rence to the Mississippi, is very populous, and the public-when privateer sailors have led about, country well peopled and cultivated to the extent of and sold their shares of the spoil to the highest from 500 to 2000 miles from the sea coast! What is bidder. What a specimen of government! What called emigrants' land, lies at the distance of 3000 a proof of connection with Mexico and Venezuela English miles from any of the Atlantic states, and that forbid this traffic in the new government. the journey thither must be made on foot. But has the president been informed of all this? America has no need of artizans and mechanics, Can we suppose that the public officers have been for all kinds of manufactured goods are imported silent spectators of all these horrors? The partial cheaper than they can be made in this country. publication of these reports answer such interrogaThe stores are every where filled with English tion-this is but a faint picture of this monstrous goods, which can be purchased at any price. Pro- trade. All that has been written and said on the visions are four times dearer in the United States, subject of barbarity and cruelty, is yet extant, than in Germany; the expense of my board is 13 whenever it is tolerated, and man when he made a dollars a week. I must also add, that during the trade of his fellow, like the hyana, becomes "the long and rigorous winter season, which lasts here fellest of the fell." This much for humanity's in general from seven to eight months, there is no sake-but for the law, it was the duty of the presiemployment whatever for the laboring poor. dent to prevent its violation by driving from our frontier this horde of marauders, who disregarded and insulted it, and thanks to him-le has done so.

Horrible Picture.!

Finances of Virginia.

The following are the heads of a report of the committee of finances of the house of delegates, respecting the probable disbursements for the year to end on the 30th Sept. 1818.

nals

Guards in the county
Guards at Richmond

EXPENSES.

$67,000 87,000

Slaves transported 7,000-Lunatic hospital
7,000

26,000

53,000

24,000

10,000

16,000

14,000

10,000

10,000

6,700

110,000

Manufactory and repair of arms, collection
and distribution, &c.

90,000

A number of other items swell the whole amount

RECEIPTS.

From the Savannah Republican.-If there had been no other motive for the suppression of the Amelia expedition, a sufficient reason would be found, in putting a stop to the importation of Afri cans, and the measure would have done equal honor to the head and heart of our chief magistrate. Have the wise and virtuous of our own country General assembly enacted laws, only for the purpose of having them Civil officers, including sheriffs, &c. . violated? Are abolition societies daily established Commissioners of the revenue in the different sections of our republic in mere Penitentiary, including the removal of crimi mockery? Or are we in earnest, in desiring to put an end to this traffic, so odious in the sight of God Criminal charges and man? Are proofs wanting? We refer to the records of Savannah. Will it be credited, that a regular chain of posts is established from the head of St. Mary's river to the upper country, and through the Indhan nation, by means of which, these emaciated Contingent for military purposes wretches are hurried and transferred to every part of Do. for civil purposes the country. The woodsmen of the country, bor. Officers of militia dering on the river St. Mary's, ride, like so many Sinking funds Arabs, loaded with slaves, ready for market. Pursuit is useless, they push through uninhabited parts, known only to themselves; and with a spirit of enterprize, fitted for better purposes, elude all to $573,100. search. If ready for forming a caravan, an Indian alarm is created, that the woods may be less fre- The calculation of receipts for the year to comquented; if pursued in Georgia, they escape into mence on the 1st October 1818, are as follows: Florida. What will the humane say, when told of From the tax on lands and lots in town $236,300 the horrors of these miserable Africans? One small On slaves schooner of about 60 tons, contained 130 souls; On horses, asses and mules they were almost packed into a small space, be. On carriages tween a floor laid over the water casks and the deck-not near three feet-insufficient for them to set upright-and so close that chafing against each other, their bones pierced the skin and became On ordinary licences, and houses of private galled and ulcerated by the motion of the vessel- entertainment . their food, a very stinted allowance, consisted of From agents of the penitentiary rotten rice, in a state of fermentation, and so warm as to comfort their frozen hands-numbers died of hunger, cold and misery-while others crawled about, a sort of living anatomies, dragged, naked and shivering, in this (to them) cold climate and season from their "prison house” and hurried off, on long and painful journies, to satisfy the cupidity of unfeeling adventurers. Putting aside the agonies of the body, what tortures of mind have these af. flicted sons of Africa not undergone! When these unhappy sufferers were recaptured by the Saranac, the commonest sailors on board, touched with the tendercst sympathy, divided amongst them, their | And there will remain a nett revenue of $585,000 clothes, and every aid that circumstances made applicable together with the unexpended surplus possible, was humanely afforded by the officers. remaining in the treasury on the 30th of September What a sight has Fernandina exhibited! "This next, to meet the expenditures of the fiscal year, cradle of liberty," as some would persuade the ending on the 30th of September, 1819.

NEW SERIES. No. 11-VOL. II]

BALTIMORE, MAY 9. 1818.

[No. 11-VOL. XIV. WHOLE No. 349'

THE PAST-THE PRESENT-FOR THE FUTURE.

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY H. NILES, AT $5 PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE.

Editorial role. We are quite certain that the jotherwise dealt with-but, if they thought one people's interest is to be promoted by an exposition moment on the additional trouble they cause by of the conduct and character of the corrupt and such neglect in compelling us to forward account corrupting banking establishments that abound in after account and statement after statement (to say our country; and which, like the plague of the frogs nothing of the right and justice of the matter) we in Egypt, penetrate the very kneading troughs of are very sure that they would not suffer it. These the community. Under this assurance, and being little dues make up the whole from which to disburse supported by the people in our course, it is useless our heavy expenditures, and require as much atto say that we shall ardently pursue it to its con- tention as if they amounted to 5 or 10 hundred, insummation-which is, to exalt the humble and op.stead of 5 or 10 dollars. It is "rightful and reapressed, and sap the foundations of the thrones of sonable," as Mr. Jefferson says, that "the procedure the mighty;-to reform, if reformation be possi- should be corrected." We guarantee the safety ble, to destroy, where destruction is necessary: with of the mails, and are willing even to pay the postwhat success time will develope-but it is a satis-age, if any gentleman pleases to tax us with it. faction to know that we have done some good already. What more can we do to facilitate remittances? We shall patiently wait for the "moving of the What excuse is left for non-remittance? waters" by the spirit of TRUTH: the people will act **It is proper to add, while on the subject of moin due season. If present evils cannot be correctney-that his late regulations have convinced the ed, as they ought-a further extension of the con-editor that the complaint of non-payment of his suming fire of speculation may be checked. dues (heretofore too often and too severely urged,

The following articles are sketched for the press: by the pressure it caused upon him) belonged 1. Remarks on the agreement of the bank of the more to a defect in his own system of business than United States to pay its dividends in Europe, to to the want of a willingness, or an ability, in his be written out with a pen as sharp as we can point subscribers to pay him the pittance that he earned it. 2. Statistical facts to shew that the pauperism of them. The success of these regulations will of England has advanced step by step with the in- insure their future observance; and it is with real crease of her paper medium, and that the former is pride that the editor gratefully acknowledges the an inevitable consequence of the latter. 3 Reme-rigid punctuality and minute promptitude that dies, to check the progress of evil: by which well-now so generally characterises his widely scattermeaning honest banks may be protected, and shaved supporters. It is by such conduct only, that the ing shops tumbled upon the heads of their builders. life of any periodical work can be sustained. It is, These are the three first principal things that the also, a corner stone of the FREEDOM OF THE PRESS, editor expects to publish on this subject-but he and the fabrick to be erected upon it, is INDEPENis unwilling to break in upon the series of his ac-DENT TRUTH. complished co-adjutor, and some of them may not appear for a considerable time. In all that we shall say-though we do not affect the use of emolients in a case so desperate, we trust that our own dignity will be preserved in refraining from unbefitting language, in general-it is known that we never assail individuals. When the poison lies low, the cutting must be deep to disengage it; the writer of "the paper system," in his present

Samuel Adams.

PRESIDENT ADAMS TO MR. TUDOR. [Communicated for the Register by President Adams.] QUINCY, April 15, 1817. DEAR SIR-I have received your obliging favor of the 8th, but cannot consent to your resolution to ask no more questions. Your questions revive my sluggish memory. Since cur national legislature have established a naUnder an impressive sense of the high obliga- tional painter-a wise measure, for which I tion and serious responsibility thereby imposed, thank them, my imagination runs upon the the editor believes it expedient to reiterate his art, and has already painted, I know not how thanks for the support given to the WEEKLY REGIS

number, thus cuts to cure.

TER. It is a thing, perhaps, unparalleled in the his many, historical pictures. I have sent you tory of printing, that an old establishment and onene, give me leave to send another. The such as this is, without any peculiar excitement of bloody rencountre between the citizens and the public feeling or new merit in itself, should ob. the soldiers, on the 5th of March, 1770, protain at the rate of nearly ONE THOUSAND new duced a tremendous sensation throughout the subscribers per annum-which, we have good rea- town and country. The people assembled first son to hope, will not be much more than the num- at Faneuil Hall, and adjourned to the old ber received for the year to end in September e:South Church, to the number, as was conjecsuing. In the mean time, the voluntary discon tinuances have been very few, though many papers tured, of ten or twelve thousand men, among have been stopped for a neglect of our terms: some whom were the most virtuous, substantial, inde in arrears, from various considerations, have been pendent, disinterested and intelligent citizens.

They formed themselves into a regular deliberative body, chose their moderator and seCretary, entered into discussions, deliberations and debates, adopted resolutions, appointed committees. What has become of these re

man.

cords, Mr. Tudor? Where are they? Their val power within its jurisdiction." So obviousresolutions in public were conformable to those ly true and so irrefragable was the reply, that of every man in private, who dared to express it is astonishing that Mr. Hutchinson should his thoughts or his feelings, "that the regular have so grossly betrayed the constitution, and soldiers should be banished from the town, at so attrociously have violated the duties of his all hazards." Jonathan Williams, a very pious, office by asserting the contrary. But either inoffensive and conscientious gentleman, was the fears or the ambition of this gentlemen, their moderator. A remonstrance to the go- upon this and many other occasions, especially vernor, or the governor and council, was or- in his controversy with the two houses, three dained, and a demand that the regular troops years afterwards, on the supremacy of parliashould be removed from the town. A com- ment, appear to have totally disarranged his mittee was appointed to present this remon-understanding. He certainly asserted in pubstrance, of which Samuel Adams was the chair-lic, in the most solemn manner, a multitude of the roundest falsehoods, which he must have Now for the picture-The theatre and the known to be such, and which he must have scenery are the same with those at the discus-known could be easily and would certainly be sion of writs of assistance. The same glorious detected, if he had not wholly lost his memory portraits of king Charles II, and king James II, even of his own public writings. You, Mr. to which might be added, and should be added, Tudor, knew Mr. Adams from your childhood little miserable likenesses of gov. Winthrop, to his death. In his common appearance, he gov. Broadstreet, gov. Endicott and gov. Bel- was a plain, simple, decent citizen, of midcher, hung up in obscure corners of the room. dling stature, dress and manners.-He had an Lieut.gov. Hutchinson, commander in chief in exquisite ear for music-and a charming voice, the absence of the governor, must be placed at when he pleased to exert it. Yet his ordinary the head of the council table. Lieut. col. Dal- speeches in town meetings, in the house of rerymple, commander in chief of his majesty's presentatives and in congress, exhibited nomilitary forces, taking rank of all his majesty's thing extraordinary; but, upon great occa-, counsellors, must be seated by the side of the sions, when his deeper feelings were excited, lieutenant-governor and commander in chief he erected himself, or rather nature seemed to of the province. Eight and-twenty counsellors erect him, without the smallest symptom of afmust be painted,all seated at the council board. fectation, into an upright dignity of figure and Let me see what costume? what was the gesture, and gave a harmony to his voice which fashion of that day? in the month of March? made a strong impression on spectators and large white wigs, English scarlet cloth cloaks, auditors, the more lasting for the purity, corsome of them with gold laced hats, not on their rectness and nervous elegance of his stile. heads, indeed, in so august a presence, but on This was a delicate and a dangerous crisis. the table before them, or under the table be- The question in the last resort was, whether neath them. Before these illustrious person- the town of Boston should become a scene of ages appeared SAMUEL ADAMS, a member of carnage and desolation or not? Humanity to the house of representatives and their clerk, the soldiers conspired with a regard for now at the head of the committee of the great the safety of the town, in suggesting the assembly at the old South Church. Thucidydes, wise measure of calling the town together Livy or Sallust would make a speech for him to deliberate. For nothing short of the most or, perhaps, the Italian Bota, if he had known solemn promises to the poeple that the solany thing of this transaction-one of the most diers should, at all hazards, be driven from important of the revolution-but I am wholly the town, had preserved its peace. Not only incapable of it; and, if I had vanity enough to the immense assemblies of the people from think myself capable of it.should not dare to at-day to day-but military arrangements from tempt it. He represented the state of the town night to night, were necessary to keep the peoand the country, the dangerous, ruinous and ple and the soldiers from getting together by fatal effects of standing armies in populous ci- the ears. The life of a red coat would not ties in time of peace, and the determined reso- have been safe in any street or corner of the lution of the public, that the regular troops, at town. Nor would the lives of the inhabitants all events, should be removed from the town. have been much more secure. The whole miliLieut. gov. Hutchinson, then commander in tia of the city was in requisition, and military chief, at the head of a trembling council, said, watches and guards were every where placed. he had no authority over the king's troops, We were all upon a level; no man was exthat they had their separate commander and empted; our military officers were our only separate orders and instructions, and that he superiors. I had the honor to be summoned could not interfere with them." Mr. Adams in my turn--and attended at the state house instantly appealed to the charter of the pro-with my musket and bayonet, my broad sword vince, by which the governor, and in his ab- and cartridge box, under the command of the sence the lieutenant governor, was constituted famous Paddock. I know you will laugh at "commander in chief of all the military and na-my military figure-but I believe there was

Judge Tudor.

not a more obedient soldier in the regiment, painted as much as the surrender of Burgoyne nor one more impartial between the people -Whether any artist will ever attempt it I and the regulars. In this character I was up-know not. on duty all night in my turn. No man apJOHN ADAMS. peared more anxious or more deeply impressed with a sense of danger on all sides, than our commander Paddock. He called me, common The following extract of a letter from the venerable Braddock's defeat-Washington. soldier as I was, frequently to his councils.I had a great deal of conversation with him; WILLIAM FINDLEY, esq. to the editor, dated at Youngstown, Penn. March 27, 1818, contributes and no man appeared more apprehensive of a something to the stock of information we are so defatal calamity to the town or more zealous by sirous to collect as to the earlier events in the histoevery prudent measure to prevent it. Such ry of these United States, and pays a handsome triwas the situation of affairs when Samuel bute to the virtues of the FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY. Adams was reasoning with lieut. gov. Hutch- Braddock's defeat, in the Register of June 15, vol. SR-On perusing the different accounts given of inson and lieut. col. Dalrymple. He had fair-x. my attention was forcibly struck by the stately driven them from all their outworks, breast-ment of Smollett, page 351, in which he says, "at works and entrenchments, to their citadel.last the general, whose obstinacy seemed to inThere they paused and considered and delibecrease with the danger, after having had some horses rated. The heads of Hutchinson and Dalrym-his right arm and lungs, of which he died in a shot under him, received a musket shot through ple were laid together in whispers for a long few hours, having been carried off the field by the time-when the whispering ceased, a long bravery of lieut. col. Gage, and another of his offiand solemn pause ensued, extremely painful cers." I was surprised indeed, to see Gage's brato an impatient expecting audience. Hutch-very boasted of, to whom I had always heard cowinson, in time, broke silence--he had con-ardice ascribed, from the time I first heard of his sulted with col. Dalrymple, and the col. had name. Officers engaged in the same battle fre authorized him to say that he might order one strict regard to truth; but this is an absolute falsequently vary in their accounts of it, yet paying a regiment down to the castle if that would sa- hood: I am enabled to say so on the authority of tisfy the people. With a self-recollection, a general Washington himself, to whom falsehood, self-possession, a self-command, a presence misrepresentation, or vain boasting never was im of mind that was admired by every man preputed. sent, Samuel Adams arose with an air of dig that general Washington rarely, if ever, in mixed nity and majesty of which he was sometimes capable, stretched forth his arm, though even on the events of the revolutionary war; but he was companies, introduced or engaged in conversation then quivering with palsy, and with an har-much less reserved with respect to earlier scenes, monious voice and decisive tone, said "if the and particularly about the western country; and as lieutenant governor or col. Dalrymple, or both, for some time, was the only member of congress together, have authority to remove one regi- from the western counties of Pennsylvania, and be ment, they have authority to remove two-and fore this time acquainted with the president, he nothing short of the total evacuation of the town by all the regular troops, will satisfy the public mind or preserve the peace of the pro

vince."

It was well known to those acquainted with him

frequently introduced conversation about that counny, some question being asked of me, then sitting try with me. On one occasion, in a mixed compa next the president, about the Big Meadows and Dunbar's run, by col Sprigg of Maryland, which I

These few words thrilled through the veins could not answer, the president, to whom I refered of every man in the audience and produced bar's camp to which the remains of Braddock's the question, in answering them, described Dunthe great result. After a little awkward hesitation, it was agreed that the town_should be pliance with such enquiries as I suggested, he enarmy retired after the defeat. From this, in comevacuated and both regiments sent to the cas-tertained us with the most particular information tle.

of that defeat that I had heard. He asked me if

After all this gravity it is merry enough to knew Braddock's road-I said I did, but that it relate that William Molineaux, was obliged to then new and hard to find in the dark; that there had was now changed in many places. He said it was march side by side with the commander of been a coldness between the general and Dunbar, some of their troops, to protect them from the a circumstance which too frequently took place beindignation of the people, in their progress to tween the first and second in command; that in the wharf of embarkation for the castle. Nor consequence of this he, as aid de-camp, was under is it less amusing that lord North, as I was re-the necessity of going with the orders to colonel peatedly and credibly informed in England, Dunbar, but first to stop the retreat in a proper siwith his characteristic mixture of good humoration, which was the easier done as the enemy and sarcasm, ever after called these troops by miles a head of the place in which he had halted That he overtook col. Gage three the title of "Sam. Adams' two regiments.' the retreating army, and to which he sent Gage Tire painter should seize upon the critical back; that this being done, he with two men in moment when Samuel Adams stretched out company, in one of the most wet and darkest his arin and made his last speech. nights, in which they had of en 10 alight and grope It will be as difficult to do justice as so painted at Dunbar's camp about sun risc. He said he for the road, and after travelling forty miles, arriv. an Apollo--and the transaction deserves to be had taken care of the wounded general, and had

did not pursue.

him carefully brought to Braddock's camp in a only real and substantial wealth. They furnish the tumbril-and that on a retreat over the mountains food of man-they give to the merchant the staples being determined on by Dunbar, without necessity, of his trade-to the manufacturer the materials of he buried general Braddock's corps in the middle his workmanship; to the laborer his most wholesome of the road, making waggons and horses to pass and virtuous occupation-and to the mechanic, his over it, to conceal it from the Indians, designing employment and his bread. Agriculture is the only at some future day to erect a monument to his me-lasting source of national wealth, because it is inmory, which he had no opportunity of doing till dependent of those political changes that turn the after the revolutionary war, when he made deli-course of commerce and manufactures into new gent search for his grave, but the road had been so channels; and its history never presents such exammuch turned and the clear land so extended that ples of short-lived grandeur, founde! by permanent decay, as are exhibited by Tyre, Venice, Genoa, it could not be found.

I had, in the course of conversation, mentioned and many other states. An agricultural people bethe bad impression I had received of gen. Brad-long exclusively to their own country; and are, in a dock as an officer, both in Ireland and this country, great degree, out of the reach of those regulations, ever since I was a small boy. "True, true," says made at the pleasure of governments, over which they he, "he was unfortunate, but his character was have no controul; which exercise a decisive infl-erice on much too severely treated; that he was one of the the well being of merchants, and render those, depenhonestest and best men of any British officer with dent on commerce, almost as much the subjects of every whom he had been acquainted; even in the manner other commercial state as of their own. Agriculture of fighting he was not more to blame than others, is, most emphatically, the employment becoming a --that of all that were consulted, only one per republican people, since it introduces none of those son objected to it," (probably himself) and look-tremendous inequalities of wealth and poverty, that ing around seriously to me, he said, Braddock create the materials of tyranny-nobles and beggars was both my general and my physician-I was at--oppressors and slaves. Its gains are moderate and tacked with a dangerous fever on the march and he sure; it enriches by salutary degrees, and by the 1 ft a sergeant to take care of me, and James' fever exercise of industry and frugality, the two great powders, with directions how to give them, and a pillars of a virtuous state. Its inviolable operation waggon to bring me on when I would be able, is, in short, to produce a beautiful system of equali which was only the day before the defeat, the first ty-equally removed from the splendid, corrupting day had rid a horse for a considerable time and prodigality of unbounded wealth, and the debasing then had to ride with a pillow under me. This wretchedness of pinching poverty. It was AGRIconversation, though I thought it interesting at the CULTURE that changed the earth from a wilderness time, is of little importance now, further than to to a garden, and man from a brute to a civilized show the absolute falsehood of Smollett's charac-being. Its virtuous labors, while they mellowed ter of Gage; that instead of conducting the retreat, the soil, humanized his manners, and turned him carrying off the body of the general, &c. he was from war and plunder, hitherto his only occupaamong the foremost to run away and run the fur-tions, to cultivate social feelings, to cherish social thest,-which justly entailed on him the character rights, and that sacred good-fellowship which arises from the influence of neighborhood-the interof cowardice ever after. change of friendly offices, and the sense of mutual dependence.

Since I am in the way of writing about Washing ton, I will add one serious scene through which he To me, then, the FACE OF THE COUNTRY is the true passed, which is little known, and with which he concluded this conversation. He asked me how mirror in which to look for the expression of nanear I lived to Layalhana old Fort, and if I knew a tional happiness. The situation of the FARMER is run from the Laurel Hill that fell into the creek my criterion of national prosperity. Agricultural near it. I told him the distance of my residence, plenty makes a people rich and happy-tommercial and that I knew the run. He told me that at a plenty, such as our's, is the forerunner of national considerable distance up that run his life was in as degradation-for great importations of goods, if That he they are not paid for by an exchange of the progreat hazard as ever it had been in war. had been ordered to march some troops to reinforce ducts of the land, make a nation of debtors; and a a bullock-guard on their way to the camp-that he nation of debtors is a nation of slaves. Let brokers marched his party in single file with trailed arms, and speculators perish, so the farmer preserves his and sent a runner to inform the British officer in sturdy independence; for, so long as that is preservwhat manner he would meet him. The runnered, the other honest classes of the community will arrived and delivered his message, but he did not not decay; unless, as in the present state of things, know how it was that the British officer paid no the country has been bloated, by artificial means, attention to it, and the parties met in the dark and into a precocious expansion, which cannot be either fired on each other till they killed thirty of their own men; nor could they be stopped till he had to go.in between the fires and threw up the muzzles of their guns with his sword.

The fort which in conversing with me, he and many others always called Layalhana, after the name of the creek, was also named Ligoniers, near which there is now a town of that name. This took place during gen. Forbes' campaign.

The Paper System-No. III.

ITS EFFECTS ON THE FARMERS.
ANDRESSED TO THE EDITOR OF THE REGISTER.

STR--The cultivators of the earth constitute the
American nation. The products of the soil are its

salutary or lasting. Only let us free ourselves from the wretched rag-system, and, though we may not see so many upstart brokers rolling in wealth, or so many suffering laborers, who are swallowed up by the monopoly of speculators-or so many wretched paupers, reduced from fancied riches to real beggary-yet, sir, we shall see what is much better: we shall see, in their stead, a wholesome, widely dif fused competence among all classes, equally remov ed from the extremes of splendor and poverty, on which the REPUBLICAN INSTITUTIONS of our country may rest with permanent security.

Looking, then, to the welfare of the farmer as the est, and the only, foundation of national prosperity, whenever I would test the character of any system, Snancial or commercial, I always study its effects