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ingly conceal such evil practices, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars or by imprisonment not exceeding two years, or both in the discretion of the court.

(This section was probably drafted by Hon. Luke E. Wright, acting governor of the Philippines, who formerly practiced law in Tennessee. Being familiar with the statutes of that State, he naturally adopted the language employed by the Tennessee legislature in creating an enactment of similar character.)

prisonment at the discretion of the court and jury trying the case, and may be compelled to give good and sufficient sureties for his or her good behavior during the court's pleasure, and shall be incapable of bearing any office of honor, trust, or profit in the State government for the space of three years. shall be the duty of the judge to give this in charge to the grand jury, and no prosecutor shall be required to an indictment under this article.

It

(See sec. 5555, Code of Tennessee, Milliken & Vertrees, 1884.) Rev. Stats. of the United States.

SEC. 2111. Every person who sends any talk, speech, message or letter to any Indian nation, tribe, chief, or individual, with an intent to produce a contravention or infraction of any treaty or law of the United States, or to disturb the peace and tranquillity of the United States, is liable to a penalty of two thousand dollars.

SEC. 2112. Every person who carries or delivers any talk, message, speech, or letter, intended to produce a contravention or infraction of any treaty or law of the United States, or to disturb the peace or tranquillity of the United States, knowing the contents thereof, to or from any Indian nation, tribe, chief, or individual, from or to any person or persons whatever, residing within the United States, or from or to any subject, citizen, or agent of any foreign power or State is liable to a penalty of one thousand dollars.

SEC. 2113. Every person who carries on a correspondence, by letter or otherwise, with any foreign nation or power, with an intent to induce such foreign nation or power to excite any Indian nation, tribe, chief, or individual, to war against the United States, or to the violation of any existing treaty; or who alienates, or attempts to alienate, the confidence of any Indian or Indians from the

Act No. 292, Philippine Commission.

SEC. 9. All persons who shall meet together for the purpose of forming or who shall form any secret society or who shall after the passage of this act continue membership in a society already formed, having for its object, in whole or in part, the promotion of treason, rebellion, or sedition, or the promulgation of any political opinion or policy shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both.

Government of the United States, is liable to a penalty of one thousand dollars.

Revised Statutes of Florida.

2376. Exciting insurrection. If any person shall excite an insurrection or sedition amongst any portion or class of the population of this State, or shall attempt by writing, speaking, or by any other means, to excite such insurrection or sedition, the person or persons so offending shall be punished by imprisonment in the State prison not exceeding twenty years.

Penal Code of West Virginia (Chapter CXLIII).

SEC. 4. If any person shall attempt to justify or uphold an armed invasion of this State or an organized insurrection therein, by speaking, writing, or printing, or by publishing or circulating any written or printed document, or in any other way whatever, during the continuance of such invasion or insurrection, he shall be fined not exceeding one thousand dollars, and be confined in jail not exceeeing twelve months.

Laws of Maryland.

SEC. 267. If any person or persons within this State shall hold any secret or public meeting or unite with or belong to any secret club or association known by him or them to be intended to effect, promote, or encourage the separation or secession of this State from the Government or Union of the United States, every such person, upon conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to confinement in the penitentiary for a term not less than two nor more than six years, or to a fine of not less than five hundred or more than three thousand dollars, at the discretion of the court.

Gen. Stats. of Kansas. (Chap. 100, crimes, &c.)

SEC. 3. Any citizen of this State who shall join any society or organization the object of which shall be to produce an insurrection, or to revolutionize the government of this State or of the United States, or shall furnish arms or military stores to the enemies of this State or of the United States, knowing them to be such, shall, upon conviction, be punished by confinement in the penitentiary for not less than one nor more than ten years.

Revised Stats. of Florida.

SEC. 2374. Combination to usurp government: If two or more persons shall combine by force to usurp the government of this State, or to overturn the same, or interfere forcibly in the administration of the government or any department thereof, the person so offending shall be punished by imprisonment in the State prison not exceeding ten years.

Decision of the United States Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court of the United States say:

"Open resistance to the measures deemed necessary to subdue a great rebellion by those who enjoy the protection of government and have not the excuse even of prejudice of section to plead in their favor becomes an enormous crime when it assumes the form of a secret political organization, armed to oppose the laws, and seeks by stealthy means to introduce the enemies of the country into peaceful communities, there to light the torch of civil war and thus overthrow the power of the United States. Conspiracies like these at such a juncture are extremely perilous, and those con

cerned in them are dangerous enemies to their country and should receive the heaviest penalties of the law as an example to deter others from similar criminal conduct." (Ex Parte Milligan, 4 Wall., 130.)

Act No. 292, Philippine Commis- Rev. Stats. of the United States.

sion.

SEC. 10. Until it has been officially proclaimed that a state of war or insurrection against the authority or sovereignty of the United States no longer exists in the Philippine Islands, it shall be unlawful for any person to advocate, orally or by writing or printing or like methods, the independence of the Philippine Islands or their separation from the United States, whether by peaceable or forcible means, or to print, publish, or circulate any handbill, newspaper, or other publication advocating such independence or separation.

Any person violating the provisions of this section shall be punished by a fine of not exceeding two thousand dollars and imprisonment not exceeding one year.

SEC. 5335. Every citizen of the United States, whether actually resident or abiding within the same or in any foreign country, who, without the permission or authority of the Government, directly or indirectly commences or carries on any verbal or written correspondence or intercourse with any foreign government, or any officer or agent thereof, with an intent to influence the measures or conduct of any foreign government, or of any officer or agent thereof, in relation to any disputes or controversies with the United States, or to defeat the measures of the Government of the United States; and every person, being a citizen of or resident within the United States, and not duly authorized, who counsels, advises, or assists in any such correspondence with such intent, shall be punished by a fine of not more than five thousand dollars and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor more than three years; but nothing in this section shall be construed to abridge the right of a citizen to apply, himself or his agent, to any foreign government or the agents thereof for redress of any injury which he may have sustained from such government or any of its agents or subjects.

Laws of Maryland.

SEC. 267. If any person or persons within this State shall hold any secret or public meeting, or unite with or belong to any secret club or association known by him

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or them to be intended to effect, promote, or encourage the separation or secession of this State from the Government or Union of the United States, every such person, upon conviction thereof, shall be sentenced to confinement in the penitentiary for a term not less than two nor more than six years, or to a fine of not less than five hundred or more than three thousand dollars, at the discretion of the court.

Statutes of New Jersey (chapter on crimes).

SEC. 4. If any person owing allegiance to this State shall, by speech, writing, open deed or act, advisedly and wittingly maintain and defend the authority or jurisdiction of any foreign power, potentate, republic, king, state, or nation whatsoever in and over this State, or the people thereof, such person so offending shall, on conviction, be punished by fine or imprisonment, or both, or by fine or imprisonment at hard labor, or both, the fine not to exceed four hundred dollars nor the imprisonment the term of one year.

Penal code of Virginia.

SEC. 3658. Treason shall consist only in levying war against the State, or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort, or establishing, without authority of the legislature, any government within its limits separate from the existing government, or holding or executing in such usurped government any office, or professing allegiance or fidelity to it, or resisting the execution of the laws under color of its authority; and such treason, if proved by the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act or by confession in court, shall be punished with death.

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