1834. In 1838, Dr. Hughes, having been appointed Bishop Administrator of New York, removed to that city. In 1840, he commenced an agitation of the School question, claiming either that no tax should be levied for educational purposes, or, if levied, its proceeds be distributed among the various religious denominations of the community, it being impossible, as he urged, to provide a system of education which could be tolerated by all. The reading of the ordinary Protestant version of the Bible he especially objected to. The long discussion of the subject which followed was maintained with great energy, perseverance, and ability by the prelate, who succeeded in obtaining a modification of the previously existing system. His claim that the church property of his denomination should be exclusively vested in the hands of the clergy, likewise urged at an early period of his episcopate, has also caused much discussion, and has been revived in the year 1855 in a controversy between Dr. Hughes and the Hon. Erastus Brooks, of the New York Senate, growing out of a statement by the latter that the Bishop was, in this manner, in possession of property to the value of five millions of dollars. The articles which have passed between the parties have been collected in two separate and rival publications. In 1850, Bishop Hughes and his diocese were promoted by Pius IX. to archiepiscopal rank. His energetic discharge of the duties of his elevated position has not interfered with his literary activity. He has constantly, as occasion has arisen, availed himself of the newspapers of the day to repel charges made against his denomination in relation to, its action on contemporary questions, and has also frequently appeared as a lecturer. Several of his productions in the Last named capacity have been published, and exhibit him, in common with his less elaborate efforts, as a vigorous, animated, and polished writer, decided in the expression of opinion, and quick in availing himself of every advantage of debate. The following are the titles of these addresses: Christianity the only Source of Moral, Social, and Political Regeneration, delivered in the hall of the House of Representatives of the United States in 1847, by request of the members of both houses of Congress; The Church and the World; The Declie of Protestantism; Lecture on the Antecedent Cause of the Irish Famine in 1847; Lecture on Mixture of Civil and Ecclesiastical Power in the Middle Ages; Lectures on the Importance of a Christian Basis for the Science of Political Economy; Two Lectures on the Moral Causes that have produced the Evil Spirit of the Times; Debate before the Common Council of New York, on the Catholic Petition respecting the Common School Fund; and The Catholic Chapter in the History of the United States.

Bishop Hughes is an impressive and agreeable speaker. In person he is tall and well proportioned, with a countenance expressive of benevolence and dignity.

FRANCIS L. HAWKS,

AN eminent pulpit orator of the Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in North Carolina,

at Newbern, June 10, 1798. His grandfather came with the colonial governor Tryon from England, and was employed as an architect in some of the prominent public works of the state, and was distinguished by his liberal opinions in the Revolution.

He was graduated at the University of North Carolina, and prosecuting the study of the law in the office of the Hon. William Gaston, was admitted to the bar at the age of twenty-one. He continued the practice of the law for several years in his native state, with distinguished success. A memorial of his career at this period is left to the public in his four volumes of Reports of Decisions in the Supreme Court of North Carolina, 1820-26, and his Digest of all the Cases decided and reported in North Carolina. In his twenty-third year he was elected to the Legislature of his state.

His youth had been marked by its high tone of character, and his personal qualities and inclinations led him to the church as his appropriate sphere. He was ordained by Bishop Ravenscroft in 1827. His earliest ministerial duties were in charge of a congregation in New Haven. In 1829 he became the assistant minister of St. James's Church, Philadelphia, in which Bishop White was rector. The next year he was called to St. Stephen's Church in New York, in which city his reputation for eloquence became at once permanently established." From St. Stephen's he passed to St. Thomas's Church in 1832, and continued his connexion with the parish till his removal to Mississippi in 1844. During the latter period of his brilliant career at St. Thomas's, he was relieved from a portion of his city parochial labors by an assistant, and devoted himself to a liberal plan of education, which he had matured with great ability, and the details of which were faithfully carried out. He established at Flush

cial pressure, and the fruits of the hearty zeal, labor, and self-denial of its projector, were lost in its financial embarrassments. The failure of this institution was a serious loss to the cause of education. Its success would have greatly assisted to elevate the standard of the frequently mismanaged and even injurious country boarding schools. As a characteristic of Dr. Hawks's habitual consideration for the needy members of his profession, and of his own personal disinterestedness, it may be mentioned that it was his intention, when he had fairly established the institution, to leave it in the hands of appropriate trustees, with the simple provision that the sons of poor clergymen should receive from it, without charge, an education worthy the position due their parents.

Previous to his departure for the south-west, Dr. Hawks had, in 1836, passed a summer season in England, procuring, in accordance with a provision of the General Convention, copies of important papers relating to the early history of the Episcopal Church in America. In this he had the assistance of the eminent dignitaries of the English Church, and secured a large and valuable collection of MSS., which have been since frequently consulted on important topies of the ecclesiastical and civil history of the country. While at Flu-hing, after his return, he printed considerable portions of them in the Church Record, a weekly paper devoted to the cause of Christianity and education, which, commenced in November, 1840, was continued till October, 1842.* The Record was conducted by Dr. Hawks, and besides its support of Protestant theology in the agitations of the day induced by the publication of the "Oxford Tracts," in which Dr. Hawks maintained the old American churchmanship and respect for the rights of the laity, which he had learnt in the schools of White and Ravenscroft, the journal made also a liberal provision for the display of the sound old English literature, in a series of articles in which its wants were set forth from Sir Thomas More to De Foe. In 1837 Dr. Hawks established the New York Review, for a time continuing its active editor, and commencing its valuable series. of articles on the leading statesmen of the country, with his papers on Jefferson and Burr.t

While in the south-west Dr. Hawks was elected Bishop of Mississippi, his confirmation in which office was met by opposition in the General Convention, where charges were proposed against him growing out of the financial difficulties of the St. Thomas's Hall education scheme. His vindica

terly and eloquent oration: clear and ample in statement, powerful and convincing in the nobie appeal of the motives which had led him to the disastrous enterprise. A vote of acquittal was passed, and the matter referred to the Diocese of Mississippi, which expressed its entire confidence. The bishopric was, however, not accepted. He has since been tendered the bishopric of Rhode Island. In 1842 Dr. Hawks edited a volume of the Hamilton papers from MSS. confided to him by the venerable widow; but the undertaking was laid aside with a single volume, the work having been afterwards entered upon by Hamilton's son, with the assistance of Congress.* In 1844. he accepted the rectorship of Christ's Church in New Orleans, a position which he held for five years; during which time he also lent his assistance to the furtherance of the organization of the State University, of which he was made President. He returned to New York in 1849 at the request of his friends, with the understanding that provision was to be made for his St. Thomas's Hall obligations; the unabated admiration of his eloquence and personal qualities readily secured a sufficient fund for this object, and he has since filled the pulpit at Calvary Church.

The literary publications of Dr. Hawks are two volumes of Contributions to the Ecclesiastical History of the United States, embracing the states of Virginia and Maryland; a volume of The Constitutions and Canons of the Episcopal Church with notes; a caustic essay on Auricular Confession in the Protestant Episcopal Church, published in 1850; an octavo, Egypt and its

Three volumes of this work were published by C. R. Lindon, an ingenious practical printer, and since the clever editor of the Flushing Gazette: two in quarto of the weekly, and a third in a monthly octavo.

From the hands of Dr. Hawks the Review passed under the management of his associate in the enterprise, the Rev. Dr. C. S. Henry, the translator of Cousin, author of a History of Philosophy in Harpers' Family Library, and for many years Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy in the New York University. When Dr. Henry retired from the Review, he was succeeded by that most accomplished man of letters, the organizer and first librarian of the Astor Library, Dr. J. G. Cogswell, by whom the work was conducted till its close in its tenth volume in 1841.

dence; a translation of Rivero and Tschudi's Antiquities of Peru, in 1853; and several juvenile volumes of natural history and American annals published in the "Boy's and Girl's Library" by the Harpers, with the title "Uncle Philip's Conversations." Dr. Hawks is also the author of a few poems, mostly descriptive of incidents in his parochial relations, which have been recently

printed in the North Carolina collection of poetry entitled" Wood Notes." It is understood that he has in preparation a work on the Antiquities of America, a subject which has long employed his attention. In addition to these literary pursuits, which have been but episodes in his active professional career, Dr. Hawks has delivered several lectures and addresses, of which we may mention particularly a biographical sketch of Sir Walter Raleigh, and a vindication of the early position of North Carolina in the affairs of the Revolution. He has been also an active participant in the proceedings of the New York Ethnological, Historical, and Geographical Societies. Of the most important part of Dr. Hawks's intellectual labors, his addresses from the pulpit, it is enough to say that their merits in argument and rhetoric have deservedly maintained his high position as an orator, through a period and to an extent rare in the history of popular eloquence. A manly and unprejudiced conviction of Christian truth, a brilliant fancy, illuminating ample stores of reading, and a practical knowledge of the world; seldom seen physical powers; a deep-toned voice, expressive of sincere feeling and pathos, and easy and melodious in all its utterances; a warin Southern sensibility, and courageous conduct in action, are among the qualities of the man, which justify the strong personal influence which he has long exercised at will among his contemporaries.

APPEAL FOR UNION OF THE REVOLUTIONARY FATHERS AND STATESMEN;—FROM A THANKSGIVING SEEMON AT CALVARY CHURCH, ON "THE DUTY OF CULTIVATING UNITY AND THE SPIRIT OF NATIONALITY."

We owe the cultivation of this spirit, the importance of which I have been endeavoring to esta blish, to the memory of our heroic old fathers. Theirs was the first great onward march in the work of making us a nation. Every step of that march was marked by their blood and sufferings. They did not know all that they were doing; but they did see, dimly rising up in the distance before thein, freedom for themselves and their children, and freedom was the root of their planting, from which union and nationality sprung. What think you, could they come back from their graves and stand here among us to-day, to see the nation of which they planted the seed nearly eighty years ago; what think you they would say to us upon this subject? They would tell us of that dark, sad period, when without arms and without ammunition; with nothing but courage to supply the want of discipline, and with no leader but God Almighty, they looked in upon their brave hearts, and questioning them, received for response, Be free, or die!" And then they solemnly swore, the Lord being their helper, that they would be free. They would tell us how they tore themselves away from weeping wives and children; and how the noble mothers from whom we sprung, chid the children for their tears, even while they wept themselves, and how, dashing the teardrops from their eyelids, they threw their arms around them for a parting embrace, and without a falter in the voice, rung out in clear, womanly tones, the words often remembered afterwards in the battle strife" Go, my brave husband! go, my daring boy! I give you to your bleeding country; I give you to the righteous cause of freedom; and if He so will it, I give you back to God." They would tell us how, through seven long years, they endured cold and hunger and nakedness; how they fought, how they bled, how some among them died; how

God went with them and brought them through triumphant at last. They would tell us how they were more than compensated for all they had suffered, as they looked around, (as on this day,) and in this mighty nation of many millions, saw what God was working out in their seven long years of suffering. And who among us, as the story ceased, would dare to say to these venerable witnesses to the past, "Shall we throw away that which cost you so much; shall we break up our unity; shall we cease to be a nation?" Dare to say it? Why, a man's own conscience would rise up and call him accursed traitor, if he but dared to think it.

Is the spirit of our fathers dead within us? Has the blood of our noble old mothers ceased to flow in our veins? Who then are these white-haired old men that are sitting here around me? A remnant, a mere remuant! Remnant of what? Of those who, when our nation had attained just about half its present age, showed that the spirit of our Revolutionary fathers was not then dead. These are what remains of the veterans.of the war of 1812. It is thirty years ago since they were in the vigor of life, and then they did just as their fathers had done before them. Their country wanted them, and they waited no second summons; they went forth and kept the field until their country gave them an honorable discharge. But in one thing they differed from their fathers. God permitted them to see, when they so promptly answered their country's call, and has permitted them, by prolonging their lives until now, more fully to see, what their fathers could only hope for: the immense advantages and blessings of a great, consolidated, united people. And how have they come up in a body to-day, requesting it as a privilege to do so, that they might unitedly thank God, among other national blessings, for the establishment and preservation of that nationality which the fathers of the Republic began, and to preserve the infant growth of which, they perilled their lives. "Honor to whom honor is due."

Not

These men

But there is yet another class to whom we owe it to cherish the spirit of a broad nationality. These, too, served their country, but not in the tented field. These were our patriot statesmen-the men who framed, expounded, and upheld the great principles of our political fabric. We may not, on an occasion like this, pass them by unmentioned. I cannot, of course, allude to all, but, since last we met, on an occasion like this, two have gone, whose lives were devoted to their country, with as pure a patriotism as ever animated an American heart; and each of whom gave, not merely commanding talents to the Republic, but by a sad coincidence gave also a son, and they wept alike, as they laid their dead soldier boys in honored graves. Need I name them? when I speak to Americans; for grief is yet too green in the nation's heart to call for names. knew the worth of unity and nationality. The one living among the new settlements of our magnificent lovely West, the other on the shores of old Massachusetts, near the very spot where one of the earliest colonies was planted; but what mattered it to them whether a State were on this side or the other of the mountains, whether it were planted by "pilgrim fathers" or the hunters of Kentucky," so long as all was ONE. The one knew "no North, no South, no East, no West:" the other prayed that when he died, his eye might rest upon the gorgeous ensign of the Republic, and see every star in its place, while the rallying cry of his country should still be "Liberty and Union, now and for ever!" These men had studied the value of these United States; they could see but little value in them disunited. They saw the grand conception of a continental

Union in all its mighty consequences. They are dead; we shall hear their voices of wisdom no more. The one, in argument, smote like lightning, and shivered the rock into fragments; the other came with the ponderous force of the Alpine avalanche, and sweeping away rock, tree, hamlet, everything in its path, buried them out of sight for ever. I thank God for both, and pray that he may raise up others to fill their places. I thank Him for the wisdom He gave them, and pray that my country may treasure it up among her hallowed possessions,

And when I think how universal and heartfelt was the individual grief of my countrymen at their loss, I cannot believe that their great principle of national unity will not survive them. They have gone down to the grave with the Christian's hope: peace be to their remains-honor to their memories.

TO AN AGED AND VERY CHEEKFUL CHRISTIAN LADY.

Lady! I may not think that thou

Hast travelled o'er life's weary road,
And never felt thy spirit bow
Beneath affliction's heavy load.

I may not think those aged eyes

Have ne'er been wet with sorrow's tears; Doubtless thy heart has told in sighs,

The tale of human hopes and fears.

And yet thy cheerful spirit breathes
The freshness of its golden prime,
Age decks thy brow with silver wreaths,
But thy young heart still laughs at Time.
Life's sympathies with thee are bright,
The current of thy love still flows,
And silvery clouds of living light,

Hang round thy sunset's golden close.
So have I seen in other lands,

Some ancient fame catch sweeter grace, Of mellowed richness from the hands

Of Time, which yet could not deface.
Ah, thou hast sought 'mid sorrow's tears,
Thy solace from the lips of truth;
And thus it is that fourscore years

Crush not the cheerful heart of Youth.
So be it still!-for bright and fair,

His love I read on thy life's page; And Time! thy hand lay gently there, Spoil not this beautiful old age.

ALBERT BARNES,

THE author of the Series of Popular Biblical Commentaries, was born at Rome, New York, December 1, 1798. He was educated at Hamilton College, and entered the Theological Seminary at Princeton in 1820; was ordained and became pastor of a congregation at Morristown, N. J., and subsequently, in 1830, of the First Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia, where he has since remained. The series of Notes on the Scriptures, by which Dr. Barnes has obtained a wide-spread reputation as an author and commentator, was commenced during his residence at Morristown. His original design was to prepare a brief commentary on the Gospels for the use of Sunday Schools. After he had commenced, hearing that the Rev. James W. Alexander was engaged on a similar work for the American Sunday School Union, he wrote to him, proposing to abandon his project in favor of that of his friend. On Dr. Alexander's replythat in consequence of his feeble health he was

desirous to transfer his task to the able hand already occupied on the same project, Mr. Barnes determined to continue. The work appeared, and met with so favorable a reception that the author enlarged his design, and has since annotated most of the books of the Old and New Testament, with the same distinguished success. Besides these Commentaries, Dr. Barnes is the author of several volumes of Sermons On Revicals and Practical Sermons for Vacant Congre gations and Families; some other devotional works, and an elaborate Introductory Essay to Bishop Butler's Analogy.

In his pastoral relations and personal character Dr. Barnes is highly esteemed, as well as for his eloquence in the pulpit.

By the adoption of the plan of writing at an early hour, he has been able to prepare the long series of volumes to which his commentaries extend, without any interference with the ordinary routine of his daily duties, all of the volumes to which we have referred, together with a work on Slavery, having been composed before nine o'clock in the morning.

WILLIAM TUDOR.

WILLIAM TUDOR, the son of a lawyer of the Revolution, from the office of John Adams, was born at Boston, January 28, 1799. He was educated at Phillips Academy, at Andover, and at Harvard, and afterwards became a clerk in the countingroom of John Codman. In the employ of the latter he visited Paris, where his literary inclinations were confirmed. He next sailed for Leghorn on a commercial venture; that failed, but he secured a European tour through Italy and the Continent. On his return to Boston he was an active member in founding the Anthology Club, publishing his European letters, with various entertaining miscellanies, in their monthly magazine.

This journal, which bore the name of The Monthly Anthology, was originally commenced iu November, 1803, by Mr. Phineas Adams, a graduate of Harvard, and at the time teacher of a school in Boston. At the end of six months it fell into the hands of the Rev. William Emerson, who, joining a few friends with him, laid the foundation of the club. The magazine was then announced as edited "by a society of gentlemen.” By the theory of the club every member was to write for the" Anthology," but the rule was modified, as usual, by the social necessities of the company, and the journal was greatly indebted to outsiders for its articles. The members, however, had the privilege of paying its expenses, which in those days could hardly have been expected to be met by the public. In giving an account of this work subsequently Mr. Tudor remarks, "whatever may have been the merit of the Anthology, its authors would have been sadly disappointed if they had looked for any other advantages to be derived from it than an occasional smile from the public, the amusement of their task, and the pleasure of their social meetings. The publication never gave enough to pay the moderate expense of their suppers, and through their whole career they wrote and paid for the pleasure of writing. Occasionally a promise was held out that the proceeds of the work would soon enable them to proceed without assessments, but

the observance never came. The printers were changed several times, and whenever they paid anything it was an omen of ill luck to them."* Ten volumes of the Anthology were thus published from 1803 to 1811, supported by the best pens of Boston at the time: by Tudor, Buckminster, John Quincy Adams, George Ticknor, Dr. John Sylvester, John Gardiner, and others.

In 1805 Mr. Tudor went to the West Indies to

All Leider

establish for his brother agencies for a new branch of commerce, the exportation of ice. He was also engaged afterwards in some other commercial transactions in Europe requiring ability and address. In 1809 he had delivered the Fourth of July oration in Boston, and in 1810 prepared the Phi Beta Kappa address for Harvard. In December, 1814, he wrote the prospectus for the North American Review, the first number of which appeared in May, 1815, under his editorship. It originally was a combination of the magazine and review, admitting light articles, essays, and poems, while the staple was elaborate criticism, and appeared in this style every two months till December, 1818, when it was changed to a quarterly publication. Mr. Tudor wrote three fourths of the first four volumes.

In the year 1819 he published his volume of Letters on the Eastern States, a book which with some diffuseness handles topics of originality for the time with acuteness. In 1821 he published a volume of Miscellanies, collected from his contributions to the Monthly Anthology and the early volumes of the North American Review, which show the author's playful, learned humor, in a very agreeable light. His spirited Life of James Otis appeared in 1823. It is a view of the times as well as of the man. The leading personages of the period are presented in its aniinated, picturesque pages.

Notice of the Monthly Anthology in "Miscellanies," by W. Tudor.

† Among these papers are comic memoirs, after the fashion of learned societies, on Cranberry Sauce, Toast, the Purring of Cats; a Dissertation upon Things in General; the Miseries of Human Life, &c.

It is to Tudor that Boston is indebted for the monument on Bunker Hill; he heard that the ground was to be sold, interested men of wealth in the purchase, and the work was commenced at his suggestion. At the close of the same year (1823) he received the appointment of consul for the United States at Lima, the duties of which he discharged till his transfer to the Atlantic coast in 1828 as charg d'affaires at Rio Janeiro. He was successful in the negotiation of an indemnity for spoliations on American commerce. While at Rio he wrote a work, which was published anonymously at Boston in 1829, entitled Gebel Teir. It is in an ingenious vein of description and speculation touching the manners and politics of the most important nations of the world, whose affairs are discussed by a synod of birds who meet on a mountain in Africa, the book taking its name from a legendary conceit that Gebel Teir, in Egypt, was so called from an annual council of the birds of the universe on its summit. In this "politic congregation" the United States are represented for the Eastern portion by the wren; the pigeon for the West; the robin for the Middle; and the vulture and the mocking-bird for the South. The pheasant, the humming-bird, and the bat, are the members for Spain; the marten and thrush for England; the sparrow and cock for France; and the ibis for the Elysian Fields. In the speeches delivered at this parliament the reader may gather a very fair notion of the prevalent political ideas at home and abroad at the time of the publication of the book.

Mr. Tudor died suddenly at Rio, March 9, 1830. It is understood that he left many manuscripts relating to the countries which he visited nearly ready for the press, which with his official correspondence will probably be published.

As a member of the Anthology Club he was one of the founders of the munificent library and