The Progress of the Nation: In Its Various Social and Economical Relations ... - George Richardson Porter - Google Libros

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Occupiers-Labourers-Great Britain and Ireland-Proportions employed in 1831

and 1841 in raising food-Advantage of knowing the proportions into which popu-

lation is divided-Failure of attempts to ascertain this in the earlier enumerations

-Result of the attempt in 1841-Excise Licenses granted for exercising certain

branches of business-Division of employments in Ireland, 1841-Domestic ser-

vants in United Kingdom-Employment of adult males in United Kingdom in

1841-Employment in textile manufactures-In factories-In mines-In manu-

facture of metals-Occupations of people in France-Classification of Land-owners

-Division of the soil

PAOK

Origin and progress of Poor Laws-Act 43rd Elizabeth-Amount expended at

various periods for relief of poor-Injurious tendency of the system-Means em-

ployed for its amendment-Sums expended for poor in England and Wales in each

year of the present century-Proportion of payments to population at each decen-

nary enumeration-Results of law of 1834-Poor Law of Ireland-Of Scotland—

Methods followed in various countries for relieving the poor-In Norway-In

Sweden-In Denmark-In Mecklenburgh-In Prussia-In Würtemberg—In Ba-

varia-In the Canton of Berne-In France-In Holland-In Belgium-Labourers'

earnings in England, &c.

Circumstances under which Emigration may be desirable-Habit of non-interference

on the part of Government-Private associations for promoting Emigration-Set-

tlement in South Africa-Number of Emigrants from this Kingdom, 1820-1849-

Arrivals of Emigrants at Quebec and New York, 1829-1843-Distribution of

Emigrants-Transportation of Criminals to New South Wales-Suggestion for

their employment in British America-Number of Convicts transported, 1825-1841

-Convict establishment in the Bermudas

SECTION II.-PRODUCTION.

Impossibility of importing any large proportion of Food for the Population-Import-

ations of Wheat, 1801 to 1849-Comparative smallness of its amount-Numbers

fed with Wheat of Home and of Foreign Growth-Increased Productive Power of

Great Britain-Means whereby this increase has been effected-Deficiency of

statistical information connected with Agriculture in England-Improvements in

Scotland Inclosure Bills and Average Prices of Wheat since 1760-Corn Law of

1815-Conflicting testimony as to Agricultural Distress given to the Committee

in 1833 Increased Rents since 1790-Adaptation of the Steam-Engine to the

Draining of Fens-Effect upon Agriculturists of the restoration of a Metallic Cur-

rency-Land brought under Cultivation since 1760-Compared with Increase of

Population since 1801-Surface of cultivated, uncultivated, and unprofitable Land

in each division and County of the United Kingdom in 1827-Proportion of culti-

vated Land to the Population at different periods during the present century-

Probability of Population outstripping the productive powers of the soil-Supposed

influence upon this question of the extensive construction of Railroads-Estimate of

the Number of Horses, the employment of which may by that means be rendered

MANUFACTURES.-WOVEN, &c., FABRICS.

Manufacturing skill of England-Its political consequences during the last war—

Introduction of woollen manufacture-Prohibition to export English wool-Re-

moval of prohibition, and its consequences-Woollen goods exported-Number of

Woollen Factories-Foreign wool imported-Production of wool in England in

1800, 1828, and 1844-Stuff trade-Cotton manufacture-Cotton imported since

1800-Cotton goods exported since 1820-Decreasing cost of yarn-Advantages of

power-looms-Cost of weaving-Number of power-looms-Hand-loom weavers-

Labour employed in spinning and weaving factories--Diminished proportion re-

quired to produce equal effects-Increased proportion of power-weaving-Progres-

sive extension of cotton factories-Power-looms in various manufactures-Cotton-

printing-Effect of removing duty on printed goods-Hosiery-Bobbin-net-Extent

and value of cotton manufactures in 1833-Silk manufacture-Its progress during

and since prohibition-Export of silk goods-Distribution of silk factories, and

number of persons employed in 1835 and 1839-Effect of high duties in promoting

smuggling-Linen manufacture-Quantities exported-Flax-spinning-Prices of

yarn and canvas at different periods-Wages-Improvements in spinning-Import-

ations of flax-Distribution of flax factories, and number of persons employed in

MANUFACTURES.-WOVEN FABRICS.

Progress in various Foreign Countries.

France-Woollen manufacture-Imports and production of wool-Protection against

foreign manufactures-Cotton manufacture-Disadvantages through the duties

on foreign coal and iron-Extent of manufacture-Quantity of cotton imported

since 1787-Export of woollen and cotton goods-Silk manufacture-Its extent

and progress-Exports-Germany-Cotton manufactures-Prussian commercial

league-Russia-Swiss Cantons

MANUFACTURES.-IRON-STEEL-BRASS-COPPER-PLATED WARES-GLASS-

Increase of population of Birmingham-Fall in cost of goods-Quantities exported,

and value of the same-British iron exported-Quantity and value of brass

and copper goods exported-System of manufactures pursued in Birmingham-

Increase of population of Sheffield-Conversion of iron into steel-Quantity of.

steel exported-Value of plated goods exported-Glass manufacture-Causes which

have prevented its extension-Quantity retained for consumption-Effect of high

duties in limiting consumption-Illicit manufacture .

MANUFACTURES.-MACHINERY,

Importance of perfect tools and implements-Recent progress of manufacturing skill

in their production-Babbage's calculating machine-Foreign mechanical inven-

tions perfected and adopted in England-Policy of allowing the exportation of

machinery-Impossibility of confining the knowledge of improved machines to our

own country-Impolicy of the attempt-Laws restraining artisans from going

aboad-Their repeal-Footing upon which the limited exportation of machinery is

now permitted-Progress of the prohibitive system-Value of machinery exported 258

Early celebrity of the mines of England—Iron—Quantity made at different periods

from 1740 to 1848-Tin-Produce of Cornish mines from 1750-Increase since

1814-Imports and exports of foreign tin-British tin exported-Value of tin-

plates exported-Copper-Produce of Cornish mines from 1771 to 1786, and 1796

to 1848-Total produce of English mines from 1820 to 1834-Value of tin and

copper raised in Cornwall at different periods during the present century-Lead-

Concealment practised by mine-owners as to the quantity of metal produced-Coal

-Advantage of steam-engine in coal-mining-Davy's safety-lamp-Its effect in

increasing the product of coal-mines-Shipments from Newcastle and Sunderland

in each year from 1801 to 1849-Shipments from Stockton and Seaham-Prices of

coal at Newcastle and Sunderland in each of those years-Prices in London from

1813 to 1850-Quantity of coals shipped from various parts of the kingdom from

1819 to 1849-Produce of inland collieries -Salt-Quantity annually produced-

Reduction and repeal of Excise duty on salt-Quantity annually consumed since

1801- Quantity exported from 1827 to 1849—Increased consumption since repeal

SECTION III.-INTERCHANGE.

INTERNAL COMMUNICATION.

Great facility afforded for transport in Great Britain-Advantages thence resulting

-Jealousy on this account of Foreign Countries, and Commercial Restrictions for

which it is made the pretext-Consequent injury to those Countries-Improve-

ments in Locomotion projected in France

TURNPIKE ROADS.

Length of Turnpike-roads in Great Britain in 1818 and 1829-Length in each County

in 1829-Improvement of Roads in Scotland-In Ireland-Effect upon Society—

Former condition of Roads in England-Improvements in public carriages and

greater Speed in Travelling-Traffic upon Roads and Canals as given in evidence

before Parliament-Amount of Travelling by Stage-coaches in Great Britain-

Proportion of that amount connected with London-Number of Mail-coaches in

England, Scotland, and Ireland

Beginning of Canal-making in England-Utility of the Duke of Bridgewater's Canals

-Length of Navigable Rivers and Canals in England—Inland Navigation in

Ireland-Neglect of Natural Facilities in that Country-Improvement of the

Shannon-Traffic on Grand and Royal Canals and River Barrow-Ulster Canal-

Caledonian Canal-Crinan Canal-Canals begun and finished since 1801-Canals

of France-of America

STEAM NAVIGATION.

First attempts at Steam Navigation-Steam-Vessels built, 1814 to 1849-Steam-

Vessels employed in British Empire, 1849-Annual Progress, 1814 to 1849-

Changes effected by this Invention-Its application to Commerce-Passage-Vessels

to America-To the West Indies-To India-Steam Trading-Vessels employed in

Coasting and Foreign Trades-Steam-Vessels belonging to various Foreign Coun-

Earliest Employment of Railroads in England-Number of Acts of Parliament for

incorporating Railroad Companies-Traffic on Liverpool and Manchester Line-

Railways completed to 1849-Railway Traffic and Revenues 1845-9-Effect upon

Post Communications - Anticipated Improvements Pecuniary Saving to the

Public-Railway Accidents-Sums expended in obtaining Acts of Incorporation—

Government Survey of Lines in Ireland-Persons employed on Railways-Rail-

ways in Belgium-In America

COASTING TRADE.

No Records of Coasting Trade earlier than 1824-Tonnage employed, 1824 to 1849

-Proportion employed in conveying Coals to London-Influence of Corn Trade

in determining Fluctuations in the employment of Coasting Vessels

TRADE BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

Value of Goods passing between Great Britain and Ireland in different years between

1801 and 1825-No later Official Account kept-Trade by Steam-Vessels between

Ireland and Liverpool-Value of Agricultural Produce so conveyed, 1831 and

1832-Number and Value of Live Stock imported into Great Britain, 1801-1825,

and 1846-9-Imported into Liverpool and Bristol, 1831, 1832, and 1837-Eggs

Imported-Effect upon the Markets in Ireland-Grain, 1815 to 1849-Vessels

employed in Trade between Great Britain and Ireland, 1801-1849

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Necessity of establishing Legal Standards-Inconvenience of Local and Customary

Weights and Measures-Parliamentary Investigations- Acts of 1824, of 1834 and

of 1835, for establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures throughout the

FOREIGN COMMERCE.

Dependence of various Countries upon each other for Comforts and Conveniences-

Peculiar Advantages of England for prosecuting Foreign Commerce-Effect of

Wars and Commercial Systems upon Foreign Trade-Growing Importance of its

Commerce to England, arising out of its increasing Population-Influence of

extended Markets in preventing ruinous Fluctuations—Impossibility of long main-

taining existing Corn Laws-Progress of Foreign and Colonial Trade, from 1801

to 1849-Course of Trade with various Countries-Opening of East India and

China Trades-Discriminating Duties on Sugar-On Coffee—On Timber-Con-

tinental System-Return of Peace-Free-Trade Petition of London Merchants-

Relaxation of Navigation Acts-Reciprocity Treaties-Registered Tonnage-Ships

built Ships Entered and Cleared 1801-1849.

PROGRESS OF TRADE IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

Foreign Trade of France, 1801 to 1848-Shipping employed therein, 1820 to 1848-

Proportions of National to Foreign Shipping employed by England, France, United

States of America, Sweden, Norway, and Russia-Foreign Trade of United States

of America, 1801 to 1848

PRUSSIAN COMMERCIAL LEAGUE.

Declared Object of the League-States of which it is composed-Motives which have

led to its adoption-Previous Negotiations-Jealousy of English Merchants and

Manufacturers-Effect of the League on the Manufacturers of Saxony

Bullion Committee of 1810-Reasons suggested for Disagreement on the subject of

Currency between the "Economists" and the "Practical Men"-High Prices of

Gold, 1809-1815-Issues of Paper Money to facilitate Financial Operations of

Government-Peel's Act-Panic of 1825-Formation of branches by Bank of

England-Establishment of Joint Stock Banks-Number established, 1826-1836

-Advantages of having only one Bank of Issue-National Bank-Influence of

Currency on Prices-Plan for Estimating Rise and Fall of Prices-Effects of

abundant or deficient Harvests upon Currency and Prices-Table of Notes in

Circulation, of Bullion held by the Bank, of Exchanges with Hamburg and Paris,

and of Comparative Prices of Wheat and Merchandise generally, in each Month,

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