Nothing perpetuates so well the memory of a departed friend as a good and life-like portrait. We may do our best to pen a truthful sketch of a man's life, and yet fall far short of conveying a just and correct impression to those who never saw him in the flesh. A good portrait, however-phrenology or no phrenology-is at once the mirror of a man's character, and in a great measure his biography. In it the dead live again to near and dear ones, and by it future generations will judge a man more correctly. The editor takes great pleasure, therefore, in presenting the accompanying portrait of Mr. Walsh, and feels that it is the best tribute he has the power of paying to his departed associate.

We are much pleased with the plate, for it is a good likeness. In it the wonted humor yet twinkles from those eyes which are now closed forever in the quiet rest of the grave, and the facetious smile yet lurks around those lips which are nevermore to utter word again!

As a fitting accompaniment to the portrait, we publish the following resolutions, from among several others which we have received: "Proceedings of the London Branch of the Entomological Society of Canada, at a meeting held December 3, 1869. "The following resolutions were unanimously adopted: "Resolved, That we, the members of this society, have learned with deep regret of the sudden death of Benj. D. Walsh, Esq., State Entomologist of Illinois. We have long admired his zeal and earnestness in endeavoring to advance entomological science, and we feel that our favorite study has lost in him one of its staunchest supporters and advocates, and those of us who had the privilege of his personal acquaintance, a warm friend. We tender our heartfelt sympathies to his bereaved widow and friends, and assure them that his labor of love, manifest in his many valuable contributions to entomological literature, will ever be fondly cherished in our memories.

NO. 5.

"Resolved, That the Secretary be instructed to transmit copies of the above resolution to the widow of the late B. D. Walsh, and also to the editors of the American Entomologist and Canadian Entomologist, with a request to insert the same in their next issues. "G. M. INNES, President. "EDMUND BAYNES REED, Sec'y and Treas." "Extract from the Minutes of the Meeting of the American Entomological Society, held January 10, 1870. "Resolved, That this Society has heard with the deepest regret of the great loss sustained by the science of entomology, in the death of our late member, Benj. D. Walsh of Rock Island, State Entomologist of Illinois.

"Resolved, That this Society hereby testifies to the great worth and scientific attainments of the deceased, whose pen was ever ready to defend, uphold and spread abroad the benefits derived from the popular study and knowledge of entomological science.

Resolved, That the Corresponding Secretary be directed to transmit to the widow of the deceased a copy of these resolutions, as a slight expression of the sympathy of the Society with her in this great affliction." "Preamble and Resolution passed by the Illinois State Horticultural Society.

"WHEREAS, We have learned with deep regret of the decease of Benj. D. Walsh, A. M., State Entomologist,

"Resolved, That in view of his scientific acquirements, which had secured for him a national reputation, his zeal in investigation, and his practical mode of communicating his discoveries, we consider his death, in the vigor of intellect, as a loss to the public not likely soon to be repaired. ARTHUR BRYANT, Sr.,

"Chairman of Committee. "Preamble and Resolutions passed unanimously at the Annual Meeting of the Kansas State Horticultural Society. "PREAMBLE: It having pleased God to open the portals of eternity, and take from the earth-the great field of his usefulness-Benjamin D. Walsh, State Entomologist of Illinois and senior editor of the American Entomologist, it becomes our sad duty, in reverently bowing to the divine behest, to admit the obligations under which the deceased has placed us, in common with the culturists of the West, by a patient, persevering devotion of a lifetime to the science of entomology as applied to the highest material interests of this Association and the commonwealth of Kansas; therefore, be it

"Resolved, That we hereby formally express the sorrow inseparable from our great loss in the death of Mr. Walsh, in the midst of his great and increasing usefulness.

"Resolved, That this preamble and resolutions be spread upon the records of this Society, and that an authenticated copy thereof be transmitted to the widow of the deceased, and to C. V. Riley, Esq., surviving editor of the American Entomologist.

G. C. BRACKETT, Secretary."

Colors-(a and b) whitish; (c) brown, black and clay-yellow. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: You have invited me to read an essay on the Plum Curculio. I accepted the invitation with the intention of preparing an exhaustive paper on the subject. But the sudden death of my esteemed associate and your State Entomologist, the late Benj. D. Walsh, so completely upset my arrangements, and so increased my labors, that I have found time only to substitute instead the following hasty notes.

So much has been written on the habits of this one little insect, and on the best means of protecting our fruits from its injurious work, that one almost tires of repeating those established facts in its history which, at first thought, it strikes one that all interested should know. But this is a bustling, shifting, progressive world, and there are yet some mooted points to be settled in the natural history of our Curculio.

When an experienced man is taken from our midst, the fund of wisdom and the store of knowledge which he had accumulated during a long and busy life-time, are in a great measure buried with him. His younger followers profit as much as they can by his recorded experience, but they must necessarily go over the same ground which he had been over before. Facts in Nature will consequently have to be repeated for all time to come; but it should be our object to reach beyond the facts already known, to obtain a knowledge of all things as far as the mind is capable of, and to delve still more deeply into hidden truths, so that by observation and perseverance, we may be enabled to read aright the yet unread parts of that great recorded book, which was printed, paged, collated and bound by the fingers of Omnipotence! Besides, there are actually many fruit-growers who do not know a Curculio when they see one. Thus three

different correspondents have, during the past summer, requested a description of the little pest, because, as they contended, they were not acquainted with its appearance. And yet one of these gentlemen, as I afterwards ascertained -from personal observation, was, at the very time when he penned his question, suffering from injuries caused by the "Little Turk."

In this brief paper on the Curculio I shall, therefore, necessarily have to repeat many of the facts which were published in your own Transactions for 1867, and of those which may be found in the First Annual Report on the Entomology of Missouri.

Established Facts in the History of the Curculio.

In order to lay this question before you in the very clearest light, it will be best to divide this paper into two different parts. In the first part we will give only those facts which are established beyond all peradventure; and in the second part, we will consider only those points upon which opinions differ.

The Plum Curculio, commonly known all over the country as THE CURCULIO, is a small, roughened, warty, brownish beetle, belonging to a very extensive family known as Snoutbeetles (CURCULIONIDE). It measures about one-fifth of an inch in length, exclusive of the snout, and may be distinguished from all other North American Snout-beetles by having an elongate, knife-edged hump, resembling a piece of black sealing-wax, on the middle of each wing-case, behind which humps there is a broad clay-yellow band, with more or less white in its middle. For the benefit of those who are either fortunate or unfortunate enough not to be acquainted with the gentleman, I have prepared the above side sketch, which will give at a glance its true form, and obviate the necessity of further description and waste of time. (Fig. 92, c.)

This is the perfect or imago form of the Curculio; and it is in this hard, shelly, beetle state, that the female passes the winter, sheltering under the shingles of houses, under the old bark of both forest and fruit trees, under logs and in rubbish of all kinds. As spring approaches, it awakens from its lethargy, and, if it has slept in the forest, instinctively searches for the nearest orchard. In Central Illinois and in Central Missouri the beetles may be found in the trees during the last half of April, but in the extreme southern part of Illinois they appear about two weeks earlier, while in the extreme northern part of the same State they are fully two weeks later. Thus, in the single

State of Illinois, there is a difference of about one month in the time of the Curculio's first appearance on your fruit trees; and I hardly need remind you that the time will vary with the forwardness or lateness of the season.

As we shall see from the sequel, it is very important that we know just when first to expect Mrs. Turk, and I therefore lay it down as a rule, applicable to any latitude, that she first commences to puncture peaches when they are of the size of small marbles or of hazel-nuts, though she may be found on your trees as soon as they are in blossom. To prevent confusion I will use the word "peach," not that her work is confined to this fruit, for, as we shall presently see, she is not so particular in her tastes, but because the peach is more extensively grown in your State than are any of the other large kinds of stone-fruit.

Alighting, then, on a small peach, she takes strong hold of it (Fig. 92, d), and with the minute jaws at the end of her snout, makes a small cut just through the skin of the fruit. She then runs the snout slantingly under the skin, to the depth of one-sixteenth of an inch, and moves it back and forth until the cavity is large enough to receive the egg it is to retain. Then she turns around and drops an egg into the mouth of the cavity, and after this is accomplished, she resumes her first position, and by means of her snout pushes the egg to the end of the passage, and afterwards deliberately cuts the crescent in front of the hole, so as to undermine the egg and leave it in a sort of flap. The whole operation requires about five minutes, and her object in cutting the crescent is evidently to deaden the flap, so as to prevent the growing fruit from crushing the egg.

Now that she has completed this task, and has gone off to perform a similar operation on some other fruit, let us from day to day watch the egg which we have just seen deposited, and learn in what manner it develops into a Curculio like the parent which produced it-remembering that the life and habits of this one individual are illustrative of those of every Plum Curculio that ever had, or that ever will have, an existence.

We shall find that the egg is oval and of a pearly-white color. Should the weather be warm and genial, this egg will hatch in from four to five days, but if cold and unpleasant the hatching will not take place for a week or even longer. Eventually, however, there hatches. from the egg a soft, tiny, footless grub with a horny head, and this grub immediately com. mences to feed upon the green flesh of the fruit, boring a tortuous path as it proceeds. It riots

in the fruit-working by preference around the stone-for from three to five weeks, the period varying, as I have amply proved, according to various controlling influences.

The fruit containing this grub does not, in the majority of instances, mature, but falls prematurely to the ground, generally before the grub is quite full grown. I have known fruit to lie on the ground for upwards of two weeks before the grub left, and have found as many as five grubs in a single peach which had been on the ground for several days. When the grub has once become full grown, however, it forsakes the fruit which it has ruined, and burrows from four to six inches in the ground. At this time it is of a glassy yellowish-white color, though it usually partakes of the color of the fruit-flesh on which it was feeding. It is about two-fifths of an inch long, with the head light brown; there is a lighter line running along each side of its body, with a row of minute black bristles below, and a less distinct one above it, while the stomach is rust-red, or blackish. The full grown larva presents, in fact, the appearance of Figure 92, a.

In the ground, by turning round and round, it compresses the earth on all sides until it has formed a smooth oval cavity. Within this cavity, in the course of a few days, it assumes the pupa form, of which Figure 92, b, will afford a good idea.

After remaining in the ground in this state for just about three weeks, it becomes a beetle, which, though soft and uniformly reddish at first, soon assumes its natural colors; and, when its several parts are sufficiently hardened, works through the soil to the light of day.

So much for the natural history of the "Little Turk." Now let us mention a few other facts which it becomes us as fruit-growers to know.

The Curculio when alarmed, like very many other insects, and especially such as belong to the same great Order of Beetles (Coleoptera), folds up its legs close to the body, turns under its snout into a groove which receives it, and drops to the ground. In doing this it feigns death, so as to escape from threatened danger, and does in reality very greatly resemble a dried fruit bud. It attacks, either for purposes of propagation or for food, the Nectarine, Plum, Apricot, Peach, Cherry, Apple, Pear and Quince, preferring them in the order of their naming.

It is always most numerous in the early part of the season on the outside of those orchards that are surrounded with timber. It is also more numerous in timbered regions than on the prairie.

It can fly and does fly, especially during the heat of the day; so cottou bandages around the trunk, and all like contrivances, are worse than useless.

It prefers smooth-skinned to rough-skinned stone-fruit.

The Miner plum, otherwise known as the Hinckley plum, Isabel plum, Gilett plum, Townsend plum, Robinson plum; and other varieties of that wild species known as the Chickasaw plum (Prunus chicasa), are less liable to its attacks than other kinds.

Both the male and female puncture the fruit for food, by gouging hemispherical holes; but the female alone makes the crescent-mark above described.

Scarcely any eggs are deposited after the pit of the fruit has become hard.

The cherry when infested remains on the tree, and the preventive measures that may be applied to other fruits will consequently not hold good with this.

The larva cannot well undergo its transformations in earth which is dry or baked, and severe drouths are consequently prejudicial to its increase.

It often matures in apples and pears, especially in early varieties, but in the great majority of instances the egg either fails to hatch or the young larva perishes in a few days after hatching.

Many other facts might be cited, but in the foregoing remarks I have confined myself to that which I know, from ample personal experience, to be the truth and nothing but the truth.

Artificial Remedies.

Now, gentlemen, it must be clear to you that, as practical men, this is all you need to know to enable you to fight and conquer this evil. Those mooted points which we shall presently consider are of great interest to the naturalist and to the scientific man, and although I do not quite agree with Dr. Trimble, that the hybernation of the Curculio, for instance, is practically of no consequence, yet the settlement of these questions is not necessary to the carrying on of a successful warfare. We need not necessarily understand the morphology of a plant in order to make it grow; neither is it always necessary to penetrate into all the details of an insect's history in order to circumvent its injuries. You can fight Curculio without being a thorough Entomologist. The remedies are few. They consist of prevention, by destroying the fallen fruit which contains the grub, and by jarring down and catching and killing the beetles. There are a variety of means which can be em

ployed for destroying the grubs which fall with the fruit before they enter the ground. It can be done either by hand or by stock. Hogs and poultry are of undoubted use for this purpose. In the article entitled "Hogs vs. Bugs," in the first number of the AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGIST, abundant proof in support of this fact may be found, and I have, since that was published, obtained much additional proof of a similar nature, and am convinced that our friend Dr. Hull underestimates the value of these auxiliaries. Of course, the first year they are used they do not in the least decrease the number of beetles, but wherever they CAN be used, a most beneficial effect will be noticed the second year, and every year afterwards. As stated in the article referred to, the practical difficulties in the way of carrying out the system of subduing fruit-boring insects by hog-power are: 1st, The necessity of having all the orchard land under a separate fence, which of course in many cases involves a considerable extra outlay for fencing materials. 2d, The necessity of giving up a practice, which is conceded by the most intelligent fruit-growers to be otherwise objectionable, namely, growing other crops, such as small grain, corn, or small fruits, between the rows of trees in bearing fruit orchards. 3rd, The necessity of giving up the fashionable theory of low-headed trees; for otherwise, if apple and peach trees are allowed to branch out like a currant bush from the very root, any hogs which range among them will manifestly be able to help themselves, not only to the wormy windfalls that lie on the ground, but also to the sound growing fruit upon all the lowermost boughs.

The jarring process may be carried on in various ways, accordant with the extent of the orchard or the character of the trees to be jarred -always bearing in mind that a sudden jar, rather than a severe shake or knock, is necessary. There is no more thorough and expeditious way, however, than by means of Dr. Hull's Curculio-catcher. Every member of this Society is probably familiar with the appearance of this machine; but, believing that a description of it has never been published in your Transactions, I will give one in the Doctor's own words.

[A full and illustrated description of this machine will be found on page 220 of our first volume.]

I have noticed that where this Curculio-catcher has been constantly used the trees have suffered serious injury from bruising, and would suggest that, by driving a spike (one with a shoulder to

it might be manufactured for this express purpose) into each tree at the proper height, this trouble may be easily overcome. This is more especially necessary with old and large trees, which do not vibrate so easily as do younger ones. Let us hope that the day is not far distant, when this machine, or some improvement on it, will be in such general demand as to insure its manufacture by some of our implement dealers. It should be considered by all who wish to grow stone-fruit, as a horticultural implement, second only in usefulness to the plow.

Before leaving this subject of remedies I will say that much can be done in a small way by crushing the egg with the finger-nail, or by cleanly cutting out the newly hatched larva. It will also suggest itself that, in planting an orchard with timber surrounding, the less valuable varieties should be planted on the outside, and as the little rascals congregate on them from the neighboring woods in the early part of the season, they should be fought persistently. It will also pay to thin out all fruit that is known to contain grubs, and that is within easy reach; while, wherever it is practicable, all rubbish and under-brush should be burnt during the winter.

An Appeal.

The burden of this essay is to impress upon you the utter futility of all other pretended remedies. One of our most eminent Eastern horticulturists has honored you, gentlemen, by calling you the most philosophical set of fruitgrowers in the land. I want you to deserve this honor by showing your good sense in this Curculio matter. Tolerate no other methods of fighting this foe than the two above named. I am thoroughly satisfied that there is no other remedy, and the sooner we are all convinced of it the better. For over half a century the agricultural and horticultural press has been flooded with wondrous remedies, and yet, aside from the two methods already indicated, there are but three out of the whole catalogue which have even the appearance of common sense, and these are altogether impracticable in an orchard of average extent.

Lazy men may croak; they may declare that the days of profitable fruit-growing are gone by, that fruit-growers are going to perdition, and that the Curculio cannot be conquered! But sensible men know better. Witness the commotion which one of the thousand proposed Curculio remedies recently produced among the members of the lately organized St. Louis Farmer's Club. A gentleman claims to have a remedy, which is,

however, a secret, as he wishes to make money with it. Forthwith an exciting discussion takes place, and Col. Colman offers a million dollars for a remedy- —a million dollars for a remedy for the Curculio! Now, what did these gentlemen mean by a remedy? If they had ever read their State Entomological Report they would have found one there given. But no: they look for some panacea, some placebo, some Aaron's rod wherewith to smite the hosts of the Curculio throughout the land with a single wave of the hand! They might as well try to produce fruit without first planting and cultivating the tree which is to bear it, as to try to conquer the Curculio by any other but the rational means we have set forth. We do not now live in the age of miracles; and if a man undertakes to feed five thousand persons on five loaves and two small fishes, he will fail most ignominiously in the undertaking. Just so long as we look for remedies of a miraculous nature, just so long will the Curculio retain the upper hand; but as soon as we abjure all washes, fumes and paten! applications to the tree, of whatever sort, and confine ourselves to killing this little foc, either in the grub or perfect state, then shall we be able to raise fruit free from its injuries. Our experiments should all tend in the direction of improving the methods of destroying the grub, and of jarring down and killing the beetle. In fact, the jarring of the trees and killing of the little rascals must henceforth be considered as part and parcel of stone-fruit culture. You may argue, and with reason, that, with the utmost diligence, you can never succeed in entirely subduing this enemy, for it will breed in the forest, will in some few cases perfect in the fruit that hangs on the tree, and will come in upon you from your neighbors. Granted, in like manner, you may cultivate your land year after year, so that not a single weed shall ever go to seed upon it, and yet you can never entirely subdue the weeds. But would you therefore cease to cultivate, and let the weeds overrun you? It is useless to seek for good without evil, and the aan who wishes to raise stonefruit without fighting the Curculio ought to read Henry Ward Beecher's advice to him who wanted an easy place.

The more united the effort to fight Curculio, the less work will there be for each; but even where one determined man is surrounded by negligent and slovenly neighbors, he will be rewarded for his efforts. If this Society could only devise some means to insure concerted action in this respect among its own members, a great point would be gained. The negligent