Any other means by which urban development activities can contribute to the economic, social, and cultural development of the Nation, its strength in world affairs, and the achievement of satisfactory levels of living.

In making such concurrent provisions, the well-being of all the people shall be the overriding determinant. Hardship and basic needs of particular groups within the general public shall be of concern, but care shall be taken to avoid urban development projects for the benefit of a few or the disadvantage of many. In particular, policy requirements and guides established by the Congress and aimed at assuring that urban development activities safeguard the interest of all of our people shall be observed.

III. URBAN DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

A. NATIONAL, REGIONAL, STATE, AND LOCAL VIEWPOINTS

All viewpoints-National, regional, State, and local-shall be fully considered and taken into account in planning urban development programs and projects. Regional, State, and local objectives shall be considered and evaluated within a framework of national public objectives and available projections of future national conditions and needs. Similarly, available projections of future conditions and needs of regions, States, and localities shall be considered in plan formulation, evaluation, and review.

Significant departures from a national viewpoint required to accomplish regional, State, or local objectives shall be explained by those charged with their preparation. Such reports shall also describe the present economy, developmental status, social and governmental conditions of the locality, State, and region, changes which can be expected on the basis of current trends, specific economic, developmental, social, and governmental problems of the area, and the manner in which the project is expected to contribute to the sound improvement and well-being of the locality, State, and region.

Comprehensive plan and project formulation shall be based upon an analysis of alternative means and relative benefits in comparison with national, regional, State, and local objectives and resources.

B. URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

Planning for the development of urban and urbanizing communities shall be on a fully comprehensive basis so as to consider all developmental aspects of the total urban community, including but not limited to, housing, transportation, economic development, natural resource development, community facilities, and the general improvement of living environments. In addition to the substantive considerations of all such elements of comprehensive planning, appropriate methodological elements, including capital improvement programing, intergovernmental coordination, financing, regulatory implementation, and others, shall be considered as integral parts of the comprehensive planning

process.

C. FUNCTIONAL PLANNING

Insofar as possible, systematic planning required by individual Federal programs (such as highway construction, urban renewal, and

open space) shall be integrated to the maximum extent possible with comprehensive urban development planning as defined in III. B, above.

D. INDIVIDUAL PROJECT PLANNING

To the extent feasible, programs and projects shall be formulated as part of a comprehensive plan for urban development, and the report proposing development shall indicate the relationship to the comprehensive urban development plan. When a program or project has been formulated independently and not as part of a comprehensive urban development plan, the report shall indicate, to the extent practicable, the relationship of the program or project to the probable later developments needed or to be undertaken in the urban or urbanizing area and the reasons for proposing to proceed with the proposed program or project independently.

E. JOINT VENTURES BY LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

To the extent permitted by law, Federal programs affecting urban development shall encourage joint ventures by local units of government, including use of intergovernmental contracts and joint exercise of powers within a single urban area, where appropriate to efficiently and effectively meet area wide needs which extend across existing political boundaries.

F. COORDINATION WITH GENERAL PURPOSE UNITS OF GOVERNMENT

To the extent permitted by law, Federal programs shall encourage the strengthening of general purpose units of government, the States, the cities, and counties, and in New England, towns. Such general units of government, by being responsible for a sufficient number of functions, and by being clearly responsible to the electorate, provide an orderly governmental mechanism for resolution of conflicting interests and for balancing general and specific governmental needs and resources. The Federal programs shall, to the extent possible, discourage the use of special districts and other practices which fragment governmental responsibility at the local level.

G. COORDINATION WITHIN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND WITH NON-FEDERAL INTERESTS

Federal administration of laws affecting urban development shall be carried out on a coordinated basis from the earliest steps of investigation, survey, and planning through the entire execution and review process. When any Federal agency initiates an investigation, survey, or review of non-Federal plans or activities affecting federally aided urban development activities, it shall arrange for appropriate coordination and consideration of problems of mutual concern with other Federal agencies and with interested regional, State, and local public agencies and interests. When warranted, joint consideration of such problems shall be arranged. Full advantage is to be taken of all existing organizations and arrangements for coordination, such as interagency committees, interstate bodies, metropolitan councils of govern

ments, metropolitan planning agencies, and other Federal, State, and local coordinating bodies.

When plans for a proposed urban development activity affect the interests and responsibilities of other Federal agencies, the sponsoring agency shall, to the maximum extent practicable, consult with such agency or agencies in the field and at headquarters in conducting its investigation and preparing its report. When specific project proposals are contemplated, each affected agency shall be afforded an opportunity to participate in the investigations, surveys, and reviews in an effort to develop fully coordinated proposals. Project reports shall include a statement of the extent of coordination achieved.

At the earliest possible time in the consideration of any proposed project, each department or independent agency interested in the project and the concerned States and localities shall be provided with pertinent information concerning the proposal, and given an opportunity to furnish a statement concerning the project proposal from the viewpoint of its interest and responsibility. Such statements shall be taken fully into account by the sponsoring agency before it grants final approval of the project. A sponsoring agency may grant final approval without considering such statements if the statements have not been received within 60 days after the proposal report is received by appropriate Federal, State, and local agencies.

Urban planning and plan review activities by Federal agencies shall also be carried out in close cooperation with appropriate regional, State, or local planning and development and conservation agencies, to the end that regional, State, and local objectives may be accomplished to the greatest extent consistent with national objectives.

H. RELATION TO EXISTING LAW AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS

The policies and procedures set forth herein shall not be regarded as authorizing any deviation from general or specific requirements of law or Executive order. Whenever a plan or proposal varies from such policies or procedures because of a requirement of existing law or Executive order, the variation shall be indicated and reference made to the section of law or Executive order imposing such requirements.

Appendix B

DESCRIPTIONS AND EVALUATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL FEDERAL PROGRAMS

This appendix contains 43 separate sections, each covering a different Federal program of financial assistance affecting urban development activities. Many of the programs are directly related to urban development objectives, but some are more rurally oriented. Nevertheless, the growth of urban areas in the United States is so dynamic that land which is rural today may be urban tomorrow. The urban-rural fringe areas where this transition is taking place, or will take place in the foreseeable future, may be receiving more assistance from the rurally oriented programs today than from the urban ones. Yet the situation may be reversed almost overnight in a given area.

The urban-rural fringe should not be allowed to become a no man's land where rural programs have retreated in anticipation of urbanization and urban programs are not quite justified. Much of the future of metropolitan open space lies in the urban-rural fringe. If open space plans, such as those being discussed in the last few years, are successful, there may be some permanent urban-rural fringe areas preserved in their natural state, possibly with agriculture and other rural activities continuing indefinitely within the metropolitan area. Thus there is no hard and fast line that can be drawn between urban development and rural development. It is for this reason that a number of rurally oriented programs have been included in this

survey.

In each of the following sections, the Federal program in question is briefly described as to its objectives, methods of achieving those objectives, administering agency, legislative authorization, and financial magnitude. Secondly, the program's organization and planning requirements are described under the headings of (1) coordination within the Federal Government, (2) effects on the organization of governments in areas receiving aid, and (3) effects on State and local governmental planning processes. Third, a short evaluation of the organization and planning requirements is presented. Finally, there is a list of program publications which document this report and supply additional information useful for more thorough analysis.

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A. Low INCOME HOUSING DEMONSTRATIONS

DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM

The low-income housing demonstration program is an experimental program, established by section 207 of the Housing Act of 1961 (42 U.S.C.A. 1436) for the purpose of exploring new and improved means of providing housing for people who cannot afford decent private housing in the present market. The primary program for helping to meet the needs of these low income people is low rent public housing, but it has not solved all the low income housing problems. This demonstration program is designed to develop supplementary approaches to meeting low income housing problems.

Demonstrations must be so designed and conducted as to give promise of producing new or improved means of providing housing for low income persons or families. Each undertaking may either demonstrate, or both develop and demonstrate, the new or improved methods. Any demonstration to develop a new or improved method should also provide for a test of the usefulness of such a method. It is expected that the grants will be applied to develop methods usable by private builders, nonprofit groups, and public bodies.

Appropriate records of costs and of the historical development of each demonstration must be kept so that a report on the problems encountered, the procedures utilized, and the results achieved may be published and made available for use by interested communities.

Demonstrations are financed by Federal grants covering up to 100 percent of project costs. The grants are administered by the Office of the Administrator of the Housing and Home Finance Agency (HHFA) through its Office of Program Policy. Expenditures for fiscal year 1963 are estimated to be $40,000.

COORDINATION WITHIN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

The low-income housing demonstration program is one of several Federal programs assisting the housing function. Coordination with other HHFA programs is aided by the organizational location of this program within the Office of the Administrator. Since grants under this program can be made only if no other Federal aid program can take care of the need, there is a close check within HHFA on this score. Because of the small size of the program and its experimental nature, it is administered from Washington. Most coordination is done on an informal working relationship basis. Formal coordination with other demonstration programs is provided by periodic meetings of the Coordination Board for All (HHFA) Research, Study and Demonstration Activities, chaired by the Assistant Administrator for Program Policy. This Board was established by the Administrator on October 26, 1962.