to what a woman can do if she will. There are many illustrations, most of which are of very little value.

Hart, A. B. Manual of American History, Diplomacy and Government. Pp. xv, 554. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1908.

This book is founded on several similar publications of the author. It aims to outline lectures and readings for courses for college students of the subjects indicated in the title. Three detailed courses of ninety lectures each are outlined on the subjects of American history, diplomacy and government. Three shorter courses of thirty lectures each on the same subjects follow. These outlines are supplemented by suggestions for class topics, term reports, etc., and by a valuable chapter on methods and materials, giving directions for the use of books and preparation of reports. Though intended as a guide and aid in some specific courses in Harvard University, the arrangement of the volume, and the general character of the material to which reference is made, make the volume of value to the general student.

Harwood, W. S. The New Earth. Pp. xii, 378. Price, $1.75. New York: Macmillan Company, 1907.

This book is the better of two recent efforts to present to the general public the results of the recent application of science to agriculture. This is a very large field, as none of the industries is related to so many sciences; in none of them has the dependence upon science been so late in its discovery, and in none has the development of science been so rapid. Mr. Harwood attempts to present these recent developments in their economic aspects, so that we may understand the change that is going on around us.

The book represents a rather wide consulting of the very numerous materials that are now pouring forth. In many cases they are quoted at great length, so that the book is almost as largely a selection of the works of others as it is the work of the author. For the calm and unpoetic, the author's efforts at popularizing and style are at times rather distasteful, but it is the best book that has yet appeared on the subject, and one which can be read with great profit by anyone who wishes to keep fully abreast of the great movements now going on in the greatest industry the world now possesses or ever has possessed.

Herbertson, A. J. and F. D. The Oxford Geographies. Vols. I and III. Pp. viii, 512. Price, 4s. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Dr. A. J. Herbertson, assisted by F. D. Herbertson, of Oxford, has written a series of geographies for the schools. They have borrowed something from, or conceived an idea similar to, the prodigiously successful series of geographical readers written by Mr. Frank Carpenter, which sold a million copies before the last one was done. Dr. Herbertson has a preliminary, a junior and senior geography. In the first one he takes imaginary journeys up and down, across and around the continents, using all sorts of appropriate conveyances, and pointing out to his imaginary youthful audience the things he should see. It makes some of us wish we could begin geography again. In the last of the series, the senior geography, which has recently

appeared, he has divided the world up into what he calls natural regions. These he uses in contrast to the irrational method of thoroughly treating political divisions which may have no economic difference from those adjoining.

This is a distinct advance over the old method, but it is not followed rigorously all the way through the book-compromises being made with political geography and history and through pressure of space unexplained statement of fact is at times rather too prominent. The writing of geography texts is a matter of such forced compromise that it is a question if any method can be settled upon to the satisfaction of all parties.

Hill, F. T. Decisive Battles of the Law. Pp. viii, 268. Price, $2.25. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1907.

Reserved for later notice.

Hinds, W. A. American Communities and Coöperative Colonies. Pp. 608. Price, $1.50. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1908.

This standard work, which was first published in 1878, now appears in enlarged form, thoroughly revised and brought down to the year 1907. It includes all the well-known experiments, such as the Shaker colonies, Owen's communities, Brook Farm and the various Fourieristic phalanxes, Cabet's Icaria and the Oneida Community, in addition to a multitude of less known settlements, to say nothing of such contemporary organizations as the Theosophist Colony at Point Loma, the Single Tax Society at Fairhope, Alabama, the Ruskin Commonwealths, Upton Sinclair's Helicon Home Colony and the Straight Edge. Probably the most surprising feature of a book like this, to most readers, is the disclosure of the large number of radical social experiments that are being carried on at the present time.

As a follower of John Humphrey Noyes, Mr. Hinds naturally believes in some form of religious communism, conjoined with mutual criticism, after the fashion of the Oneida Community. Nevertheless, he is scrupulously fair to all communists and their opponents, and he records with entire honesty the modest successes of the various communistic societies and their numerous discouraging failures. The book contains little attempt at philosophizing. It is chiefly a straightforward account of the attempts at social betterment made by communists and social radicals. Such a record leaves the reader with a renewed impression of the importance of religious enthusiasm and fanaticism as motives to communistic activity. It fills him with admiration for the enthusiasm, the lofty motives and the unselfish endeavor that have marked the most of such attempts-admiration not unmixed with sadness at the selfishness and self-seeking that ultimately creep in to overthrow them. Yet, despite failures, men will undoubtedly continue to experiment with the alluring form of social organization so long as they seek a concrete expression of the sentiment of brotherhood. All such experiments will add their bit to the world's store of experience and wisdom; and, therefore, they deserve permanent record. Not the least valuable feature of Mr. Hinds' book is the bibliography at the end of each chapter.

Hirth, F. The Ancient History of China to the End of the Chou Dynasty. Pp. xiii, 383. Price, $2.50. New York: Columbia University Press, 1908.

Hunt, G. (Editor.) The Journal of the Constitutional Convention of 1787, as reported by James Madison. Two volumes. Pp. xvii, 853. Price, $3.00. New York: Putnam's Sons, 1908.

Reserved for later notice.

Jacobstein, Meyer. The Tobacco Industry in the United States. Pp. 208. Price, $1.50. New York: Columbia University Press, 1907. This volume, by Dr. Meyer Jacobstein, is a very carefully prepared monograph giving the development and present situation of the American tobacco industry. Dr. Jacobstein knows his subject and the monograph gives evidence of much careful work. He deals in a dispassionate way, yet clearly, with the facts of the development of the tobacco trust which has of late been the subject of such heated presentation and litigation. The book covers the whole field from the first plantations in the colonies to the foreign trade and the tobacco tax. It is rather unfortunate that a book of such merit should appear in the clumsy form of uncut pages, requiring as much time to get at the book as to read one of its clearly put chapters.

Johnson, A. S. Introductory Economics. Pp. 338. New York: School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 1907.

By those economists who hold the productivity theory of distribution, this book can merit naught but praise. It is a clear, logical presentation written in terse English. The influence of his former teacher, Professor Clark, is apparent throughout the author's pages, especially in those chapters dealing with the theories of wages and interest. Like Clark, he sees in monopoly an element ever interfering with the desirable free play of competition as a regulator of interest, wages and profits. He re-echoes the customary economic formula, "Wages under competitive conditions are determined by the marginal productivity of labor."

To that growing group of economists, however, who have broken from the Clark idea of marginal productivity and adhere to the price or exchange theory, the book offers little of value. In the main, Dr. Johnson has written a series of studies illustrating the operation of the two economic principles of diminishing utility and diminishing returns with some additional chapters on general economic subjects such as money, financial institutions, international trade, etc. The volume does not claim to be a general text-book on the whole field of economics. Its aim is rather to reach the lay public than the student body, for the author believes that, "in a democratic state economic science should be for the many, not for the few."

Kellogg, V. L. Darwinism To-Day. Pp. xii, 403. Price, $2.00. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1907.

In this volume Professor Kellogg, of Leland Stanford, Jr. University, carefully reviews the biological studies of the last fifty years to see what effect they have had in destroying or changing the fundamental conceptions of

Darwin. He thus puts in brief and accessible form for the general reader all the important evidence gotten by the various students and the theories suggested thereby. The volume at once becomes valuable as a source book.

After outlining Darwinism, the attacks upon Darwin's positions are taken up in detail. This is followed by a defence accompanied by mention of alternative theories. The final conclusion reached is, that while obviously many of Darwin's ideas were erroneous, that Darwinism is far from dead. It is probably necessary to accept Weissmann's theory that acquired characters are not inherited. Natural selection remains, however, not the cause of changes in species, but the final controlling force in evolution. The opponents of natural selection have failed to displace it. Darwinism does not explain variation in indifferent characters, of which there are many. Here is a great field for research. The cause of modifications may be simpler than we think. The book is valuable. Unless the reader knows something of biology it will be hard reading, for technical terms are constantly used.

Koebel, W. H. Modern Argentina. Pp. xv, 380. London: Francis Griffiths, 1907.

Ladd, G. T. In Corea with Marquis Ito. Pp. x, 477. Price, $2.50. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908.

Reserved for later notice.

Lowell, A. L. The Government of England. Two volumes. Pp. xxii, 1133. Price, $4.00. New York: Macmillan Company, 1908.

Reserved for later notice.

Maclear, Anne B. Early New England Towns. Pp. 181. Price, $1.50. New York: Columbia University Press, 1908.

Mallock, W. H. A Critical Examination of Socialism. Pp. vi, 302. Price, $2.00. New York: Harper & Bros., 1907.

Mr. Mallock has profited somewhat from the castigation he received in the course of the American lectures. It has at least led him to read Walker; and Walker a quarter of a century ago said everything that is said in Mr. Mallock's book, only far more sanely than the worthy Englishman has done. This volume, however, is a better piece of work than the lectures gave reason to expect. The point of view, of course, is wholly aristocratic. The world is divided into two classes, laborers and men of "directive ability;" they are born so, and "there's an end on't." Great men produce all the changes in human affairs. Labor is the mere mechanical power of the human machine. Laborers, not being great, possess only this mechanical power and therefore must submit themselves, if they would be happy, to the God-given "directive ability" of their betters. It all reads quite like Aristotle on slavery.

A socialist state, argues Mr. Mallock, could not select these men of ability; and even if it could select them, it could not induce them to work if it reduced their reward below its present amount. socialism cannot overcome these difficulties it will fail. government enterprises are becoming discouragingly common. Perhaps, as

Very likely, and if And yet progressive

Mr. Mallock declares, socialists are men "incapable of comprehending accurately the concrete facts of life," and perhaps that is why they say that municipal tramways are a success in England, that Russian railways pay big dividends, that the Swedish telephone puts ours to shame, and that New Zealand is reasonably prosperous, in spite of radical land laws, compulsory arbitration, old age pensions and such foolishness.

But "directive ability" is the phrase that justifies present society in toto. It includes the work of people no less different than John Wanamaker, running a department store; Bernard Shaw, writing a play; E. H. Harriman, looting a railroad, and Harry Lehr, giving a monkey dinner. The idle sport is a useful member of society. He incites more directive ability in the captain of industry, who wants to make his own son an idle sport. Vive la Newport! Aside from using his leading term in a variety of senses, Mr. Mallock constantly assumes that the sole function of business men is to direct industry, and that, in general, their pay is proportionate to their service. We should like to commend to him Prof. Veblen's discussion of pecuniary and industrial employments, and then ask him to investigate how far the great American fortunes are the reward of social service in directing industry. The present order can be defended, but not on the basis of any such equivalence between service and financial reward as Mr. Mallock constantly and rather cleverly

assumes.

It is his method of measuring the product of labor that is most edifying, however. It will be disquieting to radical agitators, however, to learn that labor is getting several times what it produces.

In a word, Mr. Mallock's analysis appears to us radically unsound. He easily enough exposes the fallacies in Marx's argument; that has often been done before. After all, is it very profitable to write many more theoretical books just now, either for or against socialism? Is it not more worth while to study with open mind the failures and successes, not only of the present system, but of the now numerous experiments in government operation of industry? But doubtless the Marxian socialist will not allow it.

Mazzarella, Joseph. Les Types Sociaux et le Droit. Pp. xxiii, 457. Price, 5 fr. Paris: Octave Doin, 1908.

This book is the second of twelve volumes projected, dealing with the various subjects within the domain of sociology. It is a study of social types from the juridical point of view, and embodies the results of ten years' inductive labor. In a valuable introduction, covering forty-four pages, there is a detailed critical examination of Post's theory as fully matured in his “Materials for the Universal Science of Law." With this as a point of orientation, Dr. Mazzarella divides his work into three parts: the first, devoted to the elaboration of his theory of fundamental types; the second, applies the theory to the gentile type of society; and, the third, in like manner, makes practical application to the feudal type of society. His purpose is to show by a comparative study the general process of development of juridical ideas and institutions, the causes which determine them, and the laws. according to which they are formed.