8. The Spaces between the Porticos and the Wall, left void to admit the Light, and the Area of the Ipsúλov, or Piazza, which was a large Place fquare, or fometimes oblong in the Middle of the Gymnafium, defign'd for Walking, and the Performance of thofe Exercifes which were not practis'd in the Palaftra, or the deeper Sand, or any other Place of the Gymnafium, fuch were (as fome are of Opinion) Leaping, and the Difcus.

9. Euso, and Eusa, which were diftin&t Places both in Greece, and Rome. Xyti, were Places cover'd at the Top, defign'd for the Exercife of Wrestlers, when the Weather did not permit them to contend in the open Air. Xyfta, fometimes call'd Пpidudes, were Walks open at the Top, defign'd for Exercises, or Recreation in the heat of Summer, and milder Seafons of the Winter.

10. The Baths, in which were Waters hot and cold in different Degrees, and in these they refreshed themselves, when they were wearied with Exercise, and at other Times. Amongst the ancient Greeks, Baths were not much frequented, being rarely us'd but after the Accomplishment of fome very great Work, which requir'd Abundance of Labour and Toil, as the ending of a War, or atchieving any great and painful Enterprize. And thus Agamemnon after the Trojan War, at his return Home went into the Bath, there to wash away the Remembrance of all his paft Labours, and was flain by the Treachery of his Wife Clytamneftra. In latter Ages they became more common, and were frequently us'd for Health or Recreation by both Sexes, who at Sparta wash'd in one common Bath, but in other Cities, had diftin& Places appointed them. 11. The Stadium was a large Semicirele, in which Exercifes were perform'd; and for the better Convenience of Spectators, which flocked thither in vaft Multitudes, was built with Steps one above another, that the higher Ranks might look over the Heads of those that were plac'd below them. Several of these there were at Athens in their Gymnafia and other Places; but the moft remarkable was that which was built near the River Iliffus by Lycurgus, and afterwards enlarg'd by Herodes Atticus, one of the richeft Citizens Athens ever had; it was built of Pentelick Marble, with fo great Magnificence, that when Paufanias comes to speak of it, he tells his Readers, that they would hardly believe what he was about to tell them, it being a Wonder to all that beheld it, and of that ftupendous Bignefs, that one would judge it a Mountain of white Marble upon the Banks of Iliffus. Sir George Wheeler reports, that at this Day there remains fome of the Stone-Work at the end towards the River, but the reft is only a Stadium of Earth above Ground. However, its Figure and Bignefs continue, tho' the Degrees be all taken away. It is a long Place with two parallel Sides, clos'd up circularly to the Eaftend, and open towards the other end; and is about one hundred twenty five Geometrical Paces long, and twenty fix, or twenty feven broad, which gave it the Name of a Stadium, which was a Measure ordinarily among the Greeks, being the eighth Part of a Roman Mile.

us'd

Artemidorus Oneirocrit, lib. I.

& Lycophron.

D. 4

Athens

Athens had feveral Gymnafia, of which these three are of moft Note, Lyceum, Academia, and Cynofarges. Auxiny, Lyceum was fituated. upon the Banks of Ilius, it receiv'd its Name from Apollo, Avnovτóves, or Aúxos, to whom it was dedicated; nor was it without Reafon, (faith Plutarch) that this Place was facred to Apello, but upon a good and rational Account, fince from the fame Deity that cures our Diseases, and restores our Health, we may reasonably expect Strength and Ability, to contend in the Exercises". The building of this Structure is by fome afcrib'd to Pifftratus, by others to Pericles, and by others to Lycurgus; which makes it probable that all of them might contribute fomething towards it; and perhaps Pifftratus laid the Foundations of it, Pericles rais'd it, Lycurgus enlarg'd and beautify'd it.

This was the Place where Ariftotle taught Philofophy, and discours'd with fuch as reforted to him for Inftructions, walking conftantly every Day till the Hour of anointing; for the Greeks ufually anointed before Meals; whence he and his Followers were call'd Περιπατητικὲς ἀπὸ τὸ περιTUTE, Peripateticks, from walking". Though others report, that his walking and difcourfing Philofophy with Alexander, was the Occafion of

that Name.

Axade was Part of the Ceramicus without the City, from which it was diftant about fix Stadia, so call'd from Academus an old Hero, who when Helena was ftoln by Thefeus, and conceal'd at Aphidna, discover'd her to Caftor and Pollux, for which Reason he was extremely honour'd by them during his Life; and the Lacedæmonians, when in After-ages they made feveral Incurfions into Attica, and destroy'd all the Country round about, always fpar'd this Place for his fake. But Dicæarchus writes, that there were two Arcadians in the Army of Caftor and Pollux, the one call'd Echedemus, and the other Marathus; from the former, that which was afterwards call'd the Academy, was then nam'd Echedemia, and the Borough of Marathon had its Name from the latter. Thus Plutarch*. It was befet with fhady Woods, and folitary Walks fit for Study and Meditation, as the Poets and others witness. This Verse is cited out of Eupolis.

Ἐν εὐσκίοις δρόμοισιν Ακαδήμε θεοῦ.

In Academus's fhady Walks.

And Horace fpeaks to the fame Purpose,

Atque inter fylvas Hecademi quærere verum2.

In Hecademus's Groves to fearch for Truth.

At the first it was a defart Place, and uninhabited by reafon of the Fens and Marfhes that were in it, and render'd it very unhealthful; but they being drain'd by Cimon, it became pleafant and delightful, and was much frequented by all forts of People, efpecially fuch as applied themselves to the Study of Philofophy, for they reforted thither great Numbers to Plato's Lectures, who read conftantly in this Place; whence having contracted a Distemper through the Unwholfomnefs

in

of the Air, which was not yet wholly rectified, and being advis'd by his Phyficians to remove his School to the Lyceum, made Anfwer, that he chofe the Academy to keep his Body under, left by too much Health it should become wanton, and more difficult to be govern'd by the Dictates of Reafon; as Men prune Vines, when they spread too far, and lop off the Branches that grow too luxuriant. I must not forget to add, that it was furrounded with a Wall by Hipparchus the Son of Pififtratus, who, to defray the Charges of it, laid fo heavy a Tax upon the People, that ever after, any chargeable and expenfive Bufinefs was call'd Ιππάρχες τείχιον.

Kovoouples was a Place in the Suburbs near the Lyceum, so call'd from a white or Swift Dog, in Greek núwv άpyos, that, when Diomus was facrificing to Hercules, fnatch'd away part of the Victim. It was adorn'd with feveral Temples, dedicated to Hebe, Alcmena, and Iolaus, all which bore fome relation to Hercules, the chief Deity of the Place, and he alfo was here honour'd with a magnificent Temple. But there was nothing in it fo remarkable as the Gymnafium, in which Strangers, and those that were but of the half Blood, or had but one Parent an Athenian, were to perform their Exercises, becaufe Hercules, to whom it was confecrated, was under fome Illegitimacy, and was not one of the immortal Gods, but had a mortal Woman for his Mother: And therefore Themistocles being but of the half Blood, perfuaded divers of the young Noblemen to accompany him to anoint and exercise themselves at Cynofarges; in doing which, he feem'd with fome Ingenuity to take away the Distinction between the truly Noble and the Stranger: And between those of the whole, and those of the half Blood of Athens . There was also a Court of Judicature in this Place, wherein Caufes about Illegitimacy were heard, and Examination made concerning Perfons that lay under a Sufpicion of having falfly inserted their Names among the true born Athenians. In this Gymnafium, Antisthenes inftituted a Sect of Philofophers call'd Kunzel, Cynicks, from the Name of the Place, as some are of Opinion.

All Theatres were dedicated to Bacchus and Venus f, the Deities of Sports and Pleasure; to the former of which they are faid to owe their Original, and therefore Plays acted in them were call'd Avvoland, and the Artificers that labour'd in the building of them Alovoidxo! Texng, as belonging to Avvσes, or Bacchus.

But

The most ancient Theatres were temporary, being compos'd of nothing but Boards plac'd gradually above each other, for the Convenience of Spectators, and therefore they were call'd Ingin 1. thefe flight Buildings had well nigh prov'd fatal to the Commonwealth, for almoft the whole City, as well the Magistracy and Nobility, as thofe of inferior Ranks, being affembled, as their manner was, to hear Pratinas act a Tragedy; the Theatre, too weak to fupport the vaft Weight of thronging Multitudes, on a fudden tumbled

a

Bafil.mag.lib.de legend. Gentil. libris.

Themistocle.

Hefych, aliique innumeri. c Plutarch.. d Nonnus Monachusin Collect. Hift. e Diog. Laert. Antifthene. Lactant. 1. VI. 8 Polydor. Virg. 1. III. c. 13.

Hefychius.

domn

down, and wanted not much of burying them in its Ruins. This narrow Escape made them more cautious, and was the Occafion of erecting a Theatre of Stone, for their better Security. And from this time the Athenians, whose Example the rest of the Grecians followed not long after, erected fix'd and durable Theatres of Stone, commonly of Marble, which by Degrees were encreas'd to that Magnitude, that they exceeded almost all other Buildings in Greece.

The Figure of Theatres was femicircular, tho' they were not exact Semicircles, but contain'd the bigger half of the Circle, and therefore Amphitheatres, which were made in the fame Figure, as if two Theatres hould be joyn'd together, were not nicely orbicular, but oval. They confifted of two Parts, Exnn, Scena, and Koñor, Cavea. Scena was a Partition affign'd for the Actors, reaching quite cross the Theatre, which at the first, agreeably to the ancient Simplicity, was dreft with Boughs and Leaves, but in more expenfive Ages was adorn'd with rich and coftly Hangings, to hide the Management of Machines, and other Actions of the Players from the Spectators. It was either fo fram'd as that it might be turn'd round, and then it was call'd Verfatilis, or drawn up, and then it was Ductilis, and this Way is ufually practis'd in our Theatres, in changing the Profpect. It had three principal Gates, one upon right Hand, another upon the left, by which were prefented meaner and fmaller Edifices; and a third in the Middle, by which more magnificent Structures, as Temples of the Gods, or Palaces of Kings, were brought in View; and on each fide of the Gate was a leffer Entrance, through which the Perfons either of Gods, or Men, were introduc'd by various Machines and Inftruments, the Names whereof you may find explain'd in Julius Pollux %. The whole Scene was divided into feveral Parts, the moft remarkable whereof are thefe ;

the

Bportsov, a Place underneath the Floor, wherein were kept brazen Veffels, full of Stones and other Materials, with which they imitated the Noife of Thunder.

Exitxvio, a Place upon the Top of the Scene, in which all the Machines, whereby they prefented the various Figures and Prospects, were mov'd.

Пapanvov, the Tiring-Room, a Place behind the Scenes wherein the Actors drefs'd and adorn'd themselves.

pooor, the Stage, a Place before the Scenes in which the Players acted. And Opuspa was that Part in which the Chorus us'd to dance and fing, in the middle of which was plac'd the Pulpit, in Greek Aoféïov, Οι Θυμέλη.

Yooxner, a Partition under the Pulpit, appointed for the Mufick. The Koor, or Cavea, was appointed for the Spectators, and confifted of three Parts plac'd in equal Degrees one above another; the lowest of which belong'd to Perfons of Quality, and Magiftrates; the middle to the Commonalty; the uppermoft to the Women.

And because Theatres were open at the Top, they erected Porticos be hind the Cavea, whither they retir'd for Shelter in rainy Weather.

* Suidas in Πρατίνας,

8 Onomast. 1. IV. c. 19.

Athens

2

Athens bad three Harbours for Ships.

1. Пapas, Piraeus, which belong'd to the Tribe of Hippothoontis, and was thirty five or forty Stadia diftant from the City, before the Buildings of the long Walls, which have been already mention'd. From which time the Athenians, by the Direction of Themiftocles, made this their chief Harbour. It contain'd three quor, or Docks; the first call'd Kávéupos, from an Hero of that Name. The fecond Apodiorov, from Apodin, or Venus, who had there two Temples, one of which was confecrated by Themistocles, the other by Conon. The third Zia, from Bread Corn, which is call'd by the Grecians Cad. There were likewise in this Harbour five Porticos, which being joyn'd together, compos'd one very large Portico, which was on that Account commonly term'd Maxpa sod. The Piraeus had farther two Forums; one near the long Portico, and the Sea; the other farther diftant from the Sea; and for that Reafon chiefly frequented by those who liv'd nearest the City. One of these feems to have been call'd Iлoduser, from the Architect Hippodamus, who built the long Wall, whereby this Harbour was joyn'd to the City. Here was a moft celebrated Mart, to which Merchants reforted from almost every Part of Greece. Whence came the proverbial Saying, Tov Пspala xevarrían un pépei, That Famine and Emptiness do not come from Piraeus. This Harbour, tho' once very populous and well inhabited, was reduc'd to a very few Houses in the Time of Strabo, who flourish'd under the Emperors Auguftus and Tiberius; having been burnt by Sylla in the Mithridatick War.

2. Maria, Munychia, which was a Promontory not far diftant from Piraeus, extended not unlike to a Peninfula and well fortified both by Nature, and afterwards, at the Inftance of Thrafybulus, by Art. The Name was deriv'd from one Munychus, who dedicated in this Place a Temple to Diana firnam'd Merugia, which yet others report to have been founded by Embarus.

3. Pangor, Phalerum, which belong'd to the Tribe Antiochis, and was diftant from the City thirty five Stadia, according to Thucydides; but in Paufanias's Account only twenty. This was the most ancient of the three Harbours: And from hence Thefeus is reported to have fet fail for Crete; and afterwards Menetheus for Troy.

T

CHA P. III.

Of the Citizens, Tribes, &c. of Athens.

HE Inhabitants of Attica were of three Sorts, 1. Пoita!, or Free-men. 2. Miraixo, or Sojourners. 3. Δούλοι, or Servants. The Citizens furpafs'd the others in Dignity and Power, as having the Government in their Hands, but were far exceeded by the Slaves in Number, many Slaves being often fubject to one Citizen. The Number of Citizens in Cecrops's Time, I have already faid was twenty

į Arcadicis. p. 471. Edit. Hanov.

Thoufand;