ACCUMULATION of Wealth.-The fact of
accumulation of national wealth shown
in the outlay of enormous masses of
capital for the execution of plans to
facilitate locomotion, 593. National ex-
penditure of periods of war and peace
compared, in proof of great increase of
accumulated wealth in the nation, 593.
Advantages that would have resulted
from avoiding the French and American
wars, 594, 595.

-Accumulated capital to be distinguished
from current expenditure, 617-619.

Objects chosen for investments of ac-
cumulated wealth, 617-624.
Addington, Mr., his testimony in favour of
a free importation of foreign grain, 503.
AFRICA, remarks on the amount of exports
to, 367.-Slave trade still carried on: its
baleful effects, 368.

Value of exports to, 359, 360.-(See
Dependencies in Africa.)
Affghanistan, invasion of, prosecuted with-
out the sanction of the Court of Directors;
not an Indian war; injurious in its con-
sequences to the Company, and to the
British Empire, 741.

AGRICULTURE-A numerous people can
never be dependent on the soil of other
countries for supplies of food; to supply
the United Kingdom with wheat alone
would employ more than double the
shipping which at present enters its
ports; rapid progress in population re-
quires equal progress in production of
food, 138, 139. Quantities of wheat im-
ported from foreign countries from 1801
to 1849, 139, 140. Agriculturists have
continued to embark capital in culture of
the soil; extraordinary progressive in-
crease of agricultural products; increase
of agricultural families, compared with
increase of total number of families in
the kingdom has been small; Sir H.
Davy's chemical researches and the more
recent investigations of Liebig have ren-
dered essential services to agriculture;
bones of wild cattle of South America,
and guano from certain islands in the
Pacific, &c., imported for manure; great
extent of agricultural improvements ne-

gatives the notion of continual losses, 141–
145. Low prices have stimulated to ex-
ertion; deficiency of statistics of agri-
culture in this kingdom, 145. Statistical
account of Scotland, showing the pro-
gress of improvement; the advantage of
procuring similar records in England,
146-148. Table of inclosure bills; im-
port and export of wheat and meal, and
prices, from 1760 to 1849, with remarks,
148-152. Earl Fitzwilliam quoted on
increased extent and produce of land,
152. Draining of fens of Cambridge-
shire, and produce of wheat instead of
oats, 155. Report of committee on agri-
cultural distress in 1821, 153. Agricul-
tural labourers have experienced im-
provement, and rent has doubled since
1790, 153, 154. Dispute concerning pro-
fitable employment of more capital in
agriculture, 155. Influence of changes
in the currency, 155, 156. Number of
acres brought into cultivation since 1760,
157. Mr. Couling's tabular statement of
acres in cultivation, culturable, and waste
in the United Kingdom, 158-160. Could
all the culturable land be brought into
profitable use, the produce of food might
suffice for more than eight millions of ad-
ditional population, 161. Produce of land
in Wales not half of its capability, with
superior culture, 162. Produce of land
in England might be doubled by better
cultivation, 162. Proportion of labourers
to occupiers of land, 162. Proportion of
the whole soil in meadow and pasture
about three-fifths; question whether the
number of horses and extent of pasture-
land are reduced by establishment of
railroads, 163.
Agriculture. Exaggerated statement of
Parliamentary Committee as to the extent
of the reduction of the number of horses
through the establishment of railways,
163, 164. Number of horses kept, and
of persons assessed for tax thereon, in
1821, 1844, 1848, and 1849, 165.

--

Comparative table of numbers em-
ployed in agriculture and trades, 53-55.

Decrease in proportion of the agri-
cultural class, 54.

Agriculture. Table of males 20 years of
age compared as to numbers employed in
agriculture, 55. Agricultural class in
Ireland more than double the proportion
in England, 61. Comparative propor-
tion of occupiers and labourers in Eng-
land and Ireland, 61, 62. No precise in-
formation exists as to the produce of the
soil of this kingdom, 63. Number of
families occupied in production of food
in Ireland, 63.

Table of comparative numbers em-
ployed in agriculture, manufactures, and
trades in each county, 59.
Numerical

order of each county in this respect, 60.

Proportions of adult male population
-employed in agriculture to the whole
- inhabitants of the several counties of
England, Wales, and Scotland, 82, 83.

Comparative classification of the popu-
lation of France as to division of the soil,
83.

Agricultural and other classes in
France, 83-85.

Proprietors of the soil in great pros-
perity during French war, owing to high
price of agricultural produce, 167. Num-
ber of sheep and quantity of wool pro-
duced in 1828 and 1844, 174, 175.

Advantages to, by opening canals, 302.
Population of England fast overtaking
capability of soil to supply food, 351-353.

Incapability of soil of England always
to supply sufficient food for continually
increasing population, 353. Impossibility
of continuing restrictions on foreign trade
in corn for the supposed benefit of the pro-
prietors of the soil, 354, 355.

Wages of farm-servants in various
parts of Europe, 457.

Rural population has not increased in
the same proportion as other classes, 527.

Half a million of money invested by
Earl of Leicester in improvements, 605.

Increased amount of capital invested
in live stock, 629.

(See Horses, Sheep, Wool, Woollen
Manufacture.)

Alison, Sheriff, evidence as to prevalence of
drunkenness in Glasgow, 678.
Almanacs, great increase in the number
published on repeal of stamp duty in 1835,

America, United States.-Progress of trade
of United States, 405, 406. Capital yields
higher interest in United States than in
Europe, 406.

Table of imports and exports in 1801-
1848, 405.

Value of exports to, 359, 360, 362-365.
-(See Colonies.)

Table of proportions of tonnage em-
ployed in import and export trade, 403.
Importance of possessing the colonies
of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick,
727.

More than 25 millions of British
capital invested in public undertakings,

627.

America, British.-(See Colonies.)
Anderson, Dr.-Experiments proving ne-

cessity for attention to form in construct-
ing measures of capacity, 350.
Annuities. Conversion of perpetual into
terminable; incorrectness of tables adopted
for the purpose, and consequent loss to the
public, 479, 480.

Antigua, Island of, has no stream or spring
of water, 807. Quantities of sugar, mo-
lasses, and rum exported, 807.
Army expenditure. (See War.)
Artisans, English, have more energy and
skill than those of France and Germany,

520.

Prohibited, previous to 1825, from
leaving the country, 261, 262.
Arts, Fine, increased encouragement to,
caused by increase of wealth, 522.
ASIA, value of exports to, 359, 360, 362-
367. (See Colonies, Dependencies.)
Ashton, Mr. Thomas, his beneficent im-
provement of the condition and dwellings
of his workpeople, 524.

AUSTRALIA.-Cotton of excellent quality
may be raised in great abundance, and
tobacco, wine, &c., furnished for expor
tation, 764.-(See Colonies.)

BABBAGE, Mr., table of prices of goods
manufactured in Birmingham in 1812
and 1832, 246.

-Construction of his calculating machine
required perfect tools, 258, 259.
Baines, Mr., his work on the cotton manu-
facture quoted, 572, 573.

Banca, Island of, its mines of tin supply
China and India, 270.

Banks, commercial, facilitate operations of
foreign trade, 352.

Bank of England, amount of bullion in, from
1838 to 1849, 433.

Remarks on act for renewing charter
in 1844, 434, 435.
Baptisms, registered table of from 1801 to
1849, 32. Table of the annual propor-
tion of baptisms, burials, and marriages,
in each county, 1796 to 1841, 33.
Barley, quantities imported into England
from Ireland, 1815 to 1849, 345.

Bartholomew's, St., Hospital, numbers ad-
mitted, 1790-1849. and proportion of
deaths, 42, 43.

Beans, quantities imported into England
from Ireland, 345.

BEER. Quantity consumed in England and
Wales, with rates aud produce of duty in
1801-1829, 563.

Duty on beer in Scotland since 1707
same as England; no duty charged on
beer in Ireland, 564. Since 1785 brewers
of beer obliged to take out licence, 564.

Tax repealed in 1830; consumption
very inconsiderable in Scotland, 564.
Behn, Mrs. anecdote by Sir Walter Scott,
illustrating improved change of public
manners since her novels were written,
676.

BELGIUM, railways in, and revenue derived
therefrom, 1835 to 1847, 336, 337.

Advantage of means for ascertaining
amount of agricultural produce, 539.
BENGAL, imports and exports, 745, 746.
BERLIN.-Napoleon's decree, declaring the
ports of Britain to be in a state of
blockade, 378.

Bermudas, or Somers' Islands, situation,
797; area, population, climate, imports,
exports, 797. Shipping, tonnage, 798.

Convicts sent thither since 1824, 137.
Bills of Mortality.-(See Deaths.)
Birmingham, progressive increase of popu-
lation, 1801-1841; increased nearly 150
per cent. in 40 years, 246. Increase of
buildings, 246. Progress of hardware
manufacture, 246, &c.

625.

Number of steam-engines employed,

BIRTHS, proportions of, in various European
countries and America, 22.

Illegitimate, proportion to legitimate,
in various countries, 22.

Proportionate decrease of births with
the advance of civilization, 21.

· Proportionate number of births not a
test of condition of population, 21.

- Decreasing in proportion to the amount
of population, 24. A large proportion of
births not a sure indication of the general
prosperity of a population, 25.

Annual average number in London,
1791-1820, 39, 40.

Annual proportion of births in the
borough of Tavistock, 35.
Blackheath.-Common occurrence of rob-
beries and murders there in former times,
634.

Board of Control, East India, nature and

operation of; absolute powers committed
to the President, 749, 750.

Bogs in Ireland, draining of, recommended
to employ the poor, 308.

Bombay, imports and exports, shipping and
tonnage, 746, 747.

Bones of cattle of South America imported
for manure, 144.

Bowring, Dr., reports on the commercial
relations of France and England, 237,
238, 241, 242.

Quotation of Report on commercial
relations of France and England, 288,

289.

Bricks, number of, made in England and
Scotland in 1802-1849, 528. Number
of bricks annually used, doubled since
1821, 528.

Bridgewater, Duke of, Act of Parliament
for construction of his stupendous canal
works, 302.

Bristol.-Trade with Ireland, 343.
British and Foreign School Society, train-
ing of teachers, 697.

Buchanan, Mr., his evidence respecting
emigrants to Canada, 132.

Bullion, amount in the Bank of England,
from 1833 to 1849, 431-433.
Burgoyne, Col., Report on the neglect of
the Shannon for navigation, 304, 305.
BURIALS. (See Deaths.) Table of deaths
registered from 1801-1849, 32.

CAIRO, projected railway from, to Suez, 323.
CALCUTTA, number and tonnage of shipping
in 1840, 746.

Caledonian Canal described, 310.

(See Canals.)

CANADA.-Boundary, area, population, 783,
784. Trade, imports, exports, produce,
784,785. Shipping, tonnage, ship-build-
ing, 786. Fisheries, 786, 787. Manu-
factures imported from the United King-
dom, 1832 to 1847, cotton, linen, silk,
woollen, iron, 785. Value of ashes,
grain, and timber exported, 785. Number
of looms, produce of weaving, mills,
foundries, stills, &c., 787. Rideau
Canal, 787.

superiority of to Australia as a penal
colony for English convicts, 133.
CANALS, numerous and useful, in England,
for commercial intercourse, 287, 288.

History of commencement of canal-
making in England, 302. Length of
canal lines in England, 302. Advantages
accruing from, to Ireland, 302, 303.
Small extent of, in Ireland, 303.

Amount of traffic on canals in Ireland,
308. The Ulster Canal, 309.

Caledonian Canal described, cost of
construction, amount of tolls, traffic, 310,

311.

begun and completed since 1800, in
the United Kingdom, 311.

- Tonnage, and dues received, on the
Weaver and Weston Canal, 311, 312.

in France, 312. Canals in the United
States of America, 312-314.

-Ship canal, proposed, to connect the
Mediterranean and Arabian gulf, 323.

Rideau Canal, in Canada, 787.

Great amount expended in construc-
tion of canals, 621.

Candles. Quantities consumed, 1801-1830,
in England, Scotland, and Great Britain;
rates of duty, and amount of revenue;
duty on candles ceased in 1832, 571.
Operation of the duty in preventing im-
provement in quality; greatly improved
since repeal of the duty, 571.
Cape Coast Castle.-(See Dependencies in
Africa.)

Cape of Good Hope, number of emigrants
to, from 1820 to 1849, 128.-(See De-
pendencies in Africa.)
CAPITAL.-Agriculturists, notwithstanding
complaints of distress, have continued to
embark capital in culture of the soil, 144,
Amount of, conveyed to Canada by
emigrants in 1834, 132.

Yields a higher rate of interest in
United States of America than in Europe,
406.

Disadvantage of deficiency of, in
Saxony, 412.

When its increase is greater than that
of the population, produces general social
improvement, 521.

Great accumulation of, since the peace,
596.

Loan in 1836 for compensation for
slaves did not much diminish national
capital, 596.

Large sums invested in English funds
by foreigners during French war, 628.
Investments for commercial purposes,

625-629.

—— Large sums lent to foreign states, 627.
Large amounts invested and lost in Ame-
rican mining, 628.

More than 25 millions invested in
public undertakings in America, 627.

Desirable to invest capital in agri-
cultural improvements, 629.

Investment of large sums in New
South Wales, 761. Probable discontinu-
ance of transfer of English capital to
Australian colonies, 763.

(See Wealth, Accumulation, Property,
Investments.)
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT -Historical notices
of progresive mitigation quoted from Mr.
Redgrave's Criminal Returns, 638, &c.

Evil effect of,on minds of prisoners,645.
Number of executions previous and
subsequent to the mitigation of the penal
laws, 642, 643.
CARRIAGES, public, improvements in the
construction and management of, owing
to improvement in roads, 297, 298.

Calculations of the number of pas-
sengers, and number of miles, conveyed
by stage-coaches, in 1834, 299, 300.

Number of mail-coaches in England,
Ireland, Scotlaud, in 1837, 301.

Number of, assessed, 1812-1849, 530.
Increase of, since 1812, 531. Expense
of keeping 4-wheeled carriages; annual
expenditure thereon, 531.

Cattle, number imported into England from
Ireland, 343.

Number and value imported into
Liverpool and Bristol, from Ireland,
1831, 1832, 1837, 343, 344.

Central Society of Education, its inquiries
into condition of working classes, 523.
Ceylon. (See Dependencies, Asia.)
Children. Average number to each mar-
riage in various countries, 22.

Proportion that die before 1st, 10th,
and 18th year, 22.
CHINA, advantageous trade with, expected,
369. Declared value of English manu-
factures exported thereto in each year
from 1834 to 1849, 370. Table of shipping
engaged in trade with China, from 1830
to 1849, 370.

trade with, might be benefited by bold
reduction of duty on tea, 553.
Christ's Hospital.-Remarks on, and table of
the numbers of children, and decreasing
number of deaths, from 1814-1833, 44, 45.
Churches and chapels, amount of public
expenditure devoted to the erection of,
618, 619.

Cinnamon, value of the produce of, in
Ceylon; surplus produce burnt by the
Dutch, 753.

Cities, causes of greater rate of mortality
in, 27.

Clothing.-Cost of articles of clothing in

Bethlehem Hospital, Greenwich Hospital,
and Chelsea Hospital, during a series of
years, 530, 591.

Coaches. (See Carriages.)
COAL, great value of mineral products of
England, owing to abundance of coal for
applying steam power, 273. Quantities

of coal shipped from Newcastle and Sun-
derland, from 1801 to 1849, 275, 276.
Amount of shipments from Stockton,
from 1822 to 1849, 277. Act of Parlia-
ment requiring registration of coals
arriving in London; prices of coals
shipped from Newcastle and Sunderland
for London, from 1801 to 1845, 277, 278.
Prices paid in London, from 1813 to
1850, 278. Quantities of coals shipped
to British and foreign ports, 279. Quan-
tities distributed to the great seats of
manufacture by canals and railways,
279, 280.

Quantity annually consumed in Shef-
field, 250, 280.

Rapidly and cheaply carried to Ireland
for manufactures, 308.

English, jealous and erroneous exclu-
sion of, from France, 288.

Number of ships arrived in the port
of London, and quantities conveyed
therein, in 1831-1849, 340.
Quantities consumed annually in iron-
making, 280.

Great importance of low price of coal,
280. The people of England long sub-