merates the Granicus with the other streams which Δὴ τότε μητιόωντο Ποσειδάων καὶ ̓Απόλλων Ρῆσός θ', Επτάπορός τε, Κάρησός τε, Ροδίος τε, Γρήνικός τε, καὶ Αἴσηπος, διός τε Σκάμανδρος. This torrent is celebrated in history on account of 'the signal victory gained on its banks by Alexander the Great over the Persian army 334 B. C. (Arrian. I. 13. Plut. Alex. c. 24. Diod. Sic. XVII. 19.) The Granicus is the river of Dimotiko, mentioned by Chishull d. "At this place," says the traveller, "occurs a moderate river with a wooden bridge; "and an hour beyond the town, a large one with a "fair bridge of stone." The small river which here met the Granicus was thought by some to be the Rhesus of Homer. (Demetr. Sceps. ap. Strab. XIII. p. 602.) Strabo places on its banks an ancient city named Sidene, which once possessed an ample territory, and was governed by a prince named Glaucias; but having been taken and destroyed by Croesus, it never rose from its ruins. (XIII. p. 587. 601.) Dimotico, as Chishull supposes, answers probably to a Didymi- town named Didymi-teiche, which Polybius places in this part of Mysia. (V.77.) Sidene. teiche. Æsepus fl. The Esepus flowed also from mount Cotylus, and after a course of 500 stadia emptied itself in the Propontis, to the east of the Granicus. (Demetr. Sceps. ap. Strab. XIII. p. 602.) Strabo conceives that Homer extended the boundaries of Priam's c Mannert is therefore mistaken when he says that Homer was not acquainted with the Granicus, vol. VI. p. iii. p. 523. d Travels in Turkey, p. 60. kingdom to this river, (XIII. p. 582.) It is now called Boklu, as appears from Chishull, who crossed it on his way from Mihalick to Lampsaki. He came, he says, " to Bozaegee, seated in the Adras"tian plains; and at the same place to a large and “fair river, named by the Turks Boclew, which "we leave on our left hand, till in two hours we "cross it by a dangerous wooden bridge near Sor"ricuie." Chishull, however, mistook the Æsepus for the Rhyndacus. Mons. Gosselin calls the Æsepus Satalderef. The Barenus, or Varenus, of Anna Comnena, is probably no other than the Æsepus. She describes it as flowing from a mountain named Ibibus, from whence spring also several other rivers, such as the Scamander, Angelo-Cometes, and Empelus. The Ibibus I take to be the Cotylus of Demetrius Scepsius. (Ann. Comn. p. 439. B.) At the distance of eighty stadia from the mouth of Zeleia. the Esepus, and 190 from Cyzicus, Strabo places the ancient Zeleia, the city of Pandarus. Οἱ δὲ Ζέλειαν ἔναιον ὑπαὶ πόδα νείατον Ἴδης, IL. B. 824. Here it may be observed that the poet describes the subjects of Pandarus as Trojans, but Strabo remarks that elsewhere he designates them as Lycians, alluding probably to the line Οὐδέ τις ἐν Λυκίῃ σέογ' εὔχεται εἶναι ἀμείνων. e Travels in Turkey, p. 59. f Note to the French Strabo, tom. IV. p. 187. IL. E. 172. which, however, might only be meant to express, that even the archers of Lycia, a country celebrated for its bowmen, could not equal the skill of PandaHowever, some lines above, that chief himself speaks of Lycia as his mother country; rus. εἰ ἐτεόν με Ωρσεν ἄναξ, Διὸς υἱὸς, ἀπορνύμενον Λυκίηθεν. IL. E. 105. but how or when this colony came to settle on the Trojan territory, Homer has never informed us. The epithet of 'Aperol, given to the same people, was thought to be derived, as Strabo informs us, from the lake Aphnitis, otherwise called Dascylitis. (XIII. p. 587.) Homer elsewhere terms Zeleia “ the "sacred city." Οἴκαδε νοστήσας ἱερῆς εἰς ἄστυ Ζελείης. IL. A. 103. Zeleia is mentioned by Arrian as the head quarters of the Persian army prior to the battle of the Granicus; (I. 13.) and it is evident from Strabo that it still existed in that geographer's time. (Cf. Plin. V. 40. Steph. Byz. v. Zéλela.) Chishull must have passed near the site of this town between Bozaegee and Sorricuis. Mons. Gosselin calls it Pirossus Bigah. Above Zeleia was a mountain named Pirossus, where the sovereigns of Lydia and the Persian monarchs had a park, for the diversion of hunting. (Strab. XIII. p. 589.) Some geographers identified it with the Terea of Homer. Not far from the mouth of the Esepus, Strabo places the tomb of Memnonis Memnon, son of Aurora, and near it a small town of the same name as that hero. (XIII. p. 587. Pau mons. tumulus et vicus. g Travels in Turkey, p. 59. h French Strabo, tom. IV. p. 149. marg. san. Phoc. c. 31, 2.) Beyond Zeleia is the river Tarsius fl. Tarsius, which, as Strabo asserts, travellers had to pass twenty times; but he does not state on what route. Chishull, who crossed it once only, describes it as “a fair and broad river, now called Tarza by "the Turks." He was informed that it fell into a neighbouring lake, and afterwards into the sea i. We must now return to the coast, to speak of Cy-Cyzicus. zicus, the largest and most celebrated city on the shores of the Propontis. Its first foundation is ascribed by Conon to a colony of Pelasgi from Thessaly, under the conduct of Cyzicus, son of Apollo, and Aristides speaks of the god himself as the founder of the city. (Orat. Cyzic. I. p. 414.) In process of time the Pelasgi were expelled by the Tyrrheni, and those again made way for the Milesians, who are generally looked upon by the Greeks as the real settlers to whom its foundation is to be attributed. (Conon. Narrat. XLI. Strab. XIV. p. 635.) According to several ancient writers, the first inhabitants of the Cyzicene district were the Doliones, a Doliones. people of great antiquity and uncertain origin. (Strab. XII. p. 575. Apollod. ap. eund. XIV. p. 681.) Ἰσθμὸν δ ̓ αὖ πεδίον τε Δολίονες ἀμφενέμοντο ̓Ανέρες· ἐν δ ̓ ἥρως Αἰνήϊος υἱὸς ἄνασσε Κύζικος. APOLLON. RHOD. I. 947. They occupied the tract of country which lay between the Æsepus and the lake Dascylitis. (Strab. loc. cit.) They are not mentioned by Homer, nor has he spoken of Cyzicus. Herodotus informs us, that Cyzicus had become subject to the Persian empire in the reign of Darius, having surrendered to i Travels, p. 58, 59. Ebares, satrap of Dascylium. (VI. 33.) After the battle of Mycale, it appears to have been wrested from Xerxes, with the other Hellespontine cities, by the Grecian fleet, and with them it became afterward tributary to Athens. Having revolted from that city in consequence of the disasters of Sicily, it was recovered by her fleet after the battle of Cynossema, being then, as we learn from Thucydides, without fortifications. (VIII. 107.) Not long after, Alcibiades completely defeated the Lacedæmonian fleet under Mindarus off Cyzicus, and again entered that city which had been occupied by the Lacedæmonian admiral and Pharnabazus. Alcibiades, on this occasion, levied a heavy fine on the inhabitants. (Xen. Hell. I. 9.) After the battle of Ægospotami, Cyzicus received a Spartan harmost; (Xen. Anab. VI. 2. VII. 3.) but at the peace of Antalcidas it once more reverted to the Persians. Alexander took possession of it after his victory on the banks of the Granicus, and caused the island on which it was built to be connected with the main land by means of a bridge. (Plin. V. 32.) After the death of that prince, we find this city retaining its independence, and powerful enough to interpose its mediation between Ptolemy Philopator and Antiochus. (Polyb. V. 63, 5.) The Cyzicenes were also allied to the kings of Pergamus, and through their means secured the favour and protection of Rome. (Polyb. XXVI. 6, 13. XXXIII. 11, 2.) At this period their city was at the height of its prosperity. Florus says of it, "nobilis arce, moenibus, portu, turribusque marmoreis, Asiaticæ plagæ litora illustrat." (III. 5.) Cicero styles it," urbem Asiæ clarissimam, nobisque amicissimam." (pro Leg. Manil. 8.) Strabo 66 66 |