House report relating to this resolution was No. 2320. The resolution was passed by the House on July 10, by a vote of 249 to 71.

Many objections to the plan were presented in the course of the debate, as follows:

1. That Plan No. 27 was not a reorganization of the Federal Security Agency as an executive department, but a sort of reorientation.

2. That the plan omits creation of a United Medical Administration, which would include the U.S. Public Health Service, at the time in the Federal Security Agency.

3. Fear that an educator or a doctor would not head their respective offices in the new Department, should it be created.

4. One opponent stated, "The elevation of the Federal Security Agency to departmental status would greatly enhance the influence of the Federal Security Administrator, advance the national compulsory health insurance program which he vigorously advocates, and make available greatly increased propaganda powers which non-Cabinet officers do not possess."

5. That the U.S. Office of Education and the U.S. Public Health Service would be weakened if this plan were to become effective and the Federal Government would have greater control over education.

6. Opposition from the American Medical Association, the American Dental Association, and certain education groups, all of which argued for separate agencies.

This was the second time in 2 years that a plan of this general nature had been presented. In Plan No. 1 of 1949, all powers had been assigned to the Secretary of the new Department, whereas in the 1950 plan, it was provided that the Secretary should have all powers that he had exercised as Federal Security Administrator.

President Harry S. Truman, 1951, 82d Congress, 1st session

CHANGES PROPOSED BY REORGANIZATION PLAN

Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1951 (February 19) House Document No. 60

Purpose: Reorganization of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. Action: This plan became effective on May 1; it was referred in each House to the Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. Opposition developed promptly in both Houses. On the Senate side, Senate Resolution No. 76, a resolution of disapproval, was introduced. Hearings were held on March 21 and 22, and April 3, and these hearings were printed. A report (S. Rept. 213) was issued. The vote in the Senate on April 13, was 41 to 33 allowing this plan to go into effect May 1, 1951, since 41 did not constitute a majority of the authorized membership of the Senate.

On the House side, the history was closely parallel. House Resolution No. 142, also a resolution of disapproval, was introduced. The committee scheduled hearings; these were held on March 2 and 5, and the hearings were printed. House Report No. 188 was issued. The vote in the House on March 14 was 200 to 198 defeating the resolution of disapproval, since 200 did not constitute a majority of the authorized membership of the House.

The main issue appears to have been that of responsibility for the lending powers vested in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, whether they should be lodged in a single administrator appointed for an indefinite term and subject only to the broad limitations of the RFC basic act, and accountable only to the President. The President's message had stressed the importance of immediate action in order to rectify abuses discovered in the RFC until such time as the Congress might legislate on this matter.

President Harry S. Truman, 1952, 82d Congress, 2d session

CHANGES PROPOSED BY REORGANIZATION PLAN

Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1952 (January 14) House Document No. 327

Purpose: Reorganization of the Bureau of Internal Revenue in order to prevent fraud, and through abolishing some offices and functions and their replacement by new officers with more extensive powers, to promote efficiency.

Action: This plan became effective on March 15. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. Opposition developed in both Chambers. On the Senate side, Senator Resolution No. 285, a resolution of disapproval, was introduced. Hearings were scheduled and held by the Senate committee on January 30, 31, February 13, 26, and March 3 and 4, and these hearings were printed. A report (S. Rept. 1259) was issued. Action was taken on March 13, resulting in a vote of 37 to 53 against the resolution, and for the plan.

On the House side, House Resolution No. 494, a resolution of disapproval, was introduced, and reported out (H. Rept. 1271). Hearings were held on January 18, 21, 22, and 23, and these hearings were printed. When the question was brought to a vote, the plan was upheld by a voice vote on January 30, 1952, against the resolution.

There was much to be said for the plan-that it sought to eliminate corruption or the opportunity for it; that it abolished the politically selected collectors, strengthened the inspection service, and, in general, sought to achieve good management. Opposition appeared to be based mainly on the fact that more time was needed in which adequately to study and examine the provisions of the plan.

Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1952 (April 10) House Document No.

425

Purpose: To abolish all existing officers of postmaster of the first, second, and third class; to establish in place of each such office an office entitled "Postmaster"; the Postmaster General to appoint all postmasters in the first, second, and third classes under the classified civil service. In all of this, the obvious purpose was to end the power of the President to appoint postmasters by and with advice and consent of the Senate.

Action: This plan was rejected. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. Opposition to it developed early. Senate Resolution No. 317, a resolution of disapproval, was introduced. Hearings were held on Plans Nos. 2, 3, and 4 on May 14, 19, and June 4, and these hearings were printed. A report (S. Rept. 1747) was issued, and on June 18, the Senate voted 56 to 29 in favor of the resolution of disapproval.

There was a good deal of debate. Supporters of the plan believed that it would be a good thing to get the postmaster out of patronage politics, and make them more accountable to the Postmaster General. Opponents argued that this was actually not a reorganization plan at all, for it provided for no reorganization. It was also urged that it was a matter that should be handled by legislation, not by the reorganization plan procedure.

Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1952 (April 10) House Document No.

426

Purpose: To reorganize the Bureau of Customs in the Treasury Department, and (as in Plan No. 2) to place certain jobs then under patronage, under the merit system.

Action: The plan was rejected. It was referred in both House to the Committee on Government Operations. Opposition developed early in the Senate, though there is no record of House action on this proposal. Senate Resolution No. 331, a resolution of disapproval, was introduced, and hearings were held on this plan, along with Plans Nos. 2 and 4 on May 14, 19, and June 4. Senate Report No. 1748 was issued. When the matter came to a vote on June 18, the resolution was adopted (and the plan rejected) by a vote of 51 to 31.

Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1952 (April 10) House Document No. 427

Purpose: To reorganize the Department of Justice, along lines parallel to those followed in plans Nos. 2 and 3, changing patronage jobs to positions under the classified civil service.

Action: This plan was rejected. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. Senate Resolution No. 330, a resolution of disapproval, was introduced; hearings were held on this plan (along with plans

32-913-647

Nos. 2 and 3) on May 14, 19, and June 4, and these hearings were printed. A report (S. Rept. 1749) was issued. When the matter came to a vote on June 18, the resolution was adopted (and the plan rejected) by a vote of 55 to 28. Reorganization Plan No. 5 of 1962 (May 1) House Document No. 447

Purpose: To reorganize the government of the District of Columbia, authorizing the Board of Commissioners of the District to regroup the District's functions into a new organization structure, with certain exceptions.

Action: This plan became effective on July 1. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. Senate hearings were scheduled and held on May 15 and 20, and these hearings were printed. A Senate report (S. Rept. 1735) was issued, but there appears to have been no opposition to the plan, nor is there record of any formal action taken in either House with respect to it.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953, 83d Congress, 1st session

V. REORGANIZATION ACT OF FEBRUARY 11, 1953

SUMMARY OF THE ACT

Act of February 11, 1953 (Public Law 3, 83d Cong.; 67 Stat. 4, ch. 3)

Extended the Reorganization Act of 1949 from April 1, 1953, to April 1, 1955, with no change in language.

CHANGES PROPOSED BY REORGANIZATION PLAN

Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 (March 12) House Document No. 102

Purpose: To create a new Executive Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Action: This plan became effective on April 11, 1953. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. Although there was no serious opposition to it, House Joint Resolution 223 was introduced to speed its adoption. Joint hearings were held on March 16, and these hearings were printed. A report (S. Rept. 128) was issued on the Senate side to accompany this resolution, and House Report No. 166 was also issued. On March 30, the Senate by voice vote, and the House on March 13, by a vote of 291 to 86, expedited the plan (Public Law 13).

Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1953 (March 25) House Document No.

111

Purpose: To reorganize the Department of Agriculture, to simplify and improve its internal structure, make it more effective, and to promote harmony between the Federal Government and the States in the administration of the farm program.

This plan differs from Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1952 in two important respects: (1) it does not transfer the Farm Credit Administration to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Agriculture; and (2) the Secretary is required to give public notice of any major changes in the structure of the Department.

Action: This plan became effective on June 4. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. A resolution of disapproval (S. Res. 100) was introduced on the Senate side; hearings were held on May 12, 13, and 18, and the hearings were printed. A report (S. Rept. 297) was issued. The Senate voted on the plan on May 27, upholding it by defeating the resolution by a vote of 29 to 46.

There was some opposition also on the House side, a resolution of disapproval (H. Res. 236) being introduced in that body. Hearings were held on May 21 and 25, and these hearings were printed. The committee never reported the resolution out. A move to discharge the committee was defeated by a vote of 128 to

Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1953 (April 2) House Document No.

120

Purpose: To create the Office of Defense Mobilization to replace the National Security Resources Board and the then existing Office of Defense Mobilization. This agency would be located in the Executive Office of the President, one major function being to stockpile those things felt to be essential for the national defense. This would centralize responsibility in one place for an activity that had up to that time been carried on by several scattered agencies.

Action: This plan became effective on June 12. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. There appears to have been no opposition to it.

Reorganization Plan No. 4 of 1953 (April 20) House Document No.

130

Purpose: To authorize the Deputy Attorney General to replace the Attorney General, if the latter should become disabled, rather than the Solicitor General who had, up to that time, been first in the line of succession.

Action: This plan became effective on June 20. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. There appears to have been no opposition to it.

Reorganization Plan No. 5 of 1953 (April 30) House Document No. 135

Purpose: To simplify the organization and strengthen the administration of the Export-Import Bank of Washington by having one managing director instead of a

board.

Action: This plan became effective on June 30. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. There appears to have been no opposition to it.

Reorganization Plan No. 6 of 1953 (April 30) House Document No. 136

Purpose: To reorganize the Department of Defense, along the following lines: 1. All functions of the Munitions Board, the Research and Development Board,the Defense Supply Management Agency, and the Director of Installations are abolished, and these functions transferred to the Secretary of Defense;

2. The selection of the Director of the Joint Staff by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and his tenure to be subject to the approval of the Secretary of Defense;

3. The selection of members of the Joint Staff by the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall be subject to approval by the Chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 4. The Joint Chiefs of Staff functions with respect to the management of the Joint Staff and the Directors are transferred to the Chief of the Joint Chiefs of Staff;

and for other purposes.

Action: This plan became effective on June 30. It was referred in the Senate to the Committee on the Armed Services, in the House to the Committee on Government Operations. Hearings were held on the House side on June 17, 18, 19, and 20, and these hearings were printed. There appears to have been no important opposition to the plan. There was, however, a House resolution of disapproval (H. Res. 295), and House Report No. 652 was issued to accompany it. The resolution was defeated by a vote of 108 to 235 on June 27, 1953. Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1953 (June 1)

House Document No. 157

Purpose: To provide for the establishment of the Foreign Operations Administration, with a Director and a Deputy Director. All functions of the Mutual Security Agency were transferred to the Director of the new agency, and the old agency was abolished. The office of the special representative in Europe was also abolished.

Action: This plan became effective on August 1. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. Hearings were held on the House side on June 22, 23, and 24, and these hearings were printed. A resolution of disapproval (H. Res. 261) was accompanied by House Report No. 843. A voice vote upheld the plan on July 17, 1953, by defeating the resolution.

Reorganization Plan No. 8 of 1953 (June 1) House Document No. 158

Purpose: Providing for the establishment of the U.S. Information Agency. Functions formerly held by the Secretary of State under title V of the U.S. Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, and sections 202 and 203 of that act were hereby transferred to the head of the new agency.

Action: This plan became effective on August 1. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. The House committee held hearings on June 22, 23, and 24, and these hearings were printed. House Resolution No. 262, a resolution of disapproval, was introduced, and House Report No. 844 prepared to accompany it. The resolution was defeated on July 17, 1953, by a vote of 11 to 310.

Reorganization Plan No. 9 of 1953 (June 1) House Document No. 159

Purpose: Under this plan, the functions vested in the Council of Economic Advisers by section 4(b) of the Employment Act of 1946 (60 Stat. 24) and so much of the functions vested in the Council by section 4 (c) of that act as consists of reporting to the President with respect to any function of the Council under the said section 4 (c) are transferred to the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. The position of Vice Chairman as provided for in the last sentence of section 4 (a) of the said act, is hereby abolished.

Action: This plan became effective on August 1. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. The House Committee held hearings on July 14 and 17, and these hearings were printed. A resolution of disapproval (H. Res. 263) was accompanied by House Report No. 929. There was, however, no vote on the resolution.

Reorganization Plan No. 10 of 1953 (June 1) House Document No. 160

Purpose: Transferring to the Civil Aeronautics Board those functions of the Postmaster General with respect to paying each air carrier for carrying airmail and related functions.

Action: This plan became effective October 1. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. The House committee held a hearing on it on July 17, and this hearing was printed. There appears to have been little opposition to this plan, although House Resolution No. 264, a resolution of disapproval, was introduced, and reported on in House Report No. 940. The resolution never came up for a vote. This plan was repealed by the Federal Aviation Act, 1958 (72 Stat. 806, sec. 1401).

President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 83d Congress, 1954, 2d session

CHANGES PROPOSED BY REORGANIZATION PLAN

Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1954 (April 29) House Document No. 381

Purpose: To establish a Foreign Claims Settlement Commission to be composed of three members appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, the President to designate the Chairman. As a part of this plan, the functions of the War Claims Commissions would be transferred to the new agency, and the functions of the Secretary of State with regard thereto. The two old Claims Commission would be abolished.

Action: This plan became effective on July 1. It was referred in each House to the Committee on Government Operations. There appears to have been no opposition to it.

Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1954 (April 29) House Document No.

382

Purpose: Transferring certain Reconstruction Finance Corporation functions to the Export-Import Bank, the Small Business Administration, and the Federal National Mortgage Association. To RFC would go certain functions relating to foreign loans, to SBA, functions relating to loans by RFC to victims of floods and other catastrophes; and to FNMA, functions relating to mortgages held