themselves into a federal government, which held its meetings in the temple called Panionium. (I. 146. Strab. XIV. p. 633. Pausan. Achaic. 2.)

The coast of Caria, to the south of Cape Posidium, was occupied by Dorian Greeks, who migrated at different periods from Megara, Trozene, Argos, and other cities of the mother country. The principal colonies then formed were Halicarnassus and Cnidus, with the islands of Rhodes and Cos, which together constituted the Dorian confederacy; whose meetings were held at Triopium. (Herod. I. 144.) Besides these, numerous single settlements were from time to time formed by the Greeks, both on the shores of the Euxine and those of the Cilician and Pamphylian seas. Insensibly also they spread themselves in the interior of the peninsula, as well in Lydia and Phrygia as in Galatia and Cappadocia; so that finally there was not a province, from the Ægean to the Euphrates, which could not boast of possessing more than one Greek colony. It is this circumstance which gives to Asia Minor its classical character and principal historical interest, and causes it to be associated, in the mind of the scholar and the antiquary, with all that we admire in Grecian genius and taste. It is true, that the Greeks of Asia Minor, owing to the softness of the climate, and the debasing influence of a despotic government, afford us no such recollections as the glorious achievements of the sons of Hellas recall to the mind; yet it is certain, that in refinement, and the cultivation of the arts, they were at least equal, if not superior, to their European brethren. If Asia Minor cannot boast of having given birth to warriors and statesmen, she glories justly in her poets,

her historians and philosophers, her sculptors, painters, architects, and musicians. And in the three first departments she may more especially boast of having rather served as a guide to the mother country than followed in her train k.

We learn from Herodotus, that subsequent to the establishment of the Greek colonies Asia Minor was overrun consecutively by large bodies of Cimmerians and Scythians; the former being propelled, as we often find was the case with barbarian migrations, and pursued by a more powerful horde of Scythians from the Caspian and over mount Caucasus, to the shores of Pontus, whence they afterwards penetrated into Lydia, and took Sardis. (Herod. I. 6. and 15. IV. 1. 11. 12.) But this irruption was of short duration, as the barbarians, being unable to secure a permanent footing in the country, were soon expelled by Alyattes, king of Lydia. (Herod. I. 16.) Many centuries after, another barbarian horde, coming from the west of Europe, arrived, after traversing several countries, and experiencing various vicissitudes of fortune on the Byzantine territory. These were a body of Gauls, who had left their country under the banners of Brennus; and having survived the disasters which befell their countrymen in Greece and Thrace, reached the Hellespont, whence they crossed over into Asia, at the instigation of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, and finally settled in that part of the peninsula which took from them the name of Gallo

k In poetry Asia lays claim to Homer, Hesiod, Sappho, Alcæus, Anacreon, Mimnermus, Hipponax, and Nicander. In philosophy, to Thales, Py

thagoras, Anaxagoras, Bias, and Pittacus. In history, to Hecatæus, Charon, Hellanicus, Xanthus, Herodotus, Ctesias, and Ephorus.

Græcia, or Galatia. (Liv. XXXVIII. 16. Strab. XII. p. 566.) This was the last important addition made to the population of Asia Minor; and on looking back to the mixed character of its inhabitants, and the many revolutions it has experienced from the earliest period, we must feel how hopeless a task it would be, even with less scanty materials than those which we possess, to trace the languages and dialects of the peninsula to a common primitive

source.

In the description of Asia Minor, the geographers of antiquity appear to have adhered to no fixed plan of arrangement, but to have followed that order which accorded with their whole system. Thus Strabo begins his description with Cappadocia, and proceeds through the remaining provinces from east to west, because he had been led by his periegesis of northern Asia to Armenia. Scylax and Scymnus, of Chios, set out from Colchis, and so make the circuit of the peninsula from Pontus to Cilicia. Pomponius, Mela, and Pliny, on the contrary, begin with Cilicia, and proceed round the whole of the coast to the river Phasis. Ptolemy takes first the north coast from the Hellespont to the extremity of the Euxine, and then returns to the Hellespont to describe the western and southern coasts.

This method of description being evidently arbitrary, I have preferred adhering to that of D'Anville, as being both most simple and natural in itself, and as agreeing better with the practice I have generally observed in my other geographical works, of commencing the periegesis or periplus of a country from west to east, and from north to south. D'Anville has, with great perspicuity, divided the peninsula

into three parallel strips, each containing four sections. According to this arrangement, Asia Minor will comprise twelve principal provinces, which are as follows: 1. Mysia, including the Hellespontine district and the Troad, with the Eolian colonies. 2. Bithynia. 3. Paphlagonia. 4. Pontus. 5. Lydia, including the Ionian towns and islands. 6. Phrygia, including Lycaonia. 7. Galatia. 8. Cappadocia, together with Armenia Minor. 9. Caria, with its islands. 10. Lycia. 11. Pamphylia, including Pisidia. 12. Cilicia. The last section will be devoted to the island of Cyprus.

SECTION II.

MYSIA AND TROAS.

Origin and history of the Mysians-The Hellespont and Propontis-Interior of Mysia-The Teucri and Dardani-Ancient Ilium and the Homeric topography-The Troad-Æolian colonies-Kingdom of Pergamus—Island of Lesbos.

It was the prevailing opinion of antiquity that the Mysians were not an indigenous people of Asia, but that they had been transplanted to its shores from the banks of the Danube, where the original race maintained itself under the name of Mosi, by which they were known to the Romans for several centuries after the Christian era. (Strab. VII. p. 303.

Nor is that opinion which looked upon

Artemid. ap. eund. XII. p. 571.) at variance with the tradition this people as of a kindred race with the Carians and Lydians, since these two nations were likewise supposed to have come from Thrace; (Herod. I. 172. Strab. XIV. p. 659.) nor with another which regarded them in particular as descended from the Lydians, in whose language the word mysos signified a beech, which tree it was further observed abounded in the woods of the Mysian Olympus. Strabo, who has copied these particulars from Xanthus the Lydian and Menecrates of Elæa, states also on their authority that the Mysian dialect was a mixture of those of Phrygia and Lydia. (Strab. XII.