercourse, founded in jealousy, and the succeeded, introduced a new bill, which became a rival establishments and pursuits of the powers of law, vesting in the king and council authority to Europe bordering upon, and constantly interfering make such temporary regulations of the American with each other, has been adopted and applied to navigation and trade, as should be deemed expe- the United States-a people, agricultural more dient. than manufacturing or commercial, placed in Sundry orders in council were accordingly made, another quarter of the globe, cultivating, and prowhereby a trade and intercourse in American and posing to others an open system of trade and inEnglish vessels, between the United States and tercourse; and herein as in many other important 'Great Britain, were allowed, and, with the excep-discriminations, differing from the nations of Eu tion of fish oil, and one or two other articles, the produce of the United States, imported into Great Britain, was admitted freely, or subject to the du ties payable on the like articles imported in English vessels from the American colonies.

In

rope, and therefore not fit subjects to which these restrictive and jealous regulations are applicable.

Qur policy is, and ever has been, a different one. We desire peace with all nations; and the wars of maritime Europe have taught us, that a free sysAn intercourse, and a trade, in enumerated arti-tem of trade and intercourse would be the best cles, were also opened, between the United States means of preserving it. and the English West India colonies, but, with a With these principles as our guide, at the negoproviso, (the principle whereof is still maintained ciation of the treaty of peace in 1783, our minis. against us) whereby American vessels were exters were authorised to conclude a treaty of comcluded!, and the whole trade confined to English

vessels.

merce with England on this basis; but no treaty was concluded. Afterwards, and when a tempoAfter a periodical renewal of these orders, for rary trade and intercourse were opened by Engseveral years, the regulation that they contained land, looking, as we supposed, to a treaty of com. were adopted by, and became an act of parliament. merce, congress instructed Messrs. Adams, FrankThis act was afterwards modified, and rendered in and Jefferson to renew the overture of a treaty conformable to the provision of Mr. Jay's treaty, of commerce, which was done through the English the commercial articles of which, expired in the ambassador at Paris, in the year 1784; but no coryear 1803, not long after which date England pass-respondent disposition being shewn by England, ed a new act of parliament concerning the Ameri-this second overture failed.

can navigation and trade. This act maintains the The interest and prejudice of those who were exclusion of American vessels from the intercourse benefitted by the monopolies, and exclusive sysbetween the United States and the English colo- tem of England, were opposed to any treaty with nies, and confines the same, as former acts and or- this country, on the principle of reciprocal advan ders in council had done, to English vessels; it re tage. The political writers of that day, under the pealed the settlement of duties pursuant to Mr.influence of these partial views, or not sufficientJay's treaty; and, giving up the policy of the en-ly appreciating the true theory of commerce, conlarged and liberal system of intercourse which had tended that it would be folly to enter into enbeen proposed in Mr. Pitt's bill, it repealed suchgagements by which England might not wish to be par's of all former acts and orders as admitted the bound in future; that such engagements would be productions of the United States, either freely, or, gratuitous; as, according to their interpretation, on paying the same duties only as were payable on congress possessed no power, under the confedersthe like articles imported from the English colo.tion, to enforce any stipulation into which they nies and plantations; and, placed all articles the might enter, that no treaty that could be made produce of the United States, imported in Ameri-would suit all the states; if any were necessary,

they should be made with the states separated; but that none was necessary; and those who talk ed of liberality and reciprocity in commercial af fairs, were either without argument or knowledge; that the object of England was, not reciprocity and liberality, but to raise as many sailors and as much shipping as possible.*

The policy of these resolutions was doubted; they were therefore strenuously opposed, and the extraordinary mission of Mr. Jay to England, suspended their further discussion.

The French revolution had by this time become the object of universal attention. War had bro. ken out between France and England: The avowed policy of our own government to avoid war, and to adhere to a system of neutrality, was much questioned; and for a time it was matter of great uncertainty whether the country would support the neutrality recommended by the president.

This unequal footing of our foreign commerce, and the language made use of by England at this juncture, served still more to increase the public discontent; especially as it was plainly avowed that England ought to render the trade with us as exclusively advantageous to herself, as her power would enable her to do. Congress having no pow-commercial system of England, the inexcution of er, under the confederation, to impose counter. vailing and other corrective regulations of trade, the states separately attempted to establish regu lations upon this subject. But, as a part only of the states joined in this measure, and as the laws that were passed for this purpose differed from each other, the experiment completely failed.

In this condition of our navigation and trade, subject to foreign restrictions and exclusion, with out a power at home to countervail and check the same, congress resolved to make another effort to conclude a commercial treaty with England. For this purpose Mr Adams, since president of the United States, was appointed, and went to England. Mr. Adams resided in England for several years; but found and left the government unchanged, and equally as before disinclined to make with us a treaty of commerce.

This further disappointment, with the depreciating condition of our navigation and trade, joined to the embarrassment of the public finances, produced what no inferior pressure could have done; it produced the general convention of 1787, that formed the constitution of the United States.

The universal dissatisfaction, on account of the the articles of peace, the numerous captures by orders of the English government, of our vessels, employed in a trade strictly neutral, combined with our friendly recollections of the services of France and our good wishes in favor of the effort she professed to be making to establish a free constitution, constituted a crisis most difficult and itportant.

It was in these circumstances, that president Washington nominated Mr. Jay as envoy to England. The senate confirmed the nomination, and the immediate effect was, the suspension of the further discussion of the important resolutions before the house of representatives.

England seems never to have duly appreciated the true character and importance of this extraordinary measure. France well unders'ood and resented it. Mr. Jay was received with civility, and concluded a treaty with England on all the points of his instructions. When published, it met with great opposition: The article respecting the West India trade, had been excluded from the treaty by the senate, by reason of the inadmissible condition or proviso that was coupled with it-with this exHad England entered into a liberal treaty of ception, it was finally ratified by the president. commerce with the United States, this conveniton Although the treaty did not come up to the ex: would not have been assembled. Without so in-pectation of all, in addition to satisfactory arrangtending it, the adherence of England to her unequal ments, concerning English debts, the unlawful capand exclusive system of trade and navigation, gave ture and condemnation of our vessels, and the deto this country a constitution, and the counter-livery of the ports, points of very great importance, vailing and equalizing bill now before the sen-it contained articles regulating the trade, navigaate, arising from the same cause, may assist us in establishing and extending those great branches of national wealth and power, which we have such constant and urgent motives to encourage.

tion, and maritime rights of the two countries.No treaty that could have been made with England would, in the highly excited temper of the country, bave satisfied it. But, to those whose object The establishment of the constitution of the it was to prevent the country from taking part in United States was coeval with the commencement the war between France and England, and to preof the French revolution. The sessions of the ge. vail upon it to adhere to a system of impartial neuneral convention at Philadelphia, and of the assem trality; who, moreover believed, that the safety bly of notables at Paris, were in the same year. and even liberties of the country were concerned Laws were passed by the first congress assem-in the adoption of this course, the treaty proved a bled under the new constitution, partiality to cor- welcome auxiliary. rect the inequality of our navigation and trade with It suspended the further agitation of difficult foreign nations; and a small discrimination in du-and angry topics of controversy with England; it ties of impost and of tonnage was made for this enabled the government to persist in, and to maintain, the system of neutrality which had been repurpose. commended by the father of his country-a policy, the correctness and benefits of which, whatever may have been the disagreement of opinion among the public men of those times, that will now scarcely be doubted by any one.

Afterwards in the year 1794, a number of resolutions on the subject of navigation and trade, were moved in the house of representatives, by a distin. guished member of that body. These resolutions had a special reference to the refusal of England to enter into an equal commercial treaty with us, During the continuance of this treaty, further and aimed at countervailing her exclusive system. though ineffectual attempts were made to estabOther and more direct resolutions, bearing on Eng,lish a satisfactory intercourse with the English coland, were also proposed by other members, and referred to the inexecution of the treaty of peace, and to the recent captures of American vessels by English cruisers, in the American seas.

*Sheffield, Chalmers and Knox.

lonies in the West Indies, and likewise to place the subject of impressment on a mutually safe and equitable footing.

The commercial articles of this treaty expired in 1803, no proposal having been made to renew them. A subsequent negociation took place, but

nothing was definitely concluded. The peace of encreased, while those of neighboring nations were Amiens was of short duration. Another war took suspended, interrupted or destroyed. place between France and England; no maritime Her colonies and dependent territories, have treaty existed between the United States and En-been greatly enlarged, at the expense of her enegland; and the manner in which England exercised mies; and regions, with which we and others once her power on the ocean; the great interruption of had trade and intercourse, having fallen under the the navigation and trade of neutral nations; the dominion of England, are now closed against us. numerous captures of their ships and cargoes un- We have no other question depending with Ender the retaliatory decrees and orders of France gland, except those concerning impressment and and England, with other vexatious occurrences, the fisheriest and, their settlement can, in no manrevived the former angry feelings towards England, ner, be affected by the passing of this act. and greatly contributed to the late war with that England is a great and illustrious nation, having nation. attained to this pre-eminence by generous and suc. This war was closed not long after the conclucessful efforts, in breaking down the civil and relision of the general peace in Europe; and the trea-gious bondage of former ages. Her patriots, her ty of Ghent was followed by a meagre commercial scholars, and her statesmen, have adorned her hisconvention, made at London, and limited in itstory, and offer models for the imitation of others. duration, to a few years only. We are the powerful descendants of England, deNeither the spirit of the negociation, nor the siring perpetual friendship, and the uninterrupted scope of the articles, afford any evidence that En-interchange of kind offices, and reciprocal benegland is inclined to treat with this country on the fits with her. We have demonstrated, in circumonly principle on which a commercial treaty with stances the most critical, constant and persevering her can be desirable. Her decision on this point evidence of this disposition. We still desire the seems to be beyond question, as our latest com- impartial adjustment of our mutual intercourse, munications inform us, that her ancient system will and the establishment of some equitable regulanot be changed; and, in case we are dissatisfied with tions, by which our personal and maritime rights its operation, that England has no objection to our may be secure from arbitrary violation. A settle. taking any such measures concerning the same, as ment that, instead of endless collision and dispute, we may deen expedient—an intimation that puts may be productive of concord, good humor, and an end to further overtures on our part. Such is friendship: and, it depends on England, whether the explanation why the measure now proposed such is to be the relation subsisting between us. has been so long deferred.

During the confederation, congress were without power to adopt it.

If this bill become a law, it must be followed up by ulterior provisions, if requisite, to give to. it complete effect. Either the intercourse must be reciprocally beneficial, or it must not be suffer

The treaty concluded by Mr. Jay, in 1794, the relaxation of the navigation and colonial laws, dured to exist. ing the war between France and England, and the advantages derived from our neutral trade while this war continued, rendered the measures inexpedient during this period.

And the expectation since entertained, that a more enlarged and equal treaty of commerce and navigation, applicable, in its provisions, to peace as well as war, might be substituted in place of the present commercial convention, has hitherto suspended the interference of congress.

This expectation must be given up, England has apprised us of her decision to adhere to her ancient and exclusive system of trade and navigation, and the only alternative before us, is, to submit to the regulation of our own navigation by England, or to interpose the authority of the constitution to countervail the same. There can be no hesitation in the choice.

Liberation of Mr. Meade.

The following is the royal order of Ferdinand, for the release of Mr. Meade, as translated for the New-York Evening Post. If it does not provke

With the English laws of allegiance and im pressment, we have no other concern, than to exempt our citizens from their application: we do not desire the service of English seamen, and, England should be the last to seize our citizens and force them into her service. She disclaims this purpose, but persists in a pratice, to discover and impress her own seamen, that, unavoidably, subjects ours to her violence. Whatever her rights may be they should be so used, as not to hurt ours. This is a precept of universal justice-a regulation may be devised, that if not perfect in every case, would be so generally correct, that, considering the difficulty of the subject, it ought to be satis

The bill before the senate, is in nothing unfriendly towards England-it is merely a commercial regulation, to which we are even invited; a measure strictly of self-defence, and intended to pro-factory. tect the legitimate resources of ourown country from As regards the fisheries, those of the ocean, not being any longer made use of, not as they should within the territorial limits of any nation, are free be, for our benefit, but, to encrease and strength to all men, who have not renounced their rights: en the resousces and power of a foreign nation. those on the coasts and bays of the provinces, conThe time is propitious; causes that formerly quered in America, from France, were acquired by prevented the union of opinions in favor of this the common sword, and mingled blood, of Amerimeasure no longer exist; the old world is at peace; cans and Englishmen-members of the same emand each nation is busily employed in repairing pire, we, with them, had a common right to these the waste of war, by cultivating the arts, and ex-fisheries; and, in the division of the empire, Entending the blessings of peace-England has come gland.confirmed one title, without condition or liout of the most portentous war that Europe has mitation-a title equally irrevocable with those of ever suffered, not only unbroken, but with encreas- jour boundaries, or of our independence itself. ed power. Litusque rogamus.

-

Her agriculture, manufactures, and commerce Innocuum, et cunctis undamque, auramque paten were cherished; were without interruption, and tem

that we ever saw.

contempt it will excite laughter, for it is more eninently stupid and pitiful than any document If we were assured of the fact tha Ferdinand himself knows how to write, we should suspect that this article was from the royal pen: if otherwise, it shews that the cabinet is more silly than we expected it was possible that it should be.

being void, his majesty has been pleased to resolve, that he shall forthwith be set at liberty; that the said deposit be considered as duly and lawfully made, and at the charge of the royal treasury; and that the lawsuit in all other points be continued as the law directs.

On which, I acquaint the secretary of that supreme tribunal, by virtue of a royal order, for their direction, and to the end of its most exact and speedy accomplishment.

God preserve your lordship many years.
At the palace, April 20th, 1818.
(Signed)

a

Foreign Articles.

ENGLAND. &c.

Our lord, the king, having been made acquainted with the consultation which the committee of justice, with associates from that supreme tribunal, male to his majesty on the 4th of October last, has JOSE PIZARRO. again minutely examined the proceedings touching To the secretary of the supreme council of war. the law suit pending between Mr. Richard Meade, The letter enclosing the above says, I send you a citizen of the United States of America, and Mr. John Macdermot, a subject of his Britannic majes- copy of the royal order to the supreme council of ty, about the recovery of 1,050,327 reales and 20 war, commanding them to take the necessary steps maravedis, which were by Mr. R. Meade delivered for Mr. Meade's release without delay. It is an inas a deposit. It appearing satisfactorily proved by teresting and important document, shewing the the said proceedings, that the deposit was really prompt and efficient effect produced by the deci made in cash, that the royal treasury had acknow-sive measures pursued by the executive and con. ledged it so, and that in consequence thereof Mr.gress of the United States, on the representations R. Meade could not be considered as a bankrupt, made to them. Mr.Meade was liberated on the 4th nor be subject to the imprisonment he was suffer of May. ing; and although the like acknowledgment of the said deposit had been made by several royal orders, by the depositions of the ministers of the royal treasury transmitted to the said supreme tribunal, by the department of the secretary of state, by that, of the royal treasury, and directly by the reclama. tions made by the same supreme tribunal in the committee of justice, his majesty has been pleased to require again the opinion of the treasury depart ment, touching a subject which has such an intimate relation with the credit of his royal treasury By the exposition made by the said department, his majesty has been confirmed in the opinion he had long entertained, that the royal treasury could not but acknowledge that the aforesaid deposit had been really and effectually made in cash, and therefore ought to return the same amount in the same kind. In consequence thereof his majesty has deigned to declare anew the same, and to order, poor laws, it appears that the average sum raised that as speedily as possible the sum aforesaid bey assessment for the relief of the poor, in the three years ending in 1750, was only 730,1351. The delivered to the chamber of commerce (consulado) who has the cognizance of the suit pending between average of three years ending in 1815, amounted the parties as aforesaid.

His majesty has seen realized with the greatest sorrow, the disagreeable consequences which were anticipated by Mr. Meade's arrest; this incident having raised perplexing difficulties in the import ant relations between the government of his majesty and that of the United States of America, at the most critical conjuncture, giving reason to the strong reclamations of the latter in support of those of their minister at Madrid, supposed to have been neglected; exciting thereby, through the newspapers, the most unfavorable and alarming im pressions in that country, against the interests of his majesty; who has lately received information of the congress having resolved with the greatest energy to proceed to make severe reprisals on the subjects of his majesty.

In consequence whereof, and the motives on which the royal order of April 25th, 1816, no longer existing, and likewise those upon which the committee of justice of that supreme tribunal had maintained the imprisonment of Mr. R. Meade,

*That is "in consequence" of the remonstrance of the executive of the U. States-the out-cry in the newspapers, and the proceedings in congress, the king was graciously pleased to cause an act of aknowledged injustice to cease.

London papers to the 20th of May.

A letter from Gibraltar, May 6, received at Norfolk, says-There is a great stir among the politicians to day. An English frigate and a sloop of war arrived here yesterday from England having sailed in one hour after receiving their orders. The frigate had two sets of sealed orders; one she opened when she arrived off Cape St. Vincent's, the other on her arrival in a certain part of the Mediterranean, for which she sails to-morrow. The sloop is ordered to keep in company with her. A great mystery truly!-a meeting of the "holy alliance" takes place soon-Remember that!!

From the report of the select committee on the

to the enormous sum of 8,164,4967.

The annual duty, paid by country bankers in England for stamps, amounts to 700,000.$3,108,000! What a land of paper!

It is said that men are openly enlisted in Scotland to aid the patriots of South America.

It is stated that the population of Ireland amounts to six millions!

The health of the princess of Wales is said to be much affected by her affliction in the loss of her daughter. She has sold her estate on the lake of Cosmo and resides about 70 miles from Rome!

The Russian seainen, who navigated a rotten fleet to Cadiz, had arrived in England on their way home. Alexander has made a good speculation.

Flour at Liverpool, May 1-50 a 52s, per bbl. on the 20th, 45s. 6d.

Seamen's wages advanced at Liverpool from 40 to 60s. per month.

Fifteen daily newspapers are printed in the city of London; seven three times a week, and thirtyonce a week. The greatest number of one paper is from the office of the Observer; that journal prints weekly nearly eleven thousand copies.

Three hundred and eighty two emigrants, mostly laborers, and many of them having much money, have lately left Dumfries, for America. It is only a year since the mania of emigration spread in that province.