ENDRIN REFERENCE

1. Baker, F. S. et al., 1955. California Forest Regeneration Problems. California State Bd. Forestry Rep. 4 p.

2. Fowels, H. A. and G. H. Schubert. 1956. Seed Crops of Forest Trees in the Pine Region California. U. S. Dep. Agr. Tech. Bull. 1150. 48 p.

3. Garman, E. H. and A. L. Orr-Ewing. 1949. Direct-Seeding Experiments in the Southern Coastal Region of British Columbia 1923-1949. B. C. Forest Ser., Tech. Publ. T 31. 45 p.

4. Gashwiller, J. S. 1959. Small Mammal Study in West Central Region. J. of Mamm. 40: 128-139.

5. Jameson, E. W. 1952. Food of Deer Mice, Peromyscus maniculatus and P. boylei in the Northern Sierra Nevada, Calif. J. of Mamm. 33: 50-60.

6. Kverno, N. B. and H. D. Hartwell. 1957. Experimental Seeding Studies. Prog. Rep. Pac. N. W. 1955-56 and 1956–57. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver Res. Lab. 49 p. Proc.

7. Littlefield, E. W. et al. 1946. Field Mouse Damage to Coniferous Plantations. J. of Forestry 44: 745–749.

8. Moore, A. W. 1940. Wild Animal Damage to Seed and Seedlings on Cut-over Douglas-fir lands of Oregon and Washington. U.S. Dep. of Agr. Tech. Bull 706. 28 p. 9. Smith, C. F. and S. E. Aldous. 1947. The influence of Mammals and Birds in Retarding Artificial and Natural Reseeding of Coniferous Forest in the United States. J. of Forestry 45: 361–369.

HERBICIDE STUDY (LUCAS CREEK)

Attachment #1

THE AREA NEAR A SMALL TRIBUTARY (LESS THAN I CFS) OF LUCAS CREEK
(T 14 N: RIE) WAS SPRAYED WITH HERBICIDE BETWEEN 0830 AND 1030 OF MAY 3.
THE HERBICIDE WAS A 2:1 MIXTURE OF 2,4-D TO 2,4,5-T IN A WATER CARRIER.
THE SPRAYED AREA COVERED ABOUT 350 ACRES.

THE STREAM WAS SAMPLED AT THREE POINTS: TWO ABOVE THE SPRAYED AREA AND ONE BELOW (FIG. 1). THE STATIONS WERE SAMPLED SEVERAL DAYS BEFORE

SPRAYING OPERATIONS TO ASCERTAIN IF THERE WERE ANY BACKGROUND QUANTITIES OF

2,4-D OR 2,4,5-T OR SOME INTERFERING SUBSTANCE; THERE WERE NOT. THE DOWN

STREAM STATIONS WAS THEN SAMPLED DURING AND AFTER SPRAYING OPERATIONS TO DETERMINE THE QUANTITIES OF THESE HERDICIDES THAT HAD ENTERED THE TRIBUTARY.

DURING SPRAYING, THE SAMPLING INTERVALS WERE ONLY ONE-HALF HOUR; SUBSEQUENTLY, THESE WERE GRADUALLY INCREASED TO TWO OR THREE DAYS.

ALTHOUGH EFFORTS ARE ALWAYS MADE BY THE HELICOPTER PILOTS TO AVOID SPRAYING DIRECTLY ON SURFACE WATERS, THIS IS VERY DIFFICULT TO ACCOMPLISH FOR STREAMS OF THE VERY SMALL SIZE EXEMPLIFIED BY THE TRIBUTARY WE STUDIED. THE STUDY WAS UNDERTAKEN TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNTS AND PERSISTENCE OF HERBICIDES WHICH ENTER A SMALL STREAM UNDER TYPICAL OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS WEST OF THE CASCADES. THE DATA ARE PRESENTED IN TABLE I.

THE CONCENTRATIONS OF 2,4-D IN THE STREAM WERE APPROXIMATELY TWICE THOSE OF 2,4,5-T DUE TO THE 2:1 FORMULATION USED. THE CONCENTRATIONS OF THESE HERBICIDES WERE VERY LOW THROUGH MOST OF THE PERIOD OF SPRAYING. AN HOUR AND A HALF AFTER THE SPRAYING WAS COMPLETED, THE VALUES HAD RISEN TO 50 PPB OF 2,4-D AND 21 PP3 OF 2,4,5-T. FOLLOWING THIS PEAK, THE VALUES GRADUALLY FELL SO THAT AT 1800 THEY WERE VERY NEAR 'ZERO. IN SUBSEQUENT DAYS, THE CONCENTRATIONS REMAINED VERY LOW. ON MAY 8, HOWEVER, THEY DID INCREASE SLIGHTLY. THIS INCREASE COINCIDED WITH HEAVY RAIN ACTIVITY ON THIS DATE. THIS WAS THE FIRST RAIN AFTER THE SPRAY AND, OBVIOUSLY, SOME OF THE HERBICIDE WAS WASHED FROM THE SOIL AND VEGETATION.

EVEN AT THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATIONS RECORDED IN THIS STUDY, THERE SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ANY ADVERSE EFFECT ON THE FISH IN THE STREAM. MOUNT AND STEPHAN (TRAN. AN. FISH. Soc., 96:185-93) STATE THAT ANY CONCENTRATION SELOW 300 PPB CF 2,4-D WOULD BE ACCEPTABLE FOR ALL ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF A MINNOW, AS AN EXAMPLE. MARVIN MONTGOMERY, THE CHEMIST WHO DIRECTED THE HERBICIDE ANALYSES AT OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, WROTE IN THE LETTER ACCOMPANYING THE RESULTS, "THE RESIDUE LEVEL IS WELL BELOW THE TOXIC LEVELS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE ESPECIALLY WHEN THE EXPOSURE IS OF SUCH SHORT DURATION".

RUDOLPH N. THUT

RESEARCH BIOLOGIST

AIR AND WATER QUALITY RESEARCH

V. 3

(0830-1030)

Lucas Creek

TABLE I

CONCENTRATIONS OF 2,4-D AND 2,4,5-T IN TRIBUTARY OF LUCAS CREEK

HERBICIDE STUDY (NEWAURUM RIVER)

Attachment #2

APPROXIMATELY 1700 ACRES IN THE WATERSHED OF THE NORTH FORK OF THE NEWAUKUMA RIVER WERE SPRAYED WITH HERBICIDE IN THE PERIOD, May 6 to May 14. THE SPECIFIC DATES AND TIMES ARE PRESENTED IN FIGURE 1. THE HERBICIDE WAS A 2:1 HIXTURE OF 2,4-D TO 2,4,5-T IN A WATER CARRIER.

ING TO DETERMINE IF

THE RIVER WAS SAMPLED AT TWO POINTS: ONE ABOVE THE SPRAYED AREAS AND
ONE PELOW (FIG. 1). THE STATIONS WERE SAMPLED SEVERAL DAYS BEFORE THE SPRAY-
THERE WERE ANY BACKGROUND QUANTITIES OF 2,4-D or 2,4,5-T
OK SORE INTERFERING SUBSTANCE. VERY LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF 2,4-D WERE APPARENT-
LY DETECTED AT THIS TIME (TABLE 1). HOWEVER, THE INCIDENCE OF ZERO READINGS
EARLY ON THE HORNING OF MAY 6 BEFORE THE BERSICIDE HAD ANY CHANCE TO REACH
THE RIVER SUGGEST THAT THE APRIL 21 SAMPLES WERE SLIGHTLY CONTAMINATED OR
SOME SUBSTANCE WAS INTERFERING WITH THE DETERMINATIONS. THE DOWNSTREAM STATION
VAS SAMPLED DURING AND AFTER THE SPRAYING OPERATIONS TO DETERMINE THE QUANTITIES

THAT HAD ENTERED THE RIVER. THE STATION WAS SAMPLED IN THE PERIOD MAY 6 TO
MAY 1 WITH MOST OF THE SAMPLES TAKEN ON THE DAYS WHEN SPRAYING WAS ACTUALLY
ACCOMPLISHED.

THE NORTH FORK OF THE NEWAUKUH RIVER SERVES AS THE POTABLE WATER SUPPLY FOR THE CITIES OF CENTRALIA AND CHEHALIS. FOR THIS REASON, SPECIAL EFFORTS WERE MADE TO AVOID CONTAMINATION OF THE RIVER. A 600-FOOT BUFFER STRIP WAS THE USUAL

ESTABLISHED IN THOSE AREAS ADJACENT TO THE MAIN BODY OF THE RIVER.
POLICY OF TRYING TO AVOID SPRAYING DIRECTLY ON THE SMALLER TRIBUTARIES WAS
ALSO IN EFFECT. THE DOWNSTREAM SAMPLING STATION WAS IMMEDIATELY NEXT TO THE
TWO WATER INTAKES (FIG. 1).

THE CARE TAKEN WAS OBVIOUSLY EFFECTIVE AS THE CONCENTRATIONS OF BOTH 2,4-D AND 2,4,5-T AT THE WATER INTAKES WERE EXCEPTIONALLY LOW. IN THIS REGARD,

IT SHOULD BE POINTED OUT THAT VALUES BELOW | PPO - AND ALL BUT ONE READING WAS
BELOW THIS LEVEL - ARE VERY NEAR THE LIMIT OF SENSITIVITY OF THE MOST SOPHISTI-
CATED INSTRUMENTATION. MARVIN MONTGOMERY, THE CHEMIST AT OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY
WHO DIRECTED THE HERBICIDE ANALYSES (UTILIZING A DORMANN MICROCOULOMETRIC GAS
CHROMATOGRAPH), STATES IN THE LETTER ACCOMPANYING HIS REPORT: "AS YOU CAN SEE,
WE HAVE REPORTED THE RESULTS TO THE NEAREST TENTH PART PER BILLION. HOWEVER,
AT VERY LOW LEVELS, AROUND A PART PER CILLION, THERE IS UNCERTAINTY IN THE
ANALYSIS. VERY MINUTE AMOUNTS OF IMPURITIES CAN APPEAR AS HERBICIDES ON THE
GAS CHROMATOGRAMS, THUS GIVING SPURIOUS RESULTS. THIS CAN BE SEEN IN THE VERY
LOM AMOUNTS OF 2,4-D IN SOME OF THE PRE-TREATMENT SAMPLES. THUS, WHEN DEALING
WITH A PART PER BILLION IT IS DIFFICULT TO SAY FOR CERTAIN THAT IT IS THE CO-
POUND SOUGHT, AND IF SO, WHAT THE ABSOLUTE VALUE IS. WE HAVE ENTERED THESE
SHALL VALUES HOWEVER, SINCE WE HAVE CALCULATED - SMALL BLIPS ON THE CHROMATO-
GRAMS AS IF THEY WERE HERBICIDE. WITH THI
IN MIND, THEN, THERE WAS ONLY ONE
THE DURING THE ENTIRE SPRAY PROGRA WHEN A TRULY MEASURABLE AMOUNT OF HERBI-
CICE APPEARED. THIS OCCURRED ON MAY 8 WHEN 2.1 PPB OF 2,4-D WERE DETECTED, A
SIGNIFICANT CONCENTRATION OF 2,4,5-T WAS NEVER DETECTED DURING THE PROGRAM.
ONE INSTANCE WHERE A MEASURABLE CONCENTRATION OF HERBICIDE WAS FOUND COINCIDED
WITH A PERIOD OF HEAVY RAINFALL. OBVIOUSLY, A SMALL AMOUNT OF THE HERBICIDE
APPLIED HAY 6 AND 7 WAS WASHED FROM THE SOIL AND VEGETATION. IN SPITE or

THE